.... ~ ..

1271
1

GENERAL THEORY ON EARTH PRESSURE AND SEISMIC

STABILITY OF RETAINING WALL AND DAM

By Sabre Okabe, C, E., Member,

SYNOPSIS.
In this pnper the following subjeots ~re 8tpt~ .: - the solution of Coulomb's tbeory for
earth press1.U'1), where the oohesion of oorth being oonsidered : genom! thoory on t he se1smJo
en.rlh pressure j nnd the seismio stnbil:it.y of ~ :retAining wall nnd,. dron. rloUd nlso-whnt kind of
nttention should be pnid for the d9l<ign of a retnming WI'U in fnture ? _wlmt was the fllRl
enuse of t he dRtnnge to the quny wnll of YOkObnlD11o on September Ist. 1m?

Prefac e.
Remarkable progress on the theory of earth pressure and on the stability
of a. retaining wall and a dam, h A.YC been made t:uder the statical condition up
to date. In the country. where the destructive earthquake may occur, the
stability of a retaining wall and a. dam is required to be studied Dot only on
statics but on dynamics. The writer, in this paper, will touch to this problem,.
There a.re two tbea:ries for eartl} pressure, known. as Coulomb's theory and
Rankin's theory, J.n the former, the direction of earth pressure is assumed to
make a certain angle , (equivaJent to the angle of repose between the wall and
en,rth) to the wall; wl~e in the latter, the d.i rection of earth pressure is always
parallel to its surf8.C(>. If a wall tends to begin relative movement against
cartll, the l ine of pressure should be affected by the friction between them.
Hence tho Coulomb's theory is preferred to study the ultimate stability of a
wa.ll.
For the design of a. sma.ller wall, the cohesion of earth must not be ignored,
for which the writer has given th~ theoretical solutiot'o In the seismic field,
where the direction of the gravity being inclined due to the seismic force, the
genera.l F.Olutiou for earth pressure llas beeu deduced also by the writel',

h
,

~278 Grulsrnl Theory 011 EArth Pressure A!ld Sesimio Stability o~ RetAinjug Wflll "nd DAm 2

TIle stability of 8. retaining wa.ll or a. gravity da.m, on whioh a. periodio

" -.
earth pressure or a pt'riodic watel" -pressure and the 'seismic force on the wall
itself being applied, is .s tudied after the forced motion . has been exactly known.
In this paper, the retaiuing wall a.nd' the da.m are assumed to be rigid, for
e1n:s'.ic wall the writer will study in future.
,
" 'lbe writer has been. for m1Lny years, in charge of the design a.nd the con-
struction of qU8.y wa.lls at Yoko.haDl3 Harbour, RJld faced directly to the severe
earthquake, which ga.va dreadful dama.ge to the existing quay wall, hereby the
writer has the honour to propose the gist for the ideal design of the quay wall
recommendable in tJJO country where sevel'a earthquake may occur, and to
manifest the cause of the dama.ge to the q.~y w&1l of Yokohama. Harbour due
to the earthquake on September l~t. 1923.

CONTENTS.
section I .

Solution of Coulomb's theory on emh pressure, when the cohesion of

earth being taken iuto account.

Section TI.

General solution of earth pressure, where seismic force being considered.

Sectiou III. ,
Stability of reta.ining wall and gravity dam, where seismio force being
considered.
Arh. I. The direction a.nd the :ma.gnitude of the resultant force of gl'avity
and ea.rthquake.
Art. 2. Applica.tion of general s<?lution of earth pressure to a retaining
wall, where seismic force being considered.
Art. 3. Water pressure ou a. qua.y 'wall or on a dam, when seismic action
is considered.
Art. 4. Resultant force acting on a retaining wall.
Ad. G. Resultant force acting on a. Mm.
Arh. 6. Stability of a retaining waH and a dam.
Section IV.
,
Sugg ~sti on for the iaeal design of the retaining wall, and the e:crunples ou
the design of the quay wall.
Art. 1. Suggestion for ~e id~a1 design of the retaining 'Wall.
Art. 2. Examples on the new design of the quay wall.

Appendix.
Study on the cause of the damage to the quay wall of Yokohama Harbour
due to the earthquake on ~ptember 1st, 1923.

Section I.
Solution of Coulomb'. theory on earth pressurs, when
the cohesion of earth being taken into account.
Notations used;
Q P=reSll.ltant earth pressure on the wall.
E=resultallt 6&11h pJ;eesure On the plane-
of rupture.
13
W =weight .of earth . in wedged section a.
ABC.
Q= resultant of uniform surcharge on BO.
w=weight of earth per unit yolume ..
q =S1lrCbatge per unit area.
h=height of the wall.
A.
Fig. 1. a = a.ngle betwfoen the backwa.rd pll,lne of
the waH and the horizon.
'P=8.ngle of repose of earth.
.tpo = angle of repose between the waU a.nd
earth.
K = resultallt force of cohesion along the
plane of rupture.
k=intensity of cohesion per., unit area.
B=angle of inclination of the surface of
earth to the horizon.
8 =augle of inclination of the plane of
rupture to the horizon.
p=intensity of earth pressure at a.ny
Fig. 2. depth n.
 1~80 081181'111 Thoory on Earth Pres~ur8 Rnd Se:smio Stability of Retniuing W"ll nnd Drun j

Jt,,=height of resultan~ earth pressure.

W= wli'sin(a-O)sin(a-B)
2 sin2o: sin (o -e)

' sin (,,-B) K= kI. sin(a - Ii)

Q=Q,I-,-=-'7'-;-;:',,""";-
sin'" sin(B-O) sino: sin(o-6)

H ence, we have W+Q= llsin(a~B) [ wlisin(a-O) +q]

sin IX sin (0 -6) 2 sin

By the force polygon showD in fig. 2, we can deduce

(W +Q) sin(8 - 'I'1 -K cos 'I' . . . . (1)

sin (~ 8+'1'+'1',)

i. e.

"I ..
iI . sin ~~-O) +q lsin (8 - '1') sin (~-8) - kI. sin (0<-0) cos 'I'
P = _,-,2=-_.--= sm=~';:--:-':;::':C::-"7-:-:::-:-=--=:-;;--;;;-_ _ _ _ __
sin '" sin (~ B+ 'I' + '1',) sin (8 0) .
. . . . . . . .. . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . .~
By Coulomb's theorem, the ea.rth pressure must be equal to the m.a..nmnID
'Value of P concerning to~. 'llherefore ~ will bs detennined by the following
eqna.tion.
dP .
--=0
d8
while

dP
do
=..../!.-[J
8m ,,1 2
.."sin(<<-O)8W C(;
+qlJoos(8 - 'I')Sin(~ - 8)
l
- sin (8-'1') cos (<< -8)1 sin (,, -8+'1'+'1',) sin (8 -0)

_[11 wliSin(<<-O)
28lUQ:
+q)sin(8-'I') sin (a-8)

- k sin (0< - 0) co, 'I'Jlcos (8 - 0) sin (a;- 8 +'1' +'1'.)

- sin(8 -O) cos (a - 8 +'1' +'1',)]+ [ Sin (~ - 8 + '1'+'7'.) sin (8 - 0) r

Then, we have

J wliSiD. (<<- 8) . +Q IJcos'(8-'I') sin (~-8)

1 2SLnQ; I

- - -_ __ .. .. - ......
 6 Gelle~l Theory on FAuth Preasute Aond: ~ismio Stftbility of Beta.inlDg Wall .~d .D~ 128"

- sin (8 - '7') oos (.. - 8)} sin (.. - 8+'7'+<}'.) ain (8-8)

_[I1. wlis~
2
(",-8) +q} sin (8-
SlD IX
'7') sin (,,":'8)

-k sin (01 - 8) oos '7']I~os (8~1I) sin v.:~ 8;'P+'P.)

-sin (8-8) cos (.. -8+ 'P +'P.) = 0

i. e.
wlisin (",-II)
1 2 sin C'-

-[I whsin.(
2;
.. -8)
SJ.n ct
+q)Sin(8 - '7')sin(OI - 8)

-k sin (,, - II) 008 '7'] sin ("' - 28 + '7'+ 'P.+8)=0

While

sin (8 -8) sin (",-8+'P+'7'.)= ; {cos (,,-28+ 'P+ '7'. +8)

- Cos (OI +'P+'P.-II)I

sin (8 - '7') sin (,..-8) = ; Icos(a:~28 + 'P) -cos("- '7')1
Substituting these relations in the forwex equation, we ha.ve

-sin ('7'.+8) - sin ("'- 28 +'7') cos (a: + '7'+ '7'.-8)

+cos ("' - '7') sin (,,- 28 +'P + '7'. +11)

. 2k sin(",-8)C03'P sin (,,-28.+'7'+'7'.+8)=0.

WhSlD(a:-1I) + )
{ 2slnCt q
Let 1'=",-28+'7' .
Substituting P. in the former equa.tion snd by simplifying, we have

sin ('P. +8) =008 I'[ COS ("-'7') sin ('7'.+8)- 2k sin. ("-8) cos '7'
wh 8m (,,-8) + }
. q
\ 2 sma:

-Sinl{ COS ("+'P+'7'.-8)-C08 ("-'7') cos ('P,+8)

I + 2ksin(,,-8)cos'P
J wit Sin, (a-8)
1. 2 sma
+ql C08('P.+ 8)] . . . . . . . . . . . (3)

l
1282 .GenorN ,Theory on FArth Pressure Ilond Seismic Stability . of BoWning Wfloll fUld Dam "

Let a=sin (op,-CO)

b=oos (,,+op+op, -O)- cos (<I. -op) C.OS (op,+O)

2k sin (<1.- 0) cos g> oos (op, + 0)

+
1 wh~(" 0)
SIn"
+q) . . . . . . . (4)

c=cos ("' - op) sin (op,+O)

...,:2:::k:;s",in~
(<I.:,;:,,,,0)",0,,0:::S.z"'7 sin (op, + 0)
12 wll. s~ .(<I. -O) .
sm~
+ql
Substituting these values in eq. (3). we hs.,o
2bc <J! _at
tant,.t_ u tanp- + , , -:;-= 0
u a" lJ-a'

bc+ avb' a'+c' . . . . . . (4)'

tsn I' = -=""lr--::T'-'--'-
bl a~

For maximum of P, ta'P p.= bc+aV~i ai+e should be taken.

