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Benjamin W. Schafer
Johns Hopkins University
Narutoshi Nakata
Johns Hopkins University
Stephen G. Buonopane
Bucknell University
Robert L. Madsen
Devco Engineering
Abstract: The objective of this brief paper is to are: (1) the floor diaphragm, and (2) the load bearing
introduce a newly funded research project: NEESR-CR: wall along the same framing line as the LFRS.
Enabling Performance-Based Seismic Design of Multi- Conventionally one assumes the diaphragm and wall
Story Cold-Formed Steel Structures. The project simply deliver forces to the shear wall, and collector
focuses on lightweight steel framing using repetitive elements are designed to enable this force transfer.
members. The project will provide (a) new modeling However, the distribution of forces in an actual building
capabilities that incorporate cross-section limit states (even ignoring non-structural components) can deviate
(local and distortional buckling) into frame analysis from this idealization a great deal.
engines such as OpenSees to enable more accurate
incremental dynamic analysis, and (b) new knowledge
in the behavior of these structures developed through
component and full-scale experimental testing. The
project will provide a means to understand the full
system response of a lightweight steel framed building
under lateral demands.
Proceedings of 2011 NSF Engineering Research and Innovation Conference, Atlanta, Georgia #1041578
numerical models of the building are the primary focus proposed herein. In particular the CUREE-Cal Tech
of this research. Woodframe project1 and the recently completed
NEESWood project2 are important contributors to the
2. Existing Research: This project leverages significant overall state of knowledge for low-rise repetitively
recent efforts of the first author in cold-formed steel framed construction. In particular, the NEESWood
research. Recently, it has been shown that cross-section shake table tests at UB-NEES [4] form the basis for the
stability analysis of thin-walled cold-formed sections whole building tests proposed herein and the related 3D
may be utilized to develop unique strength relationships modeling [5] demonstrates the current state of the art for
in P-M space, Figure 2 [2]. Thus, it is now possible to modeling wood-framed construction.
develop cross-section specific failure surfaces that
incorporate local and distortional buckling limit states Finally, in addition to the NEESWood project the NEES
into frame elements. This effort will be an important nonstructural project3 involves cold-formed steel in
part of the research. much of the planned testing, and provides a general
framework for the integration of testing and modeling of
secondary systems in OpenSees4 and their use in whole
building models; a task that this project also shares in
many respects.
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Proceedings of 2011 NSF Engineering Research and Innovation Conference, Atlanta, Georgia #1041578
wall line with gravity and shear walls, and (c) a shear walls, etc. will remain unexplored. Even fully
wall with floor detailing included instrumented, the amount of information available from
a brief series of shake table tests is by its nature limited.
A high fidelity whole building model will be used to
Table 1: Planned testing at UB-NEES facility
System Seismic Performance Evaluation
help determine the best instrumentation scheme before
Identification
testing, to help insure desired behavior and limit states
during the test, and once improved and validated against
Configuration Random Excitation Small-Level Design Max Considered
Earthquake Earthquake Earthquake
Specimen #1
An important component of the research is the
CFSF with All Structural Contribution of Interaction effects Strength/Ductility Collapse margin application of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) to
cold-formed steel buildings; specifically the prototype
Members Sheathed gravity walls of gravity wall with gravity wall
Specimen #2
Complete CFSF
including Nonstructural
Members
Contribution of
nonstructural
members
Interaction effects
of nonstructural
members
Strength/Ductility Collapse margin
Specimen #3
building. IDA, following the FEMA-P695 protocol, will
be applied with progressive sophistication on the
prototype cold-formed steel building throughout the
5. Computational Program: Advancing seismic duration of the project. The baseline IDA models will be
structural safety and enabling performance-based design 2D and focus on the shear wall in isolation (assuming
for lightweight cold-formed steel framed buildings rigid diaphragms). The models will then progress, along
requires that significant progress is made in with the research herein, through system-level
computational modeling. The modeling research builds additions: (i) in-line gravity walls with the shear walls,
from the component scale up to the whole building and (ii) flexible diaphragms themselves modeled with
are divided into two classes: high fidelity, and reduced varying degrees of sophistication, (iii) all load bearing
order models. The high fidelity models directly support structural components, and finally (iv) addition of
the experimental program allowing local details nonstructural walls to arrive at complete 3D building
(fastener demands, developed cross-section failure models. The suite of IDA models will provide for
mechanisms, etc.) to be explored, and also providing the sensitivity of the FEMA-P695 procedure and developed
opportunity to extrapolate results. The reduced order response modification coefficient (R), system over-
modeling includes element development in OpenSees, strength factor (!o), and deflection amplification factor
encapsulates the key features from the experimental (Cd) for the prototype building as a function of
testing in phenomenological hysteretic elements, and modeling sophistication, an important step for enabling
enables efficient inelastic time history analysis. true, building-specific, performance-based design of
cold-formed steel structures.
