3rd IEEE International Conference on "Computational Intelligence and Communication Technology" (IEEE-CICT 2017)
Performance Evaluation of Energy Efficient For
MANET Using AODV Routing Protocol
Anjana Tiwari
M.Tech, Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College
Ghaziabad, India
anjana1815@gmail.com
AbstractIn recent times, mobile ad-hoc network (MANET)
has become a growing interesting field for researchers. Mobile
ad-hoc network is an ensemble of mobile nodes which is gently
connected without any centralized base station of network. For
transmitting data from one node to another node routing
protocols are used. This paper focus on AODV routing protocol
that is one of extensively used routing protocol in MANET.
Energy consumption is a main issue in Ad hoc network which
speciously builds attention today. AODV routing protocol is not
consider energy of nodes in route discovery phase. If less energy
of node occurs in between the path, it causes packet dropping. It
leads to link-failure problem. After that system reinitiate RREQ
message from source node again. Therefore, it causes more
energy consumption. To overcome this issue, we proposed a new
technique based on existing AODV routing protocol without
disconnection of route after link failure problem. This scheme
does not cause link failure problem and avoid rebroadcast
message again from source node. This gives a significant
improvement in node energy. The simulation result shows that
proposed technique will enhance the energy of network. The
comparison results between proposed AODV and existing AODV
routing protocols are shown in terms of various QoS parameters
such as throughput, energy spent, end to end delay and packet
delivery ratio. This simulation work is analyzed using NS-2
simulation tool (NS- 2.35) under Ubuntu 14.04 LTS as operating
system.
KeywordsMANET, energy efficency, NS-2.35, QoS, packet
dropped, AODV.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mobile ad-hoc network is composed of mobile nodes that
are communicating with each and every node without any
centralized administration or base station. It is a continuously
self organizing, self configuring and infrastructure less network
[7]. It means in this system, nodes are free to move in a random
pattern. Therefore, each node acts as a router as well as a host.
In MANET, routing is a process for choosing path in the
network. It has two operations as - for finding an optimal
routing path and to transfer data packet of source to destination
path. Network topology in MANETs are rapidly changes
because of dynamic nature of nodes. Therefore, routing
protocols are used for managing the data packet between the
978-1-5090-6218-8/17/$31.00 2017 IEEE
1
. Inderjeet Kaur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College
Ghaziabad, India
inderjeetk@gmail.com
routes and also responsible for selecting the route in which data
packets are delivered to correct destination. It plays a crucial
role in wireless communication. The mobile nodes in mobile
ad-hoc network are typically battery constrained which means
energy efficiency routing is primary basis in designing of these
network. Since, it consist of limited battery power, hence
energy consumption is a main issue in ad-hoc network [5].
Battery failure of a node not only affects that particular node
but the whole system is getting affected, as that node forwards
the packet in the place of others. By analyzing various factors,
efforts are being made in order to increase the mobile node
battery capacity. This includes non-communication energy
consumption. In communication, energy is depleted in either
active state or inactive state of communication. In active state,
energy consumption is more efficient than others for high
traffic network environment. Therefore, energy efficient
routing protocols are considered to define the active energy
efficient communication. It prolongs the lifetime of network. In
MANET, nodes have limited battery supply therefore, routing
becomes a challenging task. As we know routing requires a
high degree of node mobility which consumes more power.
In this paper, we have proposed an energy efficient routing
protocol algorithm which is based on existing AODV routing
protocol. It enhances the battery lifetime of MANET node
without any packet dropping in AODV protocol. The main
objective of this paper is to increase energy efficiency, network
lifetime, and throughput and decrease the end to end delay of
network. It automatically increases the performance of AODV
routing protocol and enhance the energy of nodes in MANET.
Our performance is evaluated on the basis of varying node
density in MANET using NS simulation tool. It is simulated as
a function of pause time (node- density).
The rest of this paper is classified as follows: Section II
provides the related work, Section III defines the Existing
AODV routing protocol, Section IV proposed the improved
AODV algorithm. In Section V Results and Discussion are
given. Finally, Section VI illustrated the Conclusion and
Future work.
 3rd IEEE International Conference on "Computational Intelligence and Communication Technology" (IEEE-CICT 2017)
II. RELATED WORK
Amit Mangalekar et al [1], proposed a geographic routing
protocol which is also called geo-routing or position based
routing. This principle is based on geographic position
information; the main purpose of this routing is to forward a
message from a geographic location to destination in place of
network address. Because of high mobility of node, link failure
is a main challenge in MANET. The geographic routing is
primarily proposed for ad-hoc network. AODV (ad-hoc on
demand vector routing) and DSR (dynamic source routing)
routing protocol are reviewed. The main difference between in
these routing protocols lies in transferring the data packet from