IT a'

'l.'hus P. is detennined, and consequently B will be found as follows.

20 =" +g>-tan-' bc+av iJ a'+c' . . . . . . . (0)

lJ 0.'

Then substituting the known yalue of B in eq. (2). we have the maximum
'value of P, which indicates the theoretica.l earth pressure.

wh' . sin (",-0) + gil) sin (o-op) sin (,,- o)-k II sin (<1. -0) c~s op
p= 1 2 Sill " . (6)
sin '" sin (" 0 +g>+op,) sin (0 0)

Let P be the intensity of eart4 pressure at any depth '7. t.he following relation
will be held.

dP .
.. p= dTf 8m .

Therefore. we ba,ye
 (':teuer"l Theory on EEuth Pres~ure nnd Seismio Stability of Retn.iCl ~ W!lll nnd Dnm 1283

. ( 0) . I sin (B- ,n) Sill (,, - B)

p= I W1]SlO Ci-v +qSlllCk .
Sltlex 8m (~ -S
'I'
+~ +'7'Q) 8 m (8 -8)
k sin (ex-B) cos l'p
(7)

The point of a pplication of the resultant ea.rth pressure will be easily found
from the ceater of figure of tlie pressure iuten.:;ity trapezoid, because tl1e pres-
sure is ap. .uuifonnly varying traction.

f sin rx

q Sill (a- B) Sill (B-'1')

1'. = -::;:C+=-:;=-::"L:::':;'7~'-;;;
Sill (0< B +'1'+'1',) sin (B-e)
k sin (ct-8 ) cos tp
Sill (o<-B+<p+<p,) sin (B-O)

1>/.= I u;h sin (0:- fJ) +q sin Ci I

A X Sill Io< - B) sin (B-<p)
F ig:' 3.
Sill C' sin (a -0 + rp+ !Po) sin (0 - fJ)
k sin (0<- 8) cos '1'
Sill (0<- B+'1' +'1',) sin(B-e)
Since, we have
I wltsiD (o< -e) +3q sin 0< I sin (a- B) Sill (B - '1')
_, ~~______________~s~i~n=
,II,-It a~s=in~(S"~~ B~
+ <p~+~<p
~'7)~s~ill~(~B~e~J___
a[l whsin(ct -8)+2q sin cx l sin(ec: 0) sin (o-fP)
,s in 0:: sin (a-o+g;+<iJo) sin (o- G)

\ -3 k sin(a-e)cosg,
..
sin (o< -B +'1' +'1',) sin (B-e)
-2 k sin (rx- e) COSqJ ]
. sin (,,-B+'P+<p,) sin (B - e)
J
+L. S ill (ct-o) L
S~. wh sin (ct -8) s iu (0: -0)
2

=h_l__o~~__~~2~Sin
~'o<~____~__~2~~Si~D~"~s~in~(~8_-~OL)_r_
j wh~.
2
sin(o: -O)Sill (et -O) + . sin (a-b)
si1l2a;
I
q sin ct sin (0 _ 6) f

I sin \O -fp)
sin (O:-6 +<P+({Jo)
sin (8-'1')
-2
. I k sin (a-B) cos <p
sin (a-o+IP+qJo) Sill (8-6)
l..~ sin (a -8) C03 <p

l
1284 Gene.:rIIo1 Theory on E 'Irtb Pressuro ~nd Seismio Stabilit.y of Retnining WAll nud Dnm 8

( ~w+ ~ ):Sin(O-<p)-2..Kcos<p
l _
l~= I ~;l~U772~~.-~-,~2~____ . . . . . (8)
( W+Q ) sin(o '1') Kcos<p

In the case, when k= O, we have

a=sio (<p.+0)
b=cos ("'+<p+<p.-O) - C03 ("'- <p) cos (<p. +0)
. . (9)
c=coS ("'-'1' ) sin (<p.+ 0)

20="'+ <p-tsn- bc+aV/} a'+ ?

hi rf

p=!W"'. sin (",-O)+q"l sin (o-<p) siu ("'-0) . (10)

12 sinet siuetsin(<x o+q;+9',,)sin(o 0)

. (ct- 0) +qslD<X
p = I 'W7]Slll . I....c"sm"'
-_ , ,,(0:', --...,<P"F1:..:=",,.,(",,,,--,,O:L
'. ) .,. : ' . (11)
Slll <X S10 (<X- 0+'1' +<p,,)

w +..5L
3 2
. . . . . . . . . . (12)
W+Q

In the case when k = O, eq. 264) in Prof. Shibata's Applied Mechanics AIt.
157 is identical to eq. (3) in tIlls section, hence by giying some redactions, eq.
(9) and (10) are proved to be identical to the following formulae, which are
written in Art. 157 itS eq. 265) and 266).

tan 0= sin q>vs~ (~-8) sin (91+9',,) + sin ext/sin (<p-O )sin (0'; +q>,,)
cos <pI vsin (0< 0) sin (<p + <P.)+= "vsin (<p 0) sin ("'+ <P.)

Section XL
General solution of earth pressure; where
seismic force being cOnsidered,
Notations used;
All nota.tions mmd in Section I will be used.

c
~,

9 Generl\l Theory on Enrtb Pre<'..8ure nud Seismio Stu-bilitT of Retuining W'lll nud Dam 1285

Fig. 4. e=deflection of gravity line dUG to tlle

seismic force.
Q.=results.nt of Q and soismic force on it.
Wt= W
" " " " "
w~= w
" " " " "
qe= q
" " " " "
By the force polygon shown in fig. G,
we h a'fe

( w, + Q,) Rin +8-'1') -K cos '1' , (13)

sin (",-8+'1'+'1'.)
FiS_ 5.
We, Qe and K cau be suustituted by ' W e
q. and k, then we lla VB
J

{ w,lisin(",-B) + q,)sin (, +8- '1') sin (,, -8) -k sin(", - B)cos '1'
p = _ l_, _ . 2 8m ct (14)
sino: s~n(o:.-cS+<p+'Po)sin(o 8) ..

and
dP _
dr;
,k
S ID"
[I1 w,lisin(c<-B)
2 sm 0:
+q,)Jcos(,+8-'1') Siu(,,-8)

-sin (, + 8-'1') cos (,,- 811 sin (8 -B) sin (", -8 + q'+ '1'.1
-[1( ,",sin (", -R ) +
2 sm 0:.
q,) sin (,+8-'1') sin (,,-8)
- k sin (,,-B) cos '1'] Icos (8 -B) sin (",-8 + '1'+'1'.)

- sin (8- B) cos (", - 8 +'1' +'1'.) I] + [sin (8 - B) sin (,,- 8+ 'I' +'1'.)]'

By putting dP =0, we have

d8
will sio (et.-8)
{ 2 sin ex

-[1 wil.2,siu
sin (O! -
0:
0)
+q, lsin (,+ 8-'1') sin (,, - 8)
 1286 Oeuern.l Theory 011 E n"th Pret\SllrA OliO Seis.ntio Stnbility of Ret.'l.iniDR Wall ni:l<l Thlm 10

That"is

- sin ('7', + 8 + ,) - sin (,-20 + '7'_ , ) cos (" + '7'+'7', _ /1)

+ cos (" -'7'+ ,) sin (ex -28 +'7' + '7', +8)

,.c2=k;:,S::;ill~(7ex':c--8:,;)~Cc0:=
8 '7'-, sin (,,- 20 + '7' + '7', + 8) = o.
11),,71 sin (0: 0) + )
( . q.
2 SID ex
Put ct-2o+qJ=,u, thcn we have

21.:: siu (ct."":'0) cos q) ]

....,.--;-:-:--'-:,--';;;---''---;_ 8in ('7', + 8)
i w-./tsin(ct_O)
2 . Sill 0:
+qe
)

-sin I{cos S C03 (o:+<p+tpo- B) - cos (o:-tp + s)cos (tpQ + 0)

+ 2ksin (ex -/I) cos '7' ( ]

.0). sin (ex 8) + I '7',+/1) . . . . . . . (15)
I
COS
. ex
2 sm q'f
L et a=sin ('7',+8+,)

b=cos S oos (ex; +<P + 9"Jo-O)-cos (n: -qJ+ s) cos (OPo+8)

+ 2ksin (ex-8) cos '7' cos (",,+ 8)

r: WeliSin(o: B) +
.
2
q.
I
SID "
. (16)
c=sin 'cos (,,+ 1"+'7',-/1)+ cos ("-'7'+ ,) sin ('7', +8)

- 2ksin(0:-0)costp sin ('Po +(/)

J
1
ta). sin (" 8)
2smn:
+q.)
Substitutjng these "values in eq . (15) and by the same rednctions as shown In
Section I, we have

20=0:
" + cp- t 8on- ,1~+aVb'
'" b"" a'+ "'
C" . . . . . . (16)'
a'

Substituting the known 0 ill eq. (14), we have the exact formula for earth p!es.
sUl"a, where seismic force beiug consid emd.
 11 Gen~l Theon on Er.rtb Pressure And Seismfo StAbility of RelAill~ Wall R.Dd Dam 1287

f
wJhin ("-U) + qJ'f sin (, + O-'P) sin (,,-o) -kilsin (,,-8) cos 'P
. p= \ 2sina (17)
sin" siu (0 -8) siu (,, - 0+'P+ 'P.)

Intensity of ea.rth pressure at a.ny depth 7J will be.

dP Sln"
p= __ .
d'i
i. e.
p = !w. ~ sin (" - 8)+ q. sin " l-,,_:::sin=(:;-o,-J-'P;-+~')c:s:=in",(>;:,,:.,-o::)'o-;;:-
sina-sin (a S+<p+<po) sin (S - 8)

ksin ("-U) COS'P . . . . . . (18)

sin (" o + ... + 'P,) sin (0 8)

By the same reduction as shown in Section 1, we have the height of the point
of applica.tion of the earth pressure.

hc=h (p,. + 2p,,) , where p" and p" will be as follows.

3(p,+p.)

