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Abstract - In this paper importance of duct designing has of this metal prevents rusting avoids the cost of painting.
been analyzed which create an impact on system The sheet thickness of galvanized iron duct varies from
performance. In this a duct system for a three storey retail 0.55 mm to 1.6 mm. The aluminum is used because of its
shop has been designed, the main purpose of this is to make lighter weight and resistance to moisture. The black sheet
proper calculation of supply air quantity and to decide size metal is always painted unless they withstand high
of duct by using Equal Friction method so person in the shop temperature.
can feel comfortable. In equal friction method, the frictional Now a day, the use of non-metal ducts has
pressure drop per unit length of the duct is maintained increased. The resin bounded glasses are used because
constant throughout the duct system. This paper attempt to they are quite strong and easy to manufacture according to
formulate a methodical approach to select the perfect duct the desired shape and size. They are used in low velocity
design for a given situation. application less than 600 m/min and for a static pressure
below 5mm of water gauge. Sometimes cement asbestos
Key words: Duct design, Equal Friction Method duct also used for underground air distribution. The
wooden duct may be used in places where moisture
1. Introduction content in the air is not very large.
In the present day, the human being needs more
comfort because of inferior environment (like light, sound, 3. Supply Duct Systems
machine which produce heat). Sound, light and heat affect
human comfort a lot. They may adversely affect the human Supply ducts deliver air to the spaces that are to
comfort positively or negatively. The field of air be conditioned. The two most common supply duct
conditioning design is more technologically challenging systems for residences and commercial spaces are the
than ever before. Today the emphasis is no more on trunk and branch system and the radial system because of
understanding air conditioning products but on creating their versatility, performance, and economy.
solutions and not just solutions , but customized
solutions. One of the important modules in the process is
the duct design. The efficient duct design process enables
the proper supply of air quantity, equal distribution of air
at every corner of the Air conditioned space.
The efficiency of air distribution systems has been
found to be 60-75% or less in many houses because of
insufficient and/or poorly installed duct insulation and
leaks in the duct system. Properly designed and installed
duct systems can have efficiencies of 80% or more for little
or no additional cost.Duct systems that are undersized, are
pinched, or have numerous bends and turns may lead to
low air flow rates and high air velocities.Low air flow rates
cause the heating and cooling equipment to operate Fig- 1: Reduced Trunk and branch System
inefficiently and the high air velocities increase noise.
2. Duct Material
Recommended air velocities depend mainly on the 5.1 Equal friction method
application and the noise criteria.
Typical recommended velocities are: Duct systems in small buildings are generally
a. Residences: 3 m/s to 5 m/s sized using the equal friction or modified equal friction
b. Theatres: 4 to 6.5 m/s method. The equal friction method, as its name implies, is
c. Restaurants: 7.5 m/s to 10 m/s based on maintaining the same pressure drop per unit of
High velocities in the ducts results in: duct length (or friction rate) throughout the system. The
a. Smaller ducts and hence, lower initial cost and duct size is based on the flow rate through a particular
lower space requirement section of duct, and design value for the friction rate. Each
b. Higher pressure drop and hence larger fan power section is sized using the design friction rate criterion, and
consumption. the total pressure drop for each run is simply the sum of
c. Increased noise and hence a need for noise the pressure drop of each individual section. The duct
attenuation sections pressure drop includes straight duct friction loss,
pressure losses through fittings such as elbows, takeoffs,
4.1 Types of Air Duct and registers and /or diffusers. In the sections entering
and leaving the HVAC unit, pressure losses associated with
The duct may be classified as follows: the flow transitions entering the leaving the unit (the
a) Supply air duct system effect) are also included. The unit fan speed is
b) Return air duct selected to provide the design cfm and produce enough
c) Fresh air duct pressure difference to overcome pressure losses in the
d) Low pressure duct supply and return branches having the greatest pressure
e) Medium pressure duct drop. Note that duct systems designed using the equal
f) High pressure duct friction method is not self-balancing. Balancing dampers
g) Low velocity duct must be installed in lower pressure loss branches to
h) High velocity duct balance the system.
