In contrast to normal subroutines function modules have uniquely defined

interface.
Sub routines do not return values.
Sub routines do not return exceptions.
Sub routines cannot be tested independently.
Declaring data as common parts is not possible for function modules. Function
modules are stored in a central library.

Function Group is a collection of function modules that shares global data with
each other.
When an ABAP/4 program contains a CALL FUNCTION statement, the system
loads the entire function group in with the program code at run time. Every
function module belongs to a function group.

A Logical Database is a hierarchical structure of tables. Use the GET statement

to process Logical Databases.
- LDB consists of logically related tables grouped together and used for reading
and processing data.
- Advantages = 1. No need of programming for retrieval , meaning for data
selection.
- 2. Easy to use standard user interface, have check completeness of user input.
Disadvantages = 1. Fast in case of lesser no. of tables But if the table is in the
lowest level of hierarchy, all upper level tables should be read so performance is
slower.

- EXPORTING: for passing data to the called function.

- IMPORTING: for receiving data returned from the function module.
- TABLES: for passing internal tables only, by reference (that is, by address).
- CHANGING: for passing parameters to and from the function.

In contrast to LEAVE TO TRANSACTION, the CALL TRANSACTION

statement causes the system to start a new SAP LUW. This second SAP LUW
runs parallel to the SAP LUW for the calling transaction.
Domains:Domain is the central object for describing the technical
chr.aracteristics of an attribute of an business objects. It describes the value
range of the field. Data Element: It is used to describe the semantic definition of
the table fields like description the field. Data element describes how a field can
be displayed to end-use

Master data: It is the data which is seldomly changed.

Transaction data: It is the data which is often changed.

Organization data: It is a customizing data which is entered in the system when

the system is configured and is then rarely changed.

System data:It is the data which R/3 system needs for itself.

Transparent tables: Transparent tables in the dictionary has a one-to-one

relation with the table in database. Its structure corresponds to single database
field. Table in the database has the same name as in the dictionary. Transparent
table holds application data. Pooled tables. Pooled tables in the dictionary has a
many-to-one relation with the table in database. Table in the database has the
different name as in the dictionary. Pooled table are stored in table pool at the
database level.

Include structure allows to add one or more structure into structure or

table.Also placed positioning anywhere. Upto 6 include structure can be used in
a table.
Append structure can be placed only at the end of a structure or table which also
stops further insertion of fields.Only one append structure can be used.

Occurs addition to the Declaration will give initial size to that table.occur
statement allocates 8kb of memory to the internal table.

It is very important for us to understand the difference between SELECT

SINGLE and SELECT UP TO 1 ROWS... We use select single when we need to
get one record form data base table with where condition, we should pass key
field in where condition.
Example:
SELECT SINGLE * FROM MARA
INTO WA_MARA WHERE MATNR = '00001'. "here matnr is key field
We use SELECT UP TO 1 ROWS to get a single record from data base table
where there is no key field at our side.
Example:
SELECT * FROM MARA INTO WA_MARA
UP TO 1 ROWS
WHERE MTART = 'FERT'. "here mtart is not a key field

In simple SELECT SINGLE is used to get exact record from data base where as
SELECT UP TO 1 ROWS is use to get approximate record from data base.

Match code is a tool to help us to search for data records in the system. Match
Codes are an efficient and user-friendly search aid where key of a record is
unknown.

A domain describes the technical settings of a table field.

A domain defines a value range, which sets the permissible data values for the
fields, which refers to this domain.

A single domain can be used as basis for any number of fields that are identical
in structure.
Structure and Work area have same functionality but structure is defined in
data dictionary and can be used in both program level and data dictionary, work
area can only be used in program.

Internal tables and work areas are temporary memory areas which are used to
store data at run-time. Internal tables and work areas are instances of database
tables.

Types is a statement which is used to define user-defined structure in SAP ABAP

programming .

Append is statement which is used to add a record at bottom of a internal table

from work area .
Insert is a statement which is used to insert a record at a specified position of an
internal table from work area.

An Internal table is a temporary table that contains the records of an Advanced

Business Application Programming Program, while the program is being
executed.

An internal table exists only during run time of a SAP

program.

Internal table are used to process large volumes of data by

using the ABAP language.

We must declare an internal table in an ABAP program when

you need to retrieve data from database tables. Internal table
can act as data type and data object.

A data type is the abstract description of data object an

internal table is accessed by using the concept of work area, a
work area is a temporary memory space that helps you in
reading and modifying the data of an internal table line by
line.

You need use the below Function Modules to read/write :

GUI_UPLOAD --> To read data from file into an internal table

GUI_DOWNLOAD --> To write data from internal table to a file on

presentation server
 To read files from Application server You need to use the commands:

OPEN DATASET ---> opens the file(dataset) either in read /write mode. <.p>

READ DATASET ---> Read the file

CLOSE DATASET ---> Close the dataset once the date has been read .

Type is a keyword used to refer to a data type whereas Like is a keyword used to
copy the existing properties of already existing data object.