_ q.sin (o-'P+') sin (0<-0) k sin (0< - 8) cos 'P

P. - sin (,,- 0+'P+'P.) sin (0 8) sin (0< 0+97+ 'Po) sin (0-8)

fWilSin (or: - 8) +q8 s inet I. s in (S -tp+ E) sin (a -S)

sin " sin (" -0+97+'1',) sin (0-8)

k sin (a-8) cos qJ

sin (" -0 +97+ 'P,) sin (0- 8)

hc =
( ! w.+ ~ ~
Q. ) . in (O- 97+')-
11"':"-"----;= -:=7.-:--'-...",---,,-= -"----:--
Kcos'P
. . . . . . (19)
( W.+Q.)sin(o 97+ , )-Kcos'P'
In the case when <= 0, formul.. (16), (17), (18) snd (19) will be identical
to (4), (5), (6), (7) snd (8).

II In the case wheu 7.::=0, we h3.\--e

a=sin (97, +8+,) f'

\ b=cos, cos ("-+97+97.- 8) -co, (" -97 +')COS(97.+0) . . . . . (20)

c=sin 'cos (0< +'P+'1',-8) + cos (,, - 97+<) sin (97, +8)
1 288 Geuerl\l Theory on E,rtb P.res!lQ~e sud SsL<imio SlftbilUy of Rolftining WAll sud Dsm 111

. (21)

p={ w,h'siu (",-O) +

2 Sill (X. q
"I sin (S-<p+') Sill (", -S)
I'3W asin (a.-S+rp+cpo) sin (S-8)
. (22)

p=!w.~sin (",-O)+q.sin"'l .in (S-<p+ ') sill (",-S) . (23)

sin", sin ('" S + <p + <p,) sin (S 0)

( .lw.+.lQ.)
, = /1, --:..:::...3
14, - ,-;;;--,-;.2",,- . . . . . . (24)
(W.+Q.)
In the ease when k=O, a= ~ and 8=0, we have

)
b=- icosesiu(<p+<p,) +sin(<p-,)cos'P, 1 f' . . . . . (25)

c= -sin t sin (cp + lPo) + sin (cp - s) l'3in 'Po

1
2o=..!!...-+tp- tan- 1 bc+aVlJ a +? . . . . . (26)
2 bl at

. . . . . . . . (27)

Section IlL
Stabilit y of ret aining w all and gravity dam, where
seismic force being eonsidered.

RetAiniug wall and gravity dam in this section are assumed to be rigid
bodies.
Art. L The direction and the magnitude of the resultant force of gravity
and earthquake.
Notations used;
g;:::accelemtion due 00 gmvity.
ct~ = roa.ximun accelera.tion du e to earthquake.
g~ =resulta.nt of g and a~ .

~=vertica1 oompouent of Cl~ .

13 Gene,ml Theory, on En.rth Pressllre And Seiemio 5tnbility' of RetAining Wall Mod DIlm 1289,

0:.. . horizontal component of 0:,

B =amplitude of seismic vibration.

B .= vertical component of B.
B,, = horuonta.l component of B.
S = rela.tive mm-ement of a body against the seismic vibration.
S~ = vertica.l component of S.
S,,=horioontal component of S.
m = mass of a body. w.=mg..
W=mg.
T = period of seismic 'vibration.
Let the equation of a seismic yibra.tion be

y, = _BStD
, 2__
" ' t ' , , , , .' , , (28)
2 T
If 8. body displaces S against the earth, which is forced to vibrate in the

motion indicated by Y.=! sin 2; t, the motion of the body will be ex-

pressed by
Y= (B - S) .
SlD - -
2", t , , , (29)
2 T
Since, we ha;ve

2"
008 - -t
T

a'y __ 2,r(B-f!) . 2.. t . (30)

dr- T' SlUT

Therefore the lUs.ximum accelera.tion will be

_ 2,r(B-S) , . . , . , . . . , (31)
~.- T2

The horizontal and veTtical components are

,,-,,(B
::,:,;;;-;S
"."l
"',-_ ::.2,r T'
. , , (31)'
_ 2,rCB.-S.)
""- '1'"
In the case when there is no relative displacement; we IJ&ve
 1290 Geueml Theory on EArth PrOSSllrCl ml(l Seismio Stnbility of Rebt.iniI)g,WIlU nnd Dc.m 14

0:.= 2,,'B
T'
. . . (32)

By applying the vecl;or these accel erations,

fOl"
we have the l'esultant ac-
celeration of gravity and earthquake as folliows,

A-. -IO(v
I . gf=V(g+a..f+~X
""'-- m 2.1_ .m
"'' - 0,' +0<,
.. . . . . (33)
E
... 0;. ] ~t Ao = Jh...,
g
we ha...e

AO= V(g!t,,?+o:; . , , (34)

. <-, g

l+'+'.' ~,

Fig, 6" ,
Thell we haye the 'resultant force of
graivity and earthquake,
W, = A,W and
Q.=A,Q . (35)
Art. 2. , Applica.tion .of genera.l solution of earth pressure to a. retaining
wall, where seismis foroe being considered,
If a. "Wall be rigid and fixed to the foundation so firmly that there is no
relative displacement, the earth contained in ABO will be forced to vibrate
similar to the wall aDd the foundation.

c
c'
Q c
8. "'-s' c'
,--,1--,.""r I
, . I
I

A. Fig. S.
Fig. 7.

Lst G be the center of g1'&yity of t1LlBG and Of be the center of surch-

arge Q; the vibra.tion of G and Q is the same to that of the waJl and the
.foundation.
15 Genern.l Theory on ERrtb Pre$Sltre find Soismfc StAbility of Ret.lunmg Wnll nod DA.m 1291

Therefore following formulae denote the :ma.ximum acceleratioon to be a.p.

plied for Wand Qo
2"'8, o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (36)
1"
If a. waH be displaced S relatively during one Mil period of seismic "ibra.--
tion, the following accelera.tion should be applied for Wand Q.

2"'(B, - S.)
8 0011 0: ,\=
T' l 0 0 0
o (36)'
Ct .. =
2"'(B.- S.)
T' f
If the amplitude, horizontal and vertioal, of an earthquake and the displace--
ment of the wall during every half period... of the fOlIDer be known, we can
easily find out the amount of horizontal and vertical accelerations which will
be acting to Wand Qo
The period of the ea.rthquake should be measured.
Let a .. and 0:., be the vertical and horizontal accelerations acting on W and
Q. 'We have "
o W.=I.. W
Q. =I..Q
in whioh,
"20= }/(g+o:.. )"+ o:,\"-
g
Substitnting these relations in eqso (16), (17) 0 0 0 and (24), we hs.ve the,
maximum earth pressure and its height from the base.

I.) wh'sin (,,-8) +qh) sin (, +8-<1') sin (,,-o)-kh sin (,, -8) COS <I'
1 2 sin 0:
p. = -.:...---::= -=----,,.......;...,.....,,,..--:;:-7....,......--.-:----:--- , . - - - - - , (38)
sin" sin (0 -8) sin ("-0+<1'+<1'.)

I. J
11.=" '\ 3
-+- W+.lQ)
2
sin (O-<I'H)-.lK cos <I'
2, , 0 , ' (39)
i..( W +QJ sin (o -<I' +,)- K cos <I'
in which,
. . ...

1292 Gonernl Theory on Enrth Pre88llr6 and"Seismio Stn.:t>ility of &taiui.Jlg WAll And])n.m 16

a=sin (op, +8+,)

b=cos 'COS (", +op+op,-8)-C05 (op, + if) cos ("' -op+ ,)

+ 2ksin(",-8) cosop cos (op,+ 8)
A,jwliSln(o -8)
28m a.
+ql . . (40)'

c=siu .t COS (a. +<P+ tpo- 8) + sin (91,,+ 8) cos (IX-tp +:;)

j
2k s in (C'- 8)coslP
! u:hsin (cc 8) +
o 2 sin a:. q
I sin (tpo+8}

The cohesion of earth will be distur\'ed owing to earthquake, a.nd k tends

to zero a.ccording to the increase of a~ .

Si.uce in the case of seyere earthquake, it will be sale side if the ea.rth
p ressure be calculated by putf..ing k=O: Thus we have the maximum earth
pressure a.nd its point of action f Ol' lI. destructive earthquake.

. . (41)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (42)

in which,
2S = et+9J-tan-' bc+ at/~f+c~ . . . (43)
l} a!

a =sin(op,+ 8+ ,) }
b=cos 'cos ('" +op+ op, -8) -cos (op, + 8) cos ("'-op+ ,) . . . (43)'

c = sin t cos (IX +tp+<p,,-8) + siu (91,,+ 8) oos (ex-tp+ t)

Let P o be the earth pressure in ordinary condition, where 1> =0 and k=O,
by eq. (10) "We have

p,,=J wltt sin (ex-8)

1 ~sin
+ "I sin (8 -op) sin (", -8)
q sin '" sin (",-o+op+ op,) sin (8 -8)
. (44)

It will be assumed tha.t the variation of earth pressure during an ea.rth-

quake be expressed by a siDe func ~ion whose period is the same as that of the
seismio vibration.

:'7 Gtlneml Theory on Earth PreR!OUffl "nil. 5flillmin Stability of &t.ll.ining W..U And DAm 1293

Since, Wd ha.ve P, which expresses the amount of earth pressure at a ny

instant t

P = P,+(P,-P,) sin ~ t . . . . . . . . . (;1Ul

This is t he funda mental fOl'mula. to determine the dynamica.l stability of a

retaining ,,'all, when the seismic force is conoerned.
Art. 3. Wa.ter pressure On a qua.y wall or On a dam, whell seismio action
being considered.
a). H orizontal vibration is concerned.
The motiom of wa.ter will be indiff~rent to the earth, so far as the hari-
zonbl "ibra-ticl: of the latter is concerned, because the friction (viscosity) bet_
ween water and the ear~h In
is too small to transmit the "ibm:ion to water.
consequence, the horizontal seismic force for water will be nearly equal to zero.
But the horhmntll.l vibration of a. wall in 'Water will give some shock to the
latter, and the 'va.ter level "'iJ.l cqIlSequently rise corresponding to the change
of velocity of the vibration.
L et the equation for the Tibration of a wall be

B ,. . 27r
Y=-2- S1U
T t

'I'hen we ha.ve

dy 7r 27r 2.,,' B sm
. _2,,/ . 2,,~
- - = - B" cos - - t, _ = -0:,.510 - -,
dt T T T' T T
Sioce we have the lDJU:imum velocity cba.nge,
" .
v=2-B.
T
By the theory of hydra.ulics, we have

v2 2 x2.,rB !
H'= - - =
2g 2g T'

Thus, the water pressure will increase according to the elevation of water
level by this additiooa.l head H '.
In practical case, H' will be so small that the horizontal. vibration of an
ea.rthquake can . be neglected to determine the 'Water pressure.
b) . Vertical "\ibration is concerned.
1!