source to destination. A source routing is used by DSR
whereas; in AODV next hop information for data packet
transmission is used.
Dr.Annapurna P Patil. et al.[3] said that the energy
conservation is the fundamental application in field of
emergency and military operation which has need of energy
efficient solution. In this paper, proposed work is based on
AODV routing protocol which is a newer mutation of existing
AODV routing protocol. AODV is having some major issues
such as energy efficiency and adaptability. In proposed AODV,
forwarding data packets and energy values of nodes are
evaluated using least drained node path. The performance is
analyzed using various QoS parameters as network lifetime,
throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay.
Simulation results are done using NS-2 Simulator tool.
Shivashankar et al [9], power aware is a crucial challenging
issue in MANET. This paper proposed a new power aware
routing protocol named as (EPAR) efficient power aware
routing. It directly increases the lifetime of MANET. To
enhance the energy efficiency communication between the
nodes, EPAR plays a vital role. As it find out the capacity of
node by residual energy as well as by expecting energy spent in
a route for forwarding the data packet. It is using a mini-max
formulation for selecting the path that has highest packet
capacity at lower residual packet is mainly used in case of
highly mobility. EPAR, MTPR and DSR are three MANET
routing protocols that are used for evaluating the performance
in various network scales, taking only for power consumption.
This proposed scheme decreases the 20% TEC (Total Energy
Consumption) and also decreases delay. Packet delivery ratio
(PDR) is increases in case of high load network.
Ashok kumar et al [2], proposed the communication
between mobile ad-hoc networks using various routing
protocols. Routing protocol generally contains a set of nodes or
procedures for defining the routing objective. The main issues
of MANET are energy efficiency, congestion problem in
network and mobility. As we know that mobility decreases the
performance of mobile ad-hoc network. AODV is a reactive
routing or on demand routing protocol. The route failure
problem occurs in the AODV when data packets are sent from
source to destination node. It is happened because of less
energy of nodes in the network which we have selected for
route selection process. Therefore, in this paper, author
proposed an extension of AODV protocol named as PO-
AODV which finds the route before considering the node
power in route selection process in order to avoid the less
2
energy of node path. This proposed extension is useful for
selecting the efficient path in network. NS-2 simulation tool are
used for results analysis.
Gundeep Singh et al [4] said that the power constrained is a
main design constraint in MANET. In mobile ad-hoc network,
without awareness of nodes, sometime it run out of power
which causes performance issues in network and topology
changes. Then, it arise a main issue of power in routing
protocol, which attempt node lifetime and link lifetime issues
in network. In this paper, a lifetime prediction routing protocol
is proposed which is related to node and lifetime of link in
MANET. This prediction protocol increases the lifetime of
network using its dynamic nature like energy drain rate and
nodes mobility estimation rates. By applying these two
parameters, the algorithm select least dynamic routes that have
longest lifetime for managing the data flow in network. A
pseudo code is proposed for route lifetime prediction
algorithm.
Yonghuin chen et al [10], proposed a routing protocol
named as EEAODV which is based on existing AODV routing
protocol. EEAODV is an energy saving routing protocol in
MANET. AODV does not measure the energy of nodes during
its route selection process. Due to energy drain of few nodes
causes network partition in AODV. To resolve this issue,
proposed EEAODV routing protocol is designed which takes
residual energy of node. The simulation results of a proposed
technique have better network service than existing AODV
protocol. It is analysis using NS2.27 simulator tools.
Pushpendra kumar et al [8], presented a modified reverse
AODV routing protocol for MANET named as MRAODV
(Modified Reverse Ad-hoc On Demand Vector routing
protocol). This new protocol is totally based on stability of path
.It calculates the energy of nodes so that discovered path is of
maximum stability and less energy of node also. The main
objective is to calculate energy in MRAODV; it does not cause
link breakage in path. This improves the maximum stability of
nodes and hop count in network.
Lijuan et al [6], designed power efficient routing protocol.
These are primarily classified into four categories, which are
totally based on their metrics. It is only used for route selection
process in MANET named as- Transmission Power Metrics,
Remaining Energy Based Metrics, Estimated Node Lifetime
Based Metrics and Combined Metrics. The first category
metrics use less power for transmitting the data packet from
source node to destination node. The remaining energy based
metrics allows the remaining energy of node for finding the
path selection process. The third category metrics is totally
based on remaining lifetime of nodes by which it chooses the
optimal path from source to destination. And the last category
is used two metrics combination such as transmission power
and remaining capacity of nodes for finding the optimal path in
the network.
III. EXISTING AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL
AODV is an on- demand (reactive) routing protocol. It is
one of the standard routing algorithms in MANET and build on
 3rd IEEE International Conference on "Computational Intelligence and Communication Technology" (IEEE-CICT 2017)