1
Total Interior Space
187.52 m2 187.52 m2 187.52 m2 Hence,
(Volume)
Q1.852 Q1.852 Q1.852
( 4.973 ) = ( 4.973 ) = ( 4.973 ) =
2 Total Exterior Wall Area 82.53 m2 82.53 m2 82.53 m2 Deq Deq Deq
1 Section
C F O P Q R
Ground ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Floor = 1.62 = 1.49 = 0.56 = 0.74 = 0.74 = 0.56
2 Section
B E K L M N
First Floor ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= 1.62 = 1.49 = 0.56 = 0.74 = 0.74 = 0.56
3 Section
Fig 4: Front view and Side view of duct layout. A D G H I J
Second ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Floor = 0.88 = 1.49 = 0.56 = 0.74 = 0.74 = 0.56
Section
C F O P Q R
Ground Q C QF QO QP QQ QR
Floor = 1.144 m3 = 1.144 m3 = 1.144 m3 = 0.858 m3 = 0.572 m3= 0.286 m3
/s /s /s /s /s /s
2 Section
B E K L M N
First QB QE QK QL QM QN
Floor = 2.286 m3 = 1.144 m3 = 1.144 m3 = 0.858 m3 = 0.572 m3= 0.286 m3
Fig 5: Top view of duct for first floor /s /s /s /s /s /s
3 Section A D G H I J
Supply Duct Calculations
Second QA QD QG QH QI QJ
Volume X ACH Floor = 3.43 m3 = 1.144 m3 = 1.144m3 = 0.858 m3 = 0.572 m3= 0.286 m3
CFM = /s /s /s /s /s
60 /s
Table - 4: Calculated Dimensions of Ducts
References
1 Section
C F O P Q R
[1] Bhatia A. HVAC How to Size and Design Ducts
PDH online Course No. M06-032, pp 22-25.
Ground
Floor
= 400 = 400
= 400 = 300 = 225 = 150
[2] Al-Rabghi,O. and Khalid A. , " Utilizing transfer
function method for hourly cooling load calculations"
= 450 = 450 = 450 = 450 = 450 = 450
2 Section
Energy Conversion and Management,1997; 38: 319-
B E K L M N 332.
First Floor [3] Robert Parsons, ASHRAE HANDBOOK: Fundamentals.
= 500 = 400 = 400 = 300 = 225 = 150 American Society of Heating; 2005.
= 450
= 550 = 450 = 450 = 450 = 450 [4] G.S. Sharma and B. Sharma. Duct designing in air
3 Section
A D G H I J
conditioning system and its impact on system
performance. VSRD International Journal of
Second a
Floor
=500 mm = 400
= 400 = 300 = 225 = 150
Mechanical, Automobile and Production Engineering,
Vol. 2 No. 9 November 2012.
b
= 750 mm
= 450 = 450 = 450 = 450 = 450
[5] R.Whalley, A. A. Ameer. Heating, ventilation and air-
conditioning system modeling. Building and
Environment 46 (2011) 643-656
For GI sheet, as duct material, the pressure drop per unit [6] C. Aydin, B. Ozerdem. Air leakage measurement and
length is given by equation below analysis in duct systems. Energy and Buildings 38
(2006) pp207213.
Pf A 0.022243 1.852
=
LA D4.973 BIOGRAPHIES
The section A-B-C-F-O-P-Q-R after calculations is found to
be index run.
Total static frictional pressure loss at A-B-C-F-O-P-Q-R Mr. VirendraV. Khakre,
(Pf ) = (Pf )A + (Pf )B + (Pf )C + (Pf )F + (Pf )O PG student, Department of
+ (Pf )P + (Pf )Q + (Pf )R Mechanical Engineering,
(Pf )AJ = 0.88 + 1.62 + 1.62 + 1.49 + 0.56 + 0.74 + 0.74 B.N.C.O.E. Pusad.
+ 0.56
= 8.21 Pa.
Dynamic losses in section A-B-C-F-O-P-Q-R are Suction, 2
no. of Tee, 2 no. of Elbow, 3 no. of Contraction, 1 fire Dr. Avinash Wankhade,
damper followed by Discharge. Professor & Head
Total Dynamic Pressure loss Department of Mechanical
(P)dy = Ptee + Pelbow + Pcontraction + Pfire damper Engineering, B.N.C.O.E. Pusad.
+ Psuction and discharge + Pgrill
(P)dy = 25.33 + 22.08 + 2.21 + 4.10 + 2.59 + 38.4
= 94.71 Pa Prof. M. A. Ali
Pressure loss = Total static + Total dynamic Associate Professor, Department
= 8.21 + 94.71 =102.92 Pa of Mechanical Engineering,
Pressure loss across the cooling pad B.N.C.O.E. Pusad.
( )= 55 Pa or 5.6 mm of wg
Total pressure loss = 102.92 +55
(P)T = 157.92 Pa
(P)T = 16.10 16 mm of water gauge
Conclusion