I
I
.1294 Gnel'al TheOl'Y 011 Ea'fth Prt'8sure 1I.1ld Sei'llnie Stn.bility.of Retaining WftU find Dam

Let Wi be the weight of water per unit volume, and

weight of water per unit volume, when the vertical vibration is ' consiJered.
w/ be the resultant
18

I By sq. (37), we heve

I'
I,
w~ , :=1.0111"
'.J \Vh'r) V(g+Q:r?+(Xh~_ g+a.~
1 e '''--''--''=':;-'-'-'--''-
9 9
Since, w'~=wr( 1+ ~ )
A The pressure intensity at any depth" will be
Fig. 9

TherefOl"e, the total Water pressure,

'
p~ =
. J'"
0
p
siu~
dT] F/!w/
2sw IX
H!w' (1+~)
2sln~ 9
. (47)

Let Po be the water pressure in ordinary condition, when Q:~=OJ we rul.Y8

P o= H'!w' . . . . . . . . . . . . . (47)'
2 sin ct
Let P be the water pressure at any instant t during an e&l-thquake, we haY8

H!w'
2SlUct
(1 + ".9 sin 2"T t). . . (48)

c). Effect of seismic tidal "'-ave.

Ii the water level be changed suddenly by a seismic tidal wave, the equili-
brium of water surface will be disturved, and in consequence, some difference of
water level will take place everywhere; such
as. the level difference between the ba.ck -
and the front of a quay wall between inner
and outer harbour bOUD,d ed by break-water.
In ordinary case, the seismic tidal wave
will arrive when the main vibra tion of an
earthquake is over. since it 'will be scarce-
ly be happened that ' both effects coincide at
the same time. Elg. 10.

Let H be the head difference due to a seismic tidal wave. we have

'19 Gtm6rt\1 Tb6:)ry on E!Iorth Pl'6'wnu3 I\Jld Seismio S~bility ot Retl~ining Wall IUld DAm 1295

HZ +1LH+H,'
3
11<;= -'-;===,--.,_
(H+2H,) .
Art. 4. Resuitant force aotmg on a retaining wa.ll.
a). Rigid foundation, where resultant force acting on the base.
If the foundation is rigid and the relation bo< 0' D
is held, the motiou of the wall will be the saroe as
the vibration of the earth~
consequently the seismic

force mll be uniformly distributed on every parts of
the wall. Since the seismio force acting on a wall
is the product of the seismic aCcelera.tion and its
JI mass.
'l'a.king moment about 0' we have
Fig. 11 M-PhJlsint+tpo)+ ~loC'ASin 2; t
In which,
P=Po+(Pc-Po) sin 2; t
Therefore, we have

M= P .,i.,sin (a+op,)+ ICP.-P,)",sin (u+op,)+mil,a,! sin 2; 1 (50)

. Let the vertica.l component of resultant force be (V),

(J7)=Poos(a - op,)+m(ga,Sin~ I)

=P,cos (<< - op,)+ {(P.-P,) cos (a -op,)+ma ! sin ~ t+mg . (50)'

Let the horizontal. component of resultant force be (H).

(H) = P, sin (<<-op,) + {(P.-P,) sin (a-op,)+m ! sin 2""1 . . (50)"

. T
Then we have

_ M _
b,- - - -
P rftpsin (ce+'Po) + I (Pa - P o) h" sin (a: + 'Po) + mhoa.,,) sin -Yt
.. (51)
(V)
P, cos (a-op,)+ {(P. - P,) cos ("'-op,) + mo;.! sin ~ I+mg
.,

1298 GeD6lnl Theory on Bluth Pressw:e MId Seismio Stability of ReWnlng Wall nnd DRm

P, sin (", -<p,)+ I(P . -P,) sin ("'-<p,)+mo<. j sin 2; t

mnt= (~ =--------------------------~~---
(V) P ,COS(", -<p,)+I(P . -P,) sin ("'-<p,) + ma,jSin:;; Hmg

. . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (51),

T , since we ha;...-e
Above eqs. become marimum when t = _
4

M - P .Ii, sin ('" + <p.) +""..a,

(V)= p . cos ("' -<p,)+m(g+ a,)

(H) = P d sin (et-qJ.,)+m:x,.
.... , . (52)
ho=~= P,ltpsin (Ct+lPo)+ mllp.h,
(V) P, cos ('" <P.)+ m(g+",)

IImt = (H1-.= P ,sin(a-<p,)+m<><.

(V) p. cos ("' -<p,) + m(g+"',)

In the case when the 'Wall begins displacemlnt-sliding or sinkiug, which

is not elastic but permanent; eq. (3 6)' will be substituted in eq. (52).
b). Rigid founda.tion, where resultant force passes out of the base.
In this case, the wa.ll will begin a rocking motion, and a.t first wo will
study the motion of ita froe rocl-iog.
Notations used,
G =centel' of gra.vity
A= center of percussion
R =ccnter of spontaneous rotation
Ii' =.t1 G
L'=.AR
II a. body rock frorn ry to fl. we have the differentia.l
, equation for tile motion a.s follows.

F;g. 12 - L' d'8 +gsin 8 = 0, .... , ..... . , .. (53)

df

_d'0_ =...L-sm8
a.
dt' L'
 -
. ." "

21 Of\n8r11.1 Theory on F.t:..rlh Pressnre and Ssi<emio StAbility of RetAining Wall and Dnm 129'1

When

Since 0 1 =..JL cos ry

D
Therefore, we ha;\o"e

IT [' ="'-JlIT)'
t= J dO
'1"J Jy v coS'Y-cos6'
- d8
. 4{J "I I sin!..!!..--
. "'-J 2
sin! .:J....
2
"" .. (04)

If 8 = small, we can simplify this integral.

IIT [' dO
"'-J - g- J, VIf'-,"!,

The forced rocking of a. wall due to earth

pressure and the seismic iOl'Ce will be expl"eSsed
by the following differeti.&l equation.
'.ra~iDg moment about .A, we have

_mLr: .: +mg(/l sin 8= Pltp sin (a. +<Po)

+ mllolX/I sin At . . ..... (55)

In which,
Fig. 18

go=g+CI" sin i.t

'I'hen we have
d'O + __
- __ SlU 0 " ",
<X).'" SlD l.~+ g7"- SlUv
- "" = -.P:...c.},,,,,,si,u;o(;;:
, "-,+-,'P:C<'):L
df LI2 LIS mL 12

L
.'

1298 Gellernl Theory on Enorth Pressure fl.nd Seifornio Stability of &b.iniDB Wn.U I\ud Dnm ~

+1 (P.-P.l",sin(ct.+'P.)+mh., } sin it ., ........ (56)

1 mL'1

Put

Poh" sin (<<+91.,) IJ= (Pe-Po)h"sin(a+<p,,)+mlt,p.1l

mL,1 mL'S
We have
d'8
___ 8m. 8 8m
A' ' 1,' t - B' sm
. 8= - (0 + D sm
. I.'t) (" ')'
;.16
df ,
This equation will be solved when 8' sin 8, and ..&. = 0, in other worJ, when
the wall is compar.a.tively high and ver~ica.l accelera.tion is sma.ll. 'he former
equation will be written,
w8 .
df -B.B= -(O+DsmI.C) .. .. .. .......... (57)

The general solution of eq. (57) is

8 -- Of.ft-
Ie + 0'~e _.,fE,
WheI'6,

_-.Iii ~
De (V' B sin I.t + i. cos i.t)
+ 2V'.8(I.'+B)

0/=0,+1

De.ft- (VB sin /.t-I. cos At)

+ 2V'B(I.' +B)
Since, we ha,ve
2S GenerAl Theory on Efl.rth PrA8!lUl'8 nnd Selsmio Stnbility of RetAining WI~1l f'lld Dam Ji~l
Let To be the period, aDd to be the t.ime when the wa.ll begins the rock-
iug, we have the following bouudary conditions,

0={1 0="1

1) t=to 2) r t= T"
4
dIJ
-=0
at
By substituting these conditions in eqs. (58) aDd (58)',
l ~=O
at

we have

+ ~ + -"",D....,... sin It.

B i."+B

+ D).. cos "At

vm~'+B)
. ..... (58)"

By solving these symulta.neous equations, we can find the 'v alues of ah~a!,

t., and To
The resultant force acting at the heel .A will he maximum a.t the instaut,
when the wall begins rocking, since by substituting to for t we have the maxi-
mum h orizontfil and "ertica.l c9mponeuts of the resultant force.

(J1)=P, cos (a- 9',)+ (P,- P,) cos ("--9',) sin At, +m(g+ ". sin XI,) .. (59)

(H)=Po sin (O: -~o) + (P.-Po) sin (ct. -~o) sin Ato+ rna", sin Ato .. . .. (59)1

No wall is Mfa, when it is designed to begin rooking motions, since~ the

base a.t least must be so designed that the resultant force does not pass out of
the base.

c). Elastic foundation, where resultant force acting on the base.

Nota.tions used,
m=mass of a 't"all
.
, ..

U-\OO Generf'i Tbeory on Enrlh Pre9'JUl'O aud Seismic stability of . Betatnillg Wa1l"~ria Dam' ..
E=force per unit area. required to :aep~
au elastio base for unit depth; .
I = horizontal sectional moment of inertia. of a
wa.ll at its base.
l'
O=center of the base, and a.lso center of
percussion.
r=ra.dius of gyration around G in the oross
-;;
sootion of a. waJl.
.
FiS 14.
ro Pi).

M;, = resisting moment about 0 in sta.tioa.l condition.

The following differential equation will express the sell osoill&tion of 8. wall.

- m~ + m g1l.--'3... = E I- '"
at' L L

Put B = EI-mg11o . then we have a differential equation of a. simple bar-

mlJ .
monic motion,
dx.' = -B",
dF ...................... (60)

Solving, we have

"'=...':... sinvB e, in whi~h a=.mplitud. .. ...... (61)

2 .
.
For the period of the self o3CillB.tion, we have

T= 2". = 2".Lvm ............. " ... (61)'

vir vEl mg1l.
The forced oscillation of a wall due to the 'periodic earth pressure and the
earthquake will be expressed by the following differential equation.
By taking moment a.bout 0, we have

-mL:: +mg,(", ~ -e)+p",sin ("+9'.)+l~"""Asin),t EI-~ +M.