the principle of discovering routes only on demand. AODV has Begin

distinct capability such as memory overhead, low processing,
low network utilization and better performance in high
mobility environment. AODV routing algorithm is super
method for building path between the networks. Continuously
change in topology of a network, requests is generated only on
demand. It works by maintaining a routing table over time.
There are two phases in AODV routing protocol as described
below:
A. Route Discovery Phase
The routing table helps by providing information about next
hop to destination. It utilizes a sequence number, which is
received route request message (RREQ) to its neighbor node.
The RREQ has various fields such as
< Source_Addr, Source_Seq_no, Broadcast_Id, Dest_Addr,
Dest_Seq _no, Hop_Count >
An intermediate node can update the routing table if it
holds an RERQ Packet. For reverse route( i.e. from destination
to source) source and intermediate node receives RREP (route
reply message), which update valid route to destination node.
The RREP packet contains various fields such as-
<Source_Addr, Dest_Addr, Dest_Seq _no, Hop_Count,
Lifetime>
B. Route Maintenance Phase
It uses an RERR (route error message) for route failure,
link breakage problem in the network. When next hop link
breaks, it sends RERR message from starting node of route that
communicate over the broken link with the destination node.
Create the network for the input node (of n number nodes)
Define Source node & Destination Node
Find the neighbors node of source node
For source to destination
Send Route Request to neighbor nodes for finding the
destination
If next node is destination
Then direct path is established
Else
Broadcast the RREQ to next neighbors
Wait for RREP from destination to source
Select the path with average hop counts
Apply Energy enhancement procedure
if (initial Energy < Threshold value )
{
recvReverse() procedure start;
}
End
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Proposed energy enhancement technique AODV reactive
routing protocol increases energy of remaining routing
protocol. It further increases energy of remaining nodes and
compares with existing routing protocol AODV. 20, 40, 60
nodes have been taken with 800 * 800 meter and constant bit
rate (CBR) with 512 byte data packet. The following Table 1
has explained various simulation parameters as defined below:
Table.1.Simualtion Parameter

Types Value
Channel Channel/Wireless Channel
IV. PROPOSED AODV ALGORITHM
MAC MAC
To extend the energy efficiency in AODV, proposed
Antenna Omni Antenna /Antenna
method have considered for energy enhancement technique in
AODV routing protocol. This scheme is applied on AODV Dimension of Topology (m) 800*800
routing protocol in route discovery phase. A recvRevrese() No. of Simulated node 20,40,60
function is used at certain threshold level to check out the
energy level of the node. If energy of node is less than the set Simulated Routing Protocol AODV
threshold energy then, it does not consider the concept of Simulated Time 120s
packet dropping and do not need any connection re-
Traffic Source CBR
establishment. It initiates the work without any disconnection
of the nodes. Basically, it invokes the function recvRevrese() Pause Time 2,4,6
to go back the previous node. After reaching there, it send Packet Size 512
RREQ message to find out the new route without breaking the
path. It avoids initiating the path from source node again which Performance Evaluation Metrics PDR, Throughput, Energy , Avg End
to End Delay
significantly improves its energy. But in the existing AODV
routing protocol after drop packet, it again reinitiates the path
from source node which increases energy consumption in
AODV. A. Performance Metrics:
Hence, the proposed AODV routing protocol works Four parameter metrics are used to find out the
efficiently than the existing AODV protocol. The proposed performance of proposed protocol and existing routing
algorithm is defined as- protocol parameter which are defined as below-
A. Algorithm : 1) Throghput- Throughput is used for measuring
efficiency and effectiveness of the system. It is measured in

3
 3rd IEEE International Conference on "Computational Intelligence and Communication Technology" (IEEE-CICT 2017)