The proposed development work in OpenSees
encompasses (a) the inclusion of a 14 DOF frame 6. Education and Outreach: The project has a
element appropriate for thin-walled members which are comprehensive education and outreach program lead by
unsymmetric and primarily resist torsion through the third author, Buonopane. Of specific note, he will
warping, (b) the inclusion of finite strip analysis as a lead in developing and implementing earthquake
cross-section analysis engine, (c) the development of a engineering teaching modules, with elements
bounding surface plasticity model for the 14 DOF appropriate for both the undergraduate and K-12 levels.
element which is driven by cross-section finite strip The modules will demonstrate seismic response of
analysis, and (d) the development of reduction structures using repetitive framing such as cold-formed
parameters for the elastic stiffness to reflect cross- steel and will be centered around a small-scale physical
section deformation under loading. With these model for use with the UCIST shake table system5
modifications cold-formed steel members may be which currently does not provide any educational
modeled separately from the sheathing, and the limit materials that address these systems, in particular the
states appropriate to the members (local, distortional, technical issues of shear walls, floor diaphragms, and
and global buckling) captured directly in the analysis. hold-downs. The developed physical model will
This research will provide a critical enabling tool for demonstrate the fundamental structural behavior
inelastic time history analysis of cold-formed steel associated with this type of construction through both
structures. visible motion and data acquired from instrumentation.
Plans and specifications for the model and educational
The expense of testing will only allow for exploration of
essentially one prototype building. The impact of
modified openings, differing hold-down details,
different means of connecting the multi-story shear 5
mase.wustl.edu/wusceel/ucist
Proceedings of 2011 NSF Engineering Research and Innovation Conference, Atlanta, Georgia #1041578
materials will be contributed to the UCIST web site for 11. References:
distribution. [1] SFA (2000). Low-rise residential construction
details. Publication NT6-00, Steel Framing Alliance.
7. Industry Involvement: The American Iron and Steel Washington, D.C.
Institute have committed to assisting in the experimental [2] Shifferaw, Y., Schafer, B.W. (2010). Towards a
research and have provided significant staff time to direct strength method for cold-formed steel beam-
insure that the research is connected with ongoing codes columns. Proceedings of the Structural Stability
and standards development. An Industrial Advisory Research Council - Annual Stability Conference,
Board is currently under formation, and being Orlando, FL. 613-630.
coordinated with the American Iron and Steel Institute. [3] Vieira Jr., L.C.M., Schafer, B.W. (2010). Full-
scale testing of sheathed cold-formed steel wall stud
8. Project website: In addition to the project systems in axial compression. Proceedings of the
information available at NEEShub6 the project team Structural Stability Research Council - Annual Stability
maintains its own web site with all activities Conference, Orlando, FL. 533-552.
summarized at www.ce.jhu.edu/cfsnees. Interested [4] Filiatrault, A., Christovasilis, I.P., Wanitkorkul, A.,
parties are encouraged to visit the site and provide van de Lindt, J. (2010). Experimental Seismic
feedback to the team. The project team has also created Response of a Full-Scale Light-Frame Wood Building.
a logo for the effort, Figure 5, which is utilized on all ASCE, Journal of Structural Engineering, 136 (3) 246-
materials created by the team. 254.
[5] van de Lindt, J.W., Peui, S., Liu, H., Filiatrault, A.
(2010). Three-Dimensional Seismic Response of a
Full-Scale Light-Frame Wood Building: Numerical
Study. ASCE, Journal of Structural Engineering, 136
(1) 56-65.
6
www.nees.org
Proceedings of 2011 NSF Engineering Research and Innovation Conference, Atlanta, Georgia #1041578