..... " ... .. .... ...... ...... ... .... .. ............... " (62)
In which,
p = p .+(p .-p.) siu Ae
90= 9+ ., sin "-t
...

:25 Genel1\l Theory on Earth Prelmlre nnd Sei9mio Stability of ReWning Wtill .tld Dnm 1301

Mo=PJ~Jl sin (et+9>o)-mge.

By substituting in (62). we have

11'",_
_
~
I (P, - p.l",sin ("'+'P.l +mli ,-mX,.
mL
l ."SlUI\.{t

- Iii;' XSinAt+ m'"v(EI-mgl,.)=O..... . .. . . ... . (62)'

Put (P.-Po)h,. sin (et+ CPo) + mllt/X,.-mecx"

,nL
B = EI- mgh. A=.!!O~!...
mL' L'
Then we have

'Z +(B-AsinA/)x=DsinAt . . .... . . .. .. (63)'

This is non-homogeneous linear equa.tion, and its corresponding homogene-

'OllS linear e<J.llation is

11'", + (B-.d sin At)X=O

~

Let ~=v'B A sin "At, we ba.Y6 the particula.r solution.

z= 0' cos wt+ 0" sin ClJt.

Where' or and 0" will be detennined as follows.

Of = C1 +DI sin At sin 6)t

~in 6;lt d( cos Ctlt) coswt d (siowt)
cit cit
200 sin)d sinwt dt
2w .fAt oos At

sin At cos wt dt
. CtJ t d(cos"tl
Sln - cos Ct>t d (sin"t)
cit cit
= O + Dr 2!t) sin At C03 wt dt
2
J 2w -AM cos At
:Since we llaNe the general solution.
 .. , .
.i' .

1302 GeDaml Theory on EArth PJ'eQ8tlr6 fl,ud Soismio St.,\bility of Re~ining . WPoU and Dam 2~

j
x= C1- Dl ~'l
2., sin 1.t sin .,t two
~ - ..d'Xt COS At
COS '
(i)~

2w sin At,coS fo't

2w-AAt cos)..t
dtl sin (dt .... .. .......... (64)

Also, "

2<'<) sin At cos rut

2,,~.dMcosAt
&)1
1
2w-.il."At cos At
2m
Icos.,t
2.,~AMcosM lsin.,t .. (64Y
2.,

If
I 2w sin At cos rut
2M -.L!At cos At
d'
.~
and
.
I 2w sin At sin fIll~,
200 -.AM oos At
UN
I ulated ' lC
becae ao
~:
d Vi

will be found by the bounda.ry conditions.

(1) ),,,=0
(t=O
Thus the general solution will be detennined, but the calculation is too
difficult j since the ~ollowing method, which will be deli-veloed from the special:
case, is preferred to find the approximate solution.
In the special case when A :- O (i. e. Ct'. = 0). the genernl solution will be
found a.t once.

sin(A~VB)t
A ~ V1f

+ [ C,~ D J cos (1.+V !lt + cos ("~ 1(}!Jt

, 2VBl A+VB A~VB
l]r sin V B t
d:r. = [ C.~ CJ COS (A+v'!Ilt + COS(A~VB)t 1]V1icos VJJt
at 2VB\ 1.+V~ , 1.~i71i f

~ [ C ~ -;;:'CD"".,! sin(1. ~ VBjt

, 2V1I \ 1.~VB .
sin(A+ "'2!Jt
),,+VB
)]VBsin ,VBt. '
 ...
"."

;'

21 Ganeml Tbe~ry on Etn-lh heseure nJl(\ Seismic Btnbility of ReWning WfIlI nnd DAm 1303

"=O ::: =0
By tho boundary conditions we have
{ e=o
I {
e=o
D'Ie .
0 1 = 0 and 0,= ----,~7-_=_
V B('Ie' - B )
Since we have

"=-,-=Do::---..,,.,-{ 'Ie sin V Be-VB sin All ....... .. (65)

v.8('Ie'-B)

dx
--- ('Ie'~~ {cos VBt-cosAlI ..... .. , ., ... , . . . (65)'
dt

D'Ie {vB. inVBe-'lesinAlI ........ ...... (65)"

('Ie'-B)

By putting dx = 0, we will find t, which gives ma.ximum or minimum for

dt
x, and x is minimum when t=O, a.nd also x is maximum when
2".
t = ~= vB+'Ie . ...... .. . ..... ... . .. (66)

The peiiod of the forced oscilla.tion will be,

T,,= T. 2:Lvm J in which T is the seismic period . .. .... (67)

'vEl mg",
'.rho resisting moment a~ut 0 will be m.a.ximum when x is maximum, i . .e.
when t=t.o.
M M.+EI ~ = {P,, +(P. -Po) sin ht III" sin (0: + <po) + o:,\ml", sin At

Where,

d'o: =_ D'Ie ! v7Jsin vB t, - 'Ie sin At, I

df 0\' B)
2".
B=
'. :.

(Pc -Po)llft sin (t:t + q>,,) + m11r/XA

9.,=9
mL
Since, we .have

L
AlI?
B(X'-B)
(A SiD vEt.-VBsiD At.J-. (68

or,

_ LmDA [vBsinVBt -A sinXt] : .... . ..... . ...... (68)'

CA.I-B) "" .

The horizontal component and the vertica.l component of . the ma.ximUlIl;.

resultant force will be

(H)= p . sin (<><- 'P.)+ {(P,-P.) sin (<><- 'P.) + =.1 siD At. ... (69)

(V) =p. cos (<><-'P.)+ (P,-p.) cos (<><- 'P.) sin At. +"", ' ... : .. (69),

And also the leverage from 0 will be,

M
P,l',sin(",+'P.)-"",,+ LV~~~-B) [.\-sin VBt.-vEsin ),t.]
b.=--=
(V) Po cos (ct-g;o) + ( P~-P(J) cos (IX - CPo) sin :xt.,+mg .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (69)"

If 0;. is sma.ll comparing to g. A will be negligibly small against B, since -

VB .A sin At will be nearly equa.i to V1J, in consequence. eq. (65) will ex-
press the general solution of "8 forced oscillation where vertical vibration being.'
considered.
Thereforo, we have

EID --
M P ,l"sin (<><+'P.) - mge+ v1!i ().sinvBt. -vBsiuAt.]
. L (A'-B)

+m(g + .SinAt,,)[
L
v B(A--B)
- D. IASinVBt. -VBSinAt. I- ,l
.
"
"
::

'
.

29 Ganem) Theory on Euth Pressure ADd seismio StA.bilit,. of Retaining Wall and Dam 1305

+ mLD"Io.
)...J-B [VBsin VB t - 0
"10. sin M 1 "" " " " " " " " , "70)
0 \.'

(H)=P, sin ("'- 'P,) + I(P.':-P,) sin ("'-'P,)+ - . Isin ).t, """" (71)

(V) = P, COS ('" -'P,) + I (P.- P,) COS ("-'P,) +""'-I sin ).t,+mg ' . .. (71)'

P ,II,sin ("'+'P,)-mge+ , EJ(~-?_B)

LV1li ["10. sin VEf,-'VB sin, ).t.]
b,= ~ = --;;--:-,--~-:-;-;n-':::;;';":I":-'-::';L.--;-:--,-:~;-:-~-'
(V) P,oos(" 'P,)+I(P. P') CQ!!(OO 'P.)+mor.lsin"lo.t,+mg
" " " " " ',, " '''' " " " " " " " " " " " " " """ ",,(7l)!'

where

(P.-Po)hpsin (O'+tpo)+mhoec.-me-x" El-mglto

' mL mL'
Art. 5. Resultant force acting on a dam.

a). Rigid foundation where resul tant force acting on the base.
All relations held in Arl. 4 will be applied in the case of a dam, because
a dam will be forced by the pariodica.~ water pressure instead of the earth
pressure.
By the similar reductions, we haye

H;w'
2 sin 0:

=p) 1 +
1
ct"
g
sin 27T
'1'
t}

M=Poh" sin ct{l+ ~" sin ~ t}
'+mh
. . ~
or.t" sm T

( (H)=P)l+ "'. sin 27r dsin"

M C'P) (ji) 1 g T J

Fig. 15. , - 27r- t

+meJ,.Sln (72)
T
(V)=(p,coS,,+mg)jl+ ~. sin ~ t}
..

1306 General ,T heory on Earth Bre8!m1'6 Rnd Seismio StRbirity of RetniniDg W"U'<im.d Dni:o. 30 ..;

M ___
' . ct +-"
P tI'jlSlU 11
-c< 8].0
--'_....l!.
2,..
-'--" 'I ' .-2.... .
+ mllvQ:A, 8m ~
y_-:-.:::T--'--'--;:---:-_T~ .
e+ b,=--=
(V) (P,C06<x+mg)11+ ~ sin i tl
We ~v.e maximum values 'When
T
t=--
4

M P).,8ina(1+ ;. )+ml.,o<.
~R)= P{l ; . ) sin ct+mo:/I. ....... (73)

(V )=(1 ~ )(P, cos "+mg)

PJlJlsiOO:(l-i- )+mlvx,.
(1+ ;. )(P, coo <x +mg) 1. . . . .:. . ; (73)1
(coS,,+ p ,mg)(l ~
tan'i>=--;---,----'-_L...:.-
Po(l+ ;" ) BinO'.+~A
)
j . ,

b). Rigid founda.tion where resultant force passes out. of the base.

If a da.m be fomed by such a Periodio pr:essure as to begin 80 :r;ooking motion

the water penetrates under its base to cause the sudden increase of upward
pressure, by w Weh a fatal da.mage 'Will. sometimes be given to the da.m. There-
fore, for the design. of So dam the following condition is absolutely neces.'S8fy.

-}- " (74)

c). Elastic foundation, where resultant force acting ot;l the base.

All rela.tiolls held in Alt. 4 will be also' applied for a da.m.

p =p{1+ ;. Bin :>.t )

 - .-.
>,,
<,.'

-
.
.
P _ . wlR.
2 sinoc

go=g+ IX" sin At.

~=pjt9sina-mge

Taking moment about 0, we ha.ve

M= M.+ EI--"'--- = -mL d'x +mg.(".--"'----e )

L L
- " cHI d1'
""
Fig. 16.

i. e.

h~Pt1 sin a: + mhod,. -1neC4 .

