Physiology Oral Exam

** Autonomic:
Functions of Autonomic ganglia.
Muscarinic, and Nicotinic receptors (receptors - sites).
What do you know about Vagus nerve? Does it supply ventricles and why?
Functions of Vagus nerve.
Sympathetic supply of head & neck.
Effects of symp. And para symp. Stimulation on the chest wall.
Differences between somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
Give an account on "Horner's syndrome".
Functions of vagus nerve on the thorax
Sites of release of Acetyl choline and its receptors.
Cholinergic receptors.
Sympathetic functions on the abdomen.
Talk about "Greater splanchnic nerve".
Types Of adrenergic receptors.
Types in adrenergic receptors in intestine.
Alpha & Beta adrenergic receptors.
Muscarinic receptors: types and sites, other type of cholinergic receptors.
Effect of sympathetic stimulation on abdomen.
Types of neurotransmitters of sympathetic system.
Types and functions of sympathetic receptors.
Sympathetic effects on respiration.
What is alarm "stress" response?

**Blood:
What is erythropoiesis and factors affecting it?
What is erythropoietin hormone and its mechanism?
What is the role of vitamin k in hemostasis and the thing which help in its absorption.
Define Hemophilia and talk about its types.
Talk about anticoagulants that you know and their mechanism of action.
Define Anemia and mention its types
What are the causes of: pernicious anemia, and microcytic anemia?
Talk about Hypochromic anemia.
Which type of anemia can renal,bone marrow and stomach diseases cause and why?
Describe Fibrinolytic system.
Talk about intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Explain iron deficiency anemia.
What are the functions of platelets?
 Talk about intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
Talk about prothrombin and tissue thromboblastine time.
Explain iron absorption and sources of irons in food.
Talk about plasma proteins and their functions.
Talk about absorption of vitamin B12.
Talk about aplastic anemia.
What is the role of hepcidine?
What do you know about thrombocytopenic purpora?
Compare between Heparin and Dicumarol?
Talk about anti-clotting mechanisms?
What are the Steps of formation of platelet plug? What happens in every step? What is
its importance?
Causes of normocytic anemia and causes of hemolysis of RBCS.
Talk about vitamin K deficiency.
Talk about platelet reactions (esp. platelet aggregation, platelet adhesion).
What do you know about (erythrobastosis fetalis)?

**Nerve & Muscles

Definition and causes of RMP.

Talk about role of Na/K ATPase.
Talk about Nerve action potential.
Why does depolarization happens?
Ionic changes in repolarization phase.
Troponin in all types of muscles.
Talk about muscle proteins and their functions.
Excitability changes of nerve, difference between excitability changes in nerve and
cardiac muscle (plateau: its ionic basis and importance).
Talk about Salutatory conduction.
Talk about nerve local response and its properties and what in the muscle action similar
to local response?
Neuro-muscular junction.
Talk about action of Acetyl choline and Neuro-muscular transmission.
Properties of neuromuscular transmission and drugs affecting it .
Give the differences between end plate potential and local response.
Factors affecting muscle contraction.
Talk about excitation contraction coupling.
Talk about skeletal muscles contraction.
What is "Starling-low" force? What is its effect on exercise?
Types of muscle contraction.
What's the importance of ATP for muscle contraction?
 What is myasthenia gravis?
Talk about familial periodic paralysis.
Absolute refractory period in all types of muscles
Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction.
What are the "membrane stabilizers"?
Compare between smooth and skeletal muscles.
What is the type of Ca channels in neuro-muscular junction?

**Respiration:

Define: Respiration.
What are the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory system?
Define: Oxygen content and capacity.
O2 transport by blood.
Describe O2-Hb dissociation curve.
O2 myoglobin dissociation curve.
Define Compliance and mention its types
Enumerate functions of surfactant.
What