bps (bit per seconds) . It may be defined as total number of

data packet is received by the destination node..
Throughput = number of broadcast pkt / total number of pkt
2) Energy Spent- Energy consumption is the main issue in
routing protocol. Energy spent is defined as how much energy
is remaining which differentiate between initial energy and
energy used in the network.So, it is expressed as-
Remaining energy = initial energy energy used
3) End to End delay It is one of the important metric in
realtime traffic and multimedia. It is defined as the amount of
time taken by packet to go from the source to destination
node. When end to end delay is decreases it will increase the
performance of network.
Fig.1.1. Comparison graph for Remaining Energy
4) PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) The data packet which
is generated by CBR source, PDR is a ratio of those data
packets which is delivered to destination node. It has also
measured the efficiency of network. When packet delivery
ratio (PDR) is high means performance of network is better.
PDR =i(number of received pkt at sink i/number of pkt sent
by source i)*100
The following result shows the comparison between
proposed energy model scheme on AODV and existing
AODV routing protocol. The proposed technique of AODV is
better in energy enhancement. Therefore, this approach will be
better than existing approach. For proposed energy scheme of
AODV both node density and node mobility are vary. Node
density is direct related to the number of nodes whereas node
mobility is direct related to pause time. The node density (no. Fig.1.2. Comparison graph for Throughput
of nodes) are varying for 20, 40, 60 nodes (three different
node densities). Thus, 20 nodes represent the low node density
case while 60 nodes represent the high node density case.
Three different pause time are also mentioned as 2, 4, 6
seconds. The pause of 6 second is denoted as node pause in
their initial position for 6 second. It shows low mobility node.
Similarly, the pause time of 2 second shows high mobility
node. Therefore, various algorithms are tested beyond 3 node
density which expands with 3 pause times and equal to 9
scenario.
Hence, proposed AODV and exiting AODV routing
protocol are kept as same scenarios to achieve the persistent
behavior. The proposed energy scheme of AODV routing
protocol is simulated as number of nodes 20, 40, 60 for Fig.1.3. Comparison graph for Packet Delivery Ratio
simulation time of 120 (s) with 2, 4, 6 pause time (s). The QoS
parameter such as End to End Delay, Energy, PDR and
Throughput are used for plot the graphs as-

4
 3rd IEEE International Conference on "Computational Intelligence and Communication Technology" (IEEE-CICT 2017)
Fig.1.4. Comparison graph for Average End to End Delay
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this paper, we have proposed a new energy
enhancement technique in AODV routing protocol. It
enhances the remaining energy of the nodes in an Ad-hoc
network. It is simulated in NS-2.35 environment. As we know
that single node energy has huge impact on the overall system.
Therefore, we tend to conserve the power of a single node.
The proposed energy model scheme ensures significant
improvement in power aware system.
Hence, the effectiveness of applied technique for the system
ultimately depends on the AODV recvReverse() function at
certain threshold level for various nodes. As a result, one can
know that proposed technique AODV routing protocol gives a
transparent result. In collaboration, the overall system
improves the energy at a great level. The Result of proposed
method is much better than the existing AODV routing
protocol.
This proposed method can be simulated in different
routing protocols with multiple security mechanism. For eg.
Secure communication, we can apply DSA/ECC algorithm.
We can also extend this work by proposing more efficient
methods. It can be implemented in sensor network also.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Amit Mangalekar, Suhas Mudgal, Sarjerao Masal, Energy Efficient
Routing Protocol in MANET Using NS-2, International Journal Of
Core Engineering & Management (IJCEM) ISSN: 2348 9510,Volume 1,
Issue 10, January 2015.
[2] Ashok Kumar Sharma, Mr. Supratik Banerje, Route Discovery
Utilizing Power in AODV, http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org
Page 48, International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology-
volume4Issue1- 2013.
[3] Dr. Annapurna P Patil, Varsha Chandan B, Aparna S, Greeshma R,
Akshatha H P An Improved Energy Efficient AODV Routing Protocol
for MANETs,IEEE,2014.
[4] Gundeep Singh Bindra, Prashant Kumar , Krishen Kant Kandwal ,
Seema Khanna,Evaluating energy drain rate of mobile nodes for
effective route lifetime in MANET , 2012 International Conference on
System Engineering and Technology,September 11-12, Bandung,
Indonesia 978-1-4673-2376-5/2012 IEEE.
[5] K. Sankar, Energy Efficient Routing Protocols For Wireless Ad Hoc
Survey, Ictact Journal On Communication Technology, Volume: 03,
Issue: 02, June 2012.
[6] Lijuan Cao, Teresa Dahlberg and Yu Wang, Performance Evaluation of
Energy Efficient Ad Hoc Routing Protocols,in Performance,
Computing, and Communications Conference, IPCCC 2007,IEEE
International, p. 207 - p.213.
[7] Neerja Khatri, Arvind Kumar, Arun Sharma, Analysing Performance of
AODV Routing Protocol In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks , International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication
Engineering ,Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2013.
[8] Pushpendra Kumar,Rohit Kumar,Satyendra Kumar,Rajendra Kumar
Dwivedi, Improved Modified Reverse AODV Protocol, International
Journal of Computer Applications (0975 -8887) Volume 12- No.4,
November 2010.
[9] Shivashankar, Hosahalli Narayanagowda Suresh, Golla Varaprasad, And
Guruswamy Jayanthi, Designing Energy Routing Protocol With Power
Consumption Optimization in MANET,TRANSACTIONS ON
EMERGING TOPICS IN COMPUTING, Volume 2, No. 2, June 2014
IEEE.
[10] Yonghui Chen, Chunfeng Zhang, Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for
Ad hoc Networks, International Conference On Computer Design And
Appliations (ICCDA 2010), Volume 5, 2010 IEEE.