. d!x _1 g. } sin "At- ho~ x sin Xt+
d1' 1 _ mL L'
Put

A= 1Ioa.,
- L'
B
J. . . . . . (75)

Then we have

d'x +(B-AsinAt)x= DsinAt .... __ .. __ .... --(75)'

d1' -

Geneml solution is.

x= J 0 1 _ Dr 2w sin)..t sin rut dt} cos oot+ f C + D r 2w sin Xt cos rot dt t sin wt
1
1 . J 2w-AAt cos "At . \ J "2ro-AAt cos At f
.... -- ...... -- -- . --. -- . - -- -- .... -- .. -- . - -- -- .......... (75)"

in which. w=V B-A. sin At

In special case, when A = O i. e. a,,=O and w=VB, w~ have at

once,

x=_,.,;:D
~~~I Asin VEt-VB sinAtl "' ..... (76)
V'B(A'-B)

I. .
 , '.

I
1308 Gooeral Theory on Euth I'resaIue IUld Se.ismio stabi1i9' of Retaining Wall fUld Drtm sa

x will be maximum when

Since we b.&ve the ma.ximum mOJ:ll,ent a.nd ,resultant force as the following.

M P.I" sin d-mge+ V!!JD [;I. Bin VB 1.- VB Bin At.1

L B (;I.'-B)

or ;:P,lip sin ct+ct,.mllo sin )"to+mu[ l7JjD Ii\. sinflto - vBsi~ At"I":'e1
L (;I.' - B) , 'J
onLD;I. [. / n " /B . .
+ (;I.' B)
VBBlDV
,
t.-;l..mAt.I ... (77)
(H)=Po sin ct+m.cx,. sin A4,

(V)= p. cos "+mg

(7-7)'
M P ,I', Bin "-mge+-L""V~:;;';(~~~:--B"')-[).. sinV B t.- V]J Bin ;l.t.1
b.= - = _ _ _ _ _::::::.-~~:.L-------_
(P'J p.cos"+mg

where, B": EI-mgl<.

mO

If 0;; be :relatively smaJl, eq. (76) will nearly express the forced oscilla.tion
, ,

of a. dam lor which the verticaJ vibration is acting. Then"'We bave the maximllIQ
resisting moment about 0 and the resultant force as follows. .

L
AID
B(;I.'-B)
[;I. sin V'1i t, -vB sin ;l.t.1 (78)

or. =P.{l+ ~ Sin)..to)"l'Sinct+mlIJXAsin'Xto

+ meg + ct. sin )..t,)[ LV':'" _ B) [;I. Bin V B t. - V B sin ';,1 - e]

+ mLD;I. (VB Bin VB t. -;I. BIn )..t.]
(;1.'- B)

(H)=(Po~ ; .. sin;u")SiD~+11UXASinxt,,

(V)=P.(l+ ;. SinXt,)ccs,,+mg(l+ ;'Siu)..t.} ..

". (,
 33 Ge.neml Theo:ry.on EaJ:th 'Pressure IW.d Seismio Stability of Re~ining WAolr Aolld Dnm 1309

P,h,sin"'-mge+ ' LA~I?-B) !),. sin vB t,- vB sin At,1

(P,cos ",+mg)( 1+ ~. sin At,)

In which and also D a.nd B 'Vill . ~ determined by eq. (75).

d:). Numerical example of a da.m. where the upward water pressure on the =
base being neglected .
Hejght of drun = 18 m eters.
BMe ".. ." 13 meteJ:'S
T vp ".. == 4.3 meters
=95 degrees.
Cross seotiODAol tIor'OO= 155.6 sq. m.
Moment of inertin=3,8SO m 4
m. h p = 5.{S m.
r~
ht, =7.5 e = I .1 m.

. G r=J ~:~ =1..97 m.

r'
L =ho +-,;:;-=10.8 m.

1 X181.
Po= 2'x sin9So _162.6 Kg. tons.

W=358 tODS.

w
m . - = 36.5
(4) Ie II) d)
9
fl.) /Q)'cd
Case 1. Rigid foundation .
.- . ' - (Ii) 'aA=a,,=O'
}';g. 17.
.,
M=P.! hpsin 95 _ eW

bo= '312.2 =1-313 m.

=1,858 m. t.

M=I'ok"Sin95~(l + ~~ )+mJjO~,,-m(!1+fX,,)8 = U .18 m. t.

1,678 _ 3.82 m.
372.2 x 1 .1837 .

..t
"1.310 Genel"l'\l Theory on EArth Preqlll'f1 And Seismio Stability of BetaininR W"U Rnd oal!!- 3{

Cd). Q'1I.",j. m/soot.

M",PIA,'sin 95"(1- ~rs )+rM;aIl.-m(g-ars>e :::1;4.M.7 m., f .

l,t9U
bc.= 372,:! xO.8188 ",{.915 m

,
.... Case 2 . Elaat ic foundation.

E=60 l/sq,. m. f.)r 1 0m. depreuiou=5,OOO L/f!. m.fm.. dep.

s
1::: l x13 _ 183 Ill'.

"
EI",915,OOO t. mt.

D", Twx", =2,778

L
_ EI-m9 Tft> - 6 ../.8=1&.65
B_ mL - 1.

. 2.... 2r
T=1.S 800. A= '1.8= 3.4.9 to= 8.{9+14.65 =0.3{63 BOO.

2= "';BC~ B) {A sin./1f to-../Fsin Ato} =0.0159 m.

M=Poh,sin95- W,+EI ~ = 883-394.;-915,000 x 0.0159 ...: 1,834. t. m.

10.8
l.B.34.
.. ----=4..lJ2
312.2
Ill.
.

....,
.d.=----v-=0.1157

fII~..;.8 AsiuM ../:!U.6 . 0.1557 sin JJ :../F= lU5

. ,
P ohJl9J.n 95~+mJlf#lI.---71Iears
D_ - - - -.l':mL
-,..-----_lJ.025
:1:=0.01733 m..
0.01733
.M=883-394.+915,OOOx 10.8 =1,957 m. l

_
bo= _ -,1~.'~57",",:-:_ - 4..4.3 m.

( 1.,)
372.2 1+ 9.8

-_ - 162+ 1.095+65.8 2 ' :t:=0.Ol4.52 m.

D 394. =.55

M=l,719 ru.. t. bo=5.65 m.

S5 GMfIl'R.l Th.60:ry" on FArlh p.re!\Sul'8 and Sei.~.m.io Stability ot RetniniDg W"U "nd Dam 131:1

A rt. 6. Stability of & retaining wall and a dam.

a). Stability against overturning.

No wall hAving a. certain largB! dimension will be overturned, but it will

begin a. rooking motion, when the wall is standing on a solid foundation and ~
acted by ,sovere earthquake so that the resultant force passes out of the base.
The reJ,ation botween th~ seismic force and ' t.b.e absolute dimon,sions of a.
wall, which is merely standing On a solid foundation, will easily be found as
follows.
Let Tv, = work done by an earthquake during a
....----1.- --_ quarter cycle.
f
/
1 IV =work d9ue required to mise the center
/ of gravity as much as the wall is,
/
/ overturned.
1 dW:=-ffl Iffy d,' = -m Iffy ~
1 dr ' dfdt
1
1
/
J
Fig. 18.

W.=m ",fl' rf" sin 4-rr t. dt= m ( T", )' . .. . : ..... (80)
. T' t T 8\.".
Also we have

. W=2....Vl,'+r-(l -Cosfl)mg=mg~[.
2 2 V
11+(_1_)'_1] .... (80)'
/, ..
Since if We< lV, the wall will not overturn.

1. e.

FOI example, T = l.S sec. = 4,000 mm/sec l . _1_=2....

" 3.
'Vhen ,, >,.2.4 m., the 'Wall will not overturn.
In o;dinary case, th~Ieforo, an instantaneous fOICe as earthquake need .oot
be considered for the overturning 6 a. retaining wall, but constant forces as
 1312 Genem! Theory on Eartb PJ'63lIUl'G fmd Seismio StAbility of Ret.a.i.ning WnIJ. ~n~~ l)R.nt 86

'Wa.ter pressure and earth pressure should be ta.ken into account to ~ study. the
stability against overturning.
A dam, however, ma.y be overturned by the Same instantaneoUs ' force,
,beoa.use the da.m in consequence of its rocking monon is forced by ' an upward
FNssure of water rushed in cracks.
If the resultant forco, though instantaneous, passes near the corner of the
,base, a.n enormous pressure caused on the heel will become a motive power o
its overtnming.
A retaining wall, by these reasons, should be so designed a.s _1_ t:;.bo ; and
. 2
1
.a dam Illiould ha.ve its base so large as -=nbo in which n=from 3 to 1.5.
2
b). Stability against sliding.
Taking any horizontal section of a. wall or a dam, the horizontal component
.of all forces . on the upper po~on must be smaller than the friotion Ol" the 1'8-
.sisting shear of the said section. If a wall be construoted in one mass, wea.kest
section will be a.t the base, ill this case the frictiona.l resistance a.t the base
,should not be exoeeded by the horizontal component, which is known as (H)
in Section Ill.
In the ease of severe ~qua.ke, the horizontal force will sometimes
exceeds the frictional resistance a.t the base, eapcciaJly when the execution of the
'wall is carried in wa.ter as ordinary quay wall.
Consequently the designer must pay attention to the following articles.
A wall or a dam should be built in one mass for a certain length.
A wa.ll or a. dam must plonde suita.ble front apron or a foothold exca.vated
in the foundation in order to incr~ the stability aga.inst sliding.
c). Bearing power of the foundation.
The width of the bass of a wall or a. da.m must be so designed that the
'maximum pressure on its toe does not exceed the ultimate bearing powex of tIle
founda.tion.
If a wall be fixed in the foundation as shown in fig. 19, the max.imum
:.pressure on the toe will be determined 88 the following.
rpl = &:ugle of repose between wall and 3.pron.
rp = inclination of the resultant to vertical.
rp2= inc. of the resultant on the base to vertical.
r
,,

17 Genoral Thoo1'J' on FArlli Pres~ and Beismio StRbility of Retaining wan An~. ~m . 1313

R :-i-e~tant ' foroe.

~=resu1ta.nt force on the base.
R,,:-resulta.nt forca on the apron.
PI =ma.ximum pressure on the apron
Pz=ma.ximum .pressure on the foundation
LElLc.: (D) and (V) are h oru:ontal and ~ertioal
componets respectively.
(1), Wh~n Pt a.nd t/Jt are given, 4>10 p,.
and x will be found.

(H,)= p,d (H,)= 3p,," t.n</>,}

2 2
.. (82)
( V, )= ~dt&n$, (V,) =....:3-';'~c:-
VII)
..JL
c...,t Then by the eq uiliblium of torees, we
F!g. 19. ' have
(V)= ( V,)+(V,)
L
J
....... (82)'
.

From eq. (82) and (82)' we eon reduce the following equationS.

2(H ) p,d + 3p,x t&n </>,

.... . ... .. (83)

By solving eq. (83), 'We have

I 6a,,( V )+p.ci' I t&n</>.

31 2 (H )-p,d l

12 (H)-~dl'
p, = --;-;;:--Sp-';; r C'-'-
. ....-
I 6a,,( V) +p,ci' I t&n'</>,
1. . . . . . . (84)

2( V) t&n </>,- {2(H )-p,dl

Pod t&o </>, J
( 2) 'When </>J. = O, and cf>~ is given, we ca.n find Ph p,. a.nd x .

By solving eq. (83). we have

