INTRODUCTION

According to Krishnamurthy (2013), the release or escape of material (usually a gas or

liquid) is referred to as loss of containment. It can vary from small releases (minor emissions
or leaks) to very large release. Another term that associate to loss of containment is leak. Leaks
are very dangerous because a small leak may gradually build up an explosive concentration of
gas (Kletz, 2001). In addition to causing fire and explosion hazards, if the gas released are
toxic, the leaks possesses harmful effect on the environment as well as to us humans. In a
chemical industry, loss of containment of gas means possible lethal harm, especially to those
in the working environment and most of all, loss of profit. In order to ensure that no one is
expose to harmful gases, preventive measures has to be taken.

Based on Krishnamurthy (2013), according to the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH)
Council (Chemical Industries) Committee, a compilation of local case studies was conducted
by a group formed by the WSH Council. The group has investigated and recorded a loss of
containment related accident at an elevated flare tower. It was found out that an incident where
an overflow of hot liquid hydrocarbon from the top of the flare tower had caused a small fire
at the elevated platform and bottom of the flare tower. Without proper management and
knowledge on the problem of loss of containment, this kind of incident might happen again in
other places. That is one of the importance of studying this experiment.

For laminar flow in horizontal pipe, the pressure drop is directly is proportional to the
flowrate (Kudela, n.d.). However, in most engineering practices, it can be assumed that
pressure drop or head loss due to flow of fluids is in turbulent range.

There are two parts in this experiment. This first part of this experiment is to determine
the effect of pressure head on maximum flow of gas for orifice having different size but at same
level. The second part of the experiment has the same objective, but it is conducted for orifice
having same size but at different levels.
References
Kletz, T. A. (2001). Learning from Accidents. Retrieved October 29, 2017
Krishnamurthy, K. R. (2013, June). CASE STUDIES Chemical Industry. Retrieved October
29, 2017, from
https://www.wshc.sg/files/wshc/upload/cms/file/2014/WSHC_Case_Studies_Chemica
l_Industry.pdf
Kudela, H. (n.d.). Viscous flow in pipe. Retrieved October 29, 2017, from
http://fluid.itcmp.pwr.wroc.pl/~znmp/dydaktyka/fundam_FM/Lecture13.pdf