 "

'.
~314 .GenersT Theory on ERrth Pr&.Iau:re fWd Seismio Stability of RetniniDg' WAll 'ftnd Dam. 38

p.= 21(H)-CV) t..n,!

a
x =a.+ !(H)-CV) tau </>.Ia .. . . " ..... (85)
8(V)
~ '(I')' .
p.- 3a.(V)+ I(H)-(V) t..n</>.!d
d) Strength of a retaining. waJl and a dam.

A wall or a dam must be so designed that it has no spe'"cial weak points

at any sections, and if possible, the internal stress should be equauy distributed
on all sections.

Section IV. '

Suggestion for the ideal design of the retaining wall and .
examples on the new design of the quay wall.

Art, 1. Suggestion for the ideal design of the retainins wall.

a). The upward pressure on the heel of the base, caused by its back :fill-
ing material; is dangerouS' aga.inst overturni.il.g j since we must pay' attentio~ to
eliminate the cause.

.'.':;.: ....

'.': <-:.': :;~rQu/~

..: . . {dt.
'" impervi()(.J.s .
. .' ..
" c.H,(7Se,

. ':'" . ': .,: : ". ea'"

fre.sSU]t.
cc",cTef~
ilQ.c1((ill
sheet pi/.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 2D.

As sho"WD in fig. 20, the upward earth . pressure due to the wet earthen
back filL will be checked by sheet piles driven Wlder the heel (instead of toe).
As shown in fig. 21, the upward earth preSsUre on the base of a. qua.y wall
which is built in water, will be elimiuated by, Qoncrete .deposited near the heel
 I .,' .

-89 Genenil ' ~eory on &rth PresstU'e stld Seismja Stability of ReWJli.Dg WAll IWd Dnm 131.5

'o r ' by an impervious course la.id between the stone ' riprap and reclaimed quick
"""d.
.Gens'ralJy spea.king, a retaining wall is but a kind of a dam, .and we must
pay the same attention to their design.
b). The wall should be pedec.tly fixed to the foundation. The execution
is very . simple for dry works, but pretty difficult for \vet 'Works.
.~~ " ',:'. :,- .. .

wellor
h"1!,,mkss
C'.,~tJ N

.!...._- _.. .
',' ...
. '~... l--,!--';; . ".
. .. ,
'Fig 22. Fig. 23.

As shown in fig. 22, R. well founda.tion or a. bottomless ca.isSon foundation

. will be preferable for this obiect, becatise the earth under th~ wall is replaoed
.by concrete filling. if the piles a.re driven as shown in PI. 6, the consequence
will be good.
As shown .in fig. 23, the space between the base of a. c&isson and the .foudar
tion can ba :filled with mOlW by So grout mixer in order to fix the concrete
,caisson on the ground.
c). '.rhe wall must provide suitable apron or a foothold under the heel in
-order to resist the sliding motion at the base. As shown in fig. 22.. a we-it
ioundation or a bottomless ca.isson will be sufficiently safe against tht: sliding
:motion due to the earthquake.

. .
..,."r'.. ..~.
.~ ..:: .. ..( , .
.' ,. .;

" ' .. .. \," . '.

Fig. 24. Fig. 25.

Fig. 24 shows a concrete apron laid in frout of the wall.

I,...
c
 i,
1316 Gen6ml Theory on EArth PreSsure and Soismio Stability of Retainwg 'WAll ft.Dd DNn ro.

Fig. 25 ",shows a. foothold built in the founda.tion under the heel.

No reta.ining walls built on the hard foundation will be damaged by or-
dinary deStructive earthquake, if they aIe well designed prmdding suitable apron
or a foothold.
d ). It is well known that the footings of a. wall
"-
added to both sides increase the stability.
I \
I \ Th. wall acdfeb ' shown in fig. 26, bas the equal
I \
I c \ stability to adfb, if their own weights &TO not con-
e
d 'I sidered.
Fig. 26. Also the footing au the rear side will increase the
.'
stability of a wall, because in the csse showu in
. . A
fig. 27. the angle of repose between the wall aud
the ear~h becomes nea.rly equal to that of earth
itself.
~f t
In this case ({Jo~'
-.o ,.~'~f#;"
.... ..
F4t. 27.
e). Back filling materials.

Back filling materials should have smaller specific gravity, lEu'ger angle of
repose and la.rger cohesion in wet and dry. In the case of severe earthquake.
the collesion of back filling materials. except tlle compact clay. 'Will be disturved
by the shock.
Engineers must pay attention in the design of a retaining wall 'or a quay
"all that the total sum of the cost of the wall aud the back filling materiaJs
should be minimum.

Art. 2. ' Examples 011 the Dew design of the -quay 'wall and ba:rge .wharf.

a). Cellular blook type-quay wall. (He!.r PI. 1.)

This design was preren-ed to the reconstruction of Yokohama Harbour iu

1924. though some dimeutio:!ls are Dot the same.
Hollow bottomless reinforced concrete boxes. say, ceilular blocks, will be
moulded on shore, whero a. crane barge being approached. Cellular blocks,
weighing up to 50 tons each, will be placed by the same crane barge in site and
then their interior will 'be filled with concrete. Their vertica.l joints are stiffened
by concrete as shown in ,t he sectional pl~_ Hori.:'.ont&l jqints 8rt) -stiffened by

.0
it Gen6mJ. Theory OD. Eurtb heesure nnd 8eismio Stability of ReWnillg W",U nnd Dsm 1317

steel bars or old mils, in consequenoe - we ha....e the quay wall of one mass.
The wall is fixed to the ground by concrete placed in the front and On the back
in order to. guaranty the stability ~

b). Multiple arch caisson typs-qnay will. (Refer PI. 2.)

This design was reported to tlie naviga.tion congress in IlOndon in 1923.

The qu&J wa.ll shown in PI. 2 will be ada.pted to the site where the bed
is not 80 ha.rd:
The reinforced concrete oaisson bas the oylindrioa.l wall, whose horizontal
section being multiple arch. The water pressure on the outer surface will act
DOI"IIl8J.l.y on the wall, and the resultant pressure line will pass through the
neutral axis of the arohe~ walL In consequenoe of this refLSOn, the water pres-
sure on the wa.ll, in its floating stage, will give uniform. compressive stress to
the wall. causing no bending moment on it, (this fact is impossible for rectan-
gular caissons) thus grea.t m.a.ny ~inforcing steel bars will be B8.ved, and the
wall itself can. l?e very thin. Only a. little a.mount of steel is required to resist
against the internal stress of conorete wall owing to its setting shrinkage and
temperature ohange. and also aga.inst the expallSi....e force of the filling materials
in the ca.isson. The depth of draught will be greatly saved comparing to the
rectangular caisson. sinoe the execution is more simple, and the cost of oonstruo-
tion of quay wall will be cheaper.
On the base of the caisson ma.ny longitudinal grooves are moulded ~. order
~ inorease the friction on the base wh~n the . space between the base and the
foundation is filled with cement mortar by a. grout mixer. ~e holes (providiDg
s luice Talves) in the base of the caisson, will be used not only to fill the mortar
but also to pour water in the chamber when the caisson is required to be sunk-
en in the position.

c), BotlQmless caisson type-Qnoy wall. (ReIer Pl. 3.)

Th!3 reinforced concrete caisson baving temp:Jrary bottom i n its floa.ting

stage will be transported to the site. When the caisson bas lfeen placed in the
site, the temporary bottom is removed and the 'Wall of the ront ohamber will
be heighten by reinfoced concrete in Site. The foundation under the caisson
must .be dredged, and by giving some load on the caisson. it will be sunk to a.
certaiu position. Then the interior will be filled with conorete.
 d). Moltiple arch type-quay wall, (Refer PI. 4.)

This design is adapted to the site, where the exeoutio"n is 6~ed in : dry
condition. This type, if tho coffer darn be ohe&p~' 'will be most ~onomical and
will be sufficiently strong against an earthquake ..

,0). Well sinking type-borge wharf. (Refer, PI. fi.! .",

The pre-cast reinfored concrete well (or oylinder) will be placed by a. cra.ne
barge in site, and will be lowered by the ordinary lnethed '0 well sinking.
'l'he pre-cast reinfOl-ced concrete wa~l will be placed between the wells in 'order
00 hold the back filling materials in their proper. position. Eaeh pier {well)
pro"ides aD. anober stay ne&r the top. thus the"' safety faotor will be increased;

f). Pre-cast buttress wall. (Refer Pl. 6.)

This type will be . adopted for rapid works, and . is very cheap if a Qrane
barge,. haTing larger capacity. be pnnided.
This buttress wall weighing 50 tons each will be moulded on :Shc;>re . by
reinforced concrete, then it will be pl&ced by a crane l?arge in site. Each wall
will be fi."tod by cement mortar, which is filled in a ?ambas bag .placed ..in the
j

vertical groove.
This type, if properly designed, can be guarantied against ordinary des-
tructive earthquake.

gj. Sheet pile type.wall. (Refer Pl. 7.)

This design is a. kind of a. retaining wall or a wharf, which is built ~ing.
reinfo":roed COnCl"ete sheet piles.

Appendix,
Study on the cause of the da.mage to the quay wa.ll of Yokahame Harbour
due to . the earthquake on September 1st. 1923.

a). General descriptions.

The quay wall of the Yokohama. Custom House bad the length of 1,110
ken (6,620 ft.) allowing 13 vessels to moor a.t the sametime. The height of
the wAll was .ranging hom 32.5 ft. to 45 ft., and tho width of the base from

.iJ
 " GOnerru. TheorY on Ett.rih p~ IWd Seismio StAbility of RetAining WAll fWd Datn ~~19

15 ft. to 18 ft.
The greater. part was built on the hMd olay strata., .&Dd ~e other was cou-
strueted on the rabble mound. The hard clay strata. was ..
exO&yated and
massive concrete was ~eposited by means or" a pneumatic caisson to build the
strong foundation, on which many concre~ blocks (4.5 ft. X 5 ft. x 7 ft. and
4 ft. x 6 ft. X 9 ft.) were la.id in se,emllayerso The .wall was constructed .in several
sections each h&ving 36 ft. in length. The . ,'ertical boud of each block was
reinforced by the cemeut mortar filled ill the vertical grooves, and nothing was
attempted to stiffen the horizontal bond, since the bonding power be~een
horizontal 18.ye1'8 " 'as so poor that it ",,'as easily ov~:come by the s~i~ic foroe.
No wall overturned .from its root, but &11 qu&.y w&lls except the foundation
of. statiouary wharf cranes, was forced to slide out to the front step by step
according to the vibration of the earthquake. Lower two or three courses, co-
yering 800 ken in length, were r~mained ~cause they were fixed to the hard
clay strate. by concrete, while upper layers above tllero were forced. to silde out
so far as they were thrown down in the water. '.rhe other part, covering 240 ken
in len:Jth, was forced to slide out from the root, ,vhich was merely lying on the
rubble mound or au the hard cla.y stra.ta.; a.nd moreover rel&tive disp~acement
between horh:ontal layerS had taken plaoe, and the upper p~ w reina.ining on
the lower layer,;! by o\Oerhauging about 5 feet.
PI-. 8 and PI. 9 show the typical section of the failure of the quay, which
was built on hard clay stra.ta.
Pl. 10 and Pl. 11 show the damage to the quay wa.lls whioh were built on .
the rubble mound.
Pl. 13 shows the section of the foundation of 20 ton stationary wbarf
crane, which was perfectly safe during the ea.rtb.qua.ke.
b). Calculations on the stability of the quay wall.
PI. 12 denotes the force dia.gr&m for the typica.l section of the quay, same
as shown in PI. 8.
PI. 13 indicates the force diagram for the founda.tion of the stationary wharf
orane, whioh w"" perfectly sa.fe.
Several experiments were carried to determine the bonding force (friction)
between horizontal courses of blocks, end the angle of repose of the back fil-
ling materia.l. And no great error will occur if the following results are used.
 tp=4f'IJ 9'o=2":JOSO' (frictional angle bet\vgen h orizontal. courses) -=36Q
i. e. tan 4>0' 0.7
PI. 12.
"
h=29.a5 fl toJ.""l15 IOO./eu. ft.. Weight of bAok fIJI nb:)V8 water.
cx=96"24,' to l = '75 . . . . .. eubmerged. I .'

l::::oU.4,' to=HO . . ' " ....u.

l' ",,9.5' to' =62.5 . . . 'vAter
Weight of ,mU ':'" 4.8,250 Ibs.
BUOYftn(lY (,f Wl\ll = 15,820 Ib8.
cxlI=8,600 mm/800~. cx~='2,100 mm/r.eo",
i
Case II,
= LI8i - ",,18"8' -
I
"" ",,0.952
For ",,:::LISt,
<- =,22"4.2'
.r ' .. c,
"

,:,,0.6512
. . ' .. 'J : ;-
b=oos 18"8' ODS 168"64.' -oJoS 22"SO' 0;)8 74."ir.I' "" -LiSSa
c -= sin 18"8' 0;)5 155<'64.' +siD. 22"30'0:18 71."32', =-0.1886
3::4.6"2' "':'

P ... =1.t81x,,66ixO.4.75=!.l,S5! Ibs.

P~=I,181 x 86,860 x 0.4.75",20,370 Ibs.
~:S.725 n, :fur p~

Weight of wnll... L181x'B.250

B~,. . .. uSI X15,820
Bnok wnter p~essure by eq. (4.6):::1:181x980
&8uttant- P:22,92' Ibs.
Wlill=38,320 Ibs..
W,lter pressW'6r:t,lOO lba.
",
Rt makes inolinat1.>n of 3icSO' b the verlio:\l And mn.kes 81"30' to the normal line ",f Ute b.se.
~ =22"4.2'

",,0.7096
b= OJIS 22"4.2'008 158"54.' -00622"SO' oos 79"8';= :-L026
c '" siD. 22"4.2'0.)8 lSSOS4.' +eiu 22"30' CJ8 79"6' =-0.!.lS76
3= S1"52'
P ... :o O.952x ',554.xO.578 .. 2,480 Ibs.
Pz = .. x36,36l)x " = 19,801) 100.
=4.5,850 Ibs.
BtIok wnter "" 885 Ibs.
Resultant P = 22,!.l8O lb-_ }
Wall =30,850 llx_ "

Water pr~ =885 1bs

. 1 in"kllll the inolin"tiou of S9" b the vertical, I'nd 86" to the IlorJIUI! line. of the 1K\S80
 n Geuer"l. The;)ry, OD EMtb Pressure and Seismio S~bilit,. of .Retnin.iJlg Wall IUld Dnm 1..321

Case. III. OCII=4:,OOO mm/8tIl.~ oco=I,SOO mmJseo.~

J.o J'" L252

1=0.913
F"" "0=0.913, t:::o26"3,l', we hnve
0.=0.7558 b= -0.9482 ('~ -0.3708
1=33"36'
Pl=0.D13x 4:,554:x0.678
p~ =0.913 lC S6,S60 xO.878
'Wall=0.913x48,250
BuoYl'Dcy "" 0.913 x 15,Sa>

'. Back -water",,0.913X1,ltO

" R4=52,OOO lb!.

"" R4 makes the incWut.tion of 4SO to the vertic"lnnd Dl.ftkea ,0" to the norm,,1 line of the bnse.
Cue IV. ocJa==o=U Ordinary condttion with no earthquake.
For k=O. we hNve
0.",,0.3827 b= -1.U5 c=0.!il117
1=8,4:8'
P,l.=',6-HlCO.2'5 c: 1,1151bs.
Pz=S6,380xO.~5 =8.ooo lb!.
=
WaU {8,250. Ibs.
BuoyanOY = 15,800 lb!!.
.Resolbmt P = 10,016 lb!.
.'
Watl=32.4SO Ibs.
we hnve
tM si.u. (5 -9 0011 1
Ie"" =0.1165 tdI 1~== 8 ft. when t.he e:lcaynted plane is .erlicll!. Hence,
:a cos 9> ~.

k=O.7 1D

k=80 lbs//ilq. ft. ab:yve WAter line.

k=50 Ibs/sq. it. below water line.
For upper section "b;)ve wnter level. ,
0::::0.3827 b= -1.225 0=0.J.205
1",,81"57'
PI =0.242 X ',55'-8.9 x 80 x 0.878 =its Its.
he~
For lower SeotiOD below water line
0.;0.3827 0=0.2083
3=644:1'
P'l. ",0.2'5 x 36,360-20.3 x 50)( 0.85 =8,035 Ibs.
11.:",,8.85 ft.
Resultant Ps=8,513 Ibs
} Be <=37,600 lb!.
W,,11::32,480 lbs.
1322 GeJienl Theory on Enrtb Pressure ftud Seismic StAbility or RetniniIlg W..tl Mill. Dam 4.0.

Pl. 13. ., :.

~"" fO'

9'~ = 22"'30'
h=19.5 ft

1=18.75 it.
I' =18 ft.
a",= 4.,000 mm 800 1 ..
For "0=0.913 tc:2Cf3f'. we have
a=0.7658
b= -LOO75
..
-

c= -0.3125
3=33'>29'
PJ. =0.913 x ',554 x 0.593
P 1 =O.913 x 15,060 x 0.593 . -'
Weight of ",I\U=0.913xSO,lSO
BlloymlCY== 0.913 x 12,290
Weight of oJ:l\lle rmd its bed = O.9~3x8,700

Besultnut B7 =51,000 Ills.

Rew.ltnnt mAkes ilie inolinAtion ot 3io to Ule u orm.al of the base.

c). Conolusion.

It is sure that aU qua.y walls at .some weakest horizontal joint were forofl'd
t<> slide out more or less b~
the ea.rth~uake, whose :accelemtion is 0:,\=3,600
s
mm/sec'! aud Ct .. = 1,200 mm/sec , when Ct" acted downwar~s, because the resultant
force makes larger inolina.tion tItan 35 degree3 to the normal line of the base.
(tan 35 is assumed to be the frictiona.l coefficient between concrete' bl,ooks).
The foundation of tho wha.rf crane proved t6 be perfectly
. safe
. . against the
earthquake whose acceleration is Cth.=4,OOO ~Jsec'l
and a,,= -l,BOO mrnJseCZ,
because the resultant in this case makes 34 degrees to the norm,al of the base.
Since it is supposed that the maximum acceleration of the earthquake On
Sep. 1st., at the site was nearly ct,\= 4,OOO mm/;;,ec! an(l cx..=l,BOO mm/sec!.
Generally speaking, the foundation of the quay wall was suffioiently hard,
and the execution wa.s carried in good condition, but no att01.1tion was paid for
the bOlldingt; between horizontal laJe~ . If the horizontal bondings had been
stiffened by some means (concrete .blocks providing groO\'-es and tenons etc.)
the quay wa.ll would haye been not so radica.lly damaged.
By some Stlpmiol' design for which kinematic consideration is paid, a solid
.'
'7 (';renerM Thool'Y On Thrlb fussure I\lld Sei'l.tnio Stability of :&brining WAll And Dnm 1 323

quay wall as well as 8. gra.vity dam call be constructed by moderate cost and
also can be guarantied a.gainst such a.n ea.rthqua.ke as tha.t ou September 1st.
1923.

- (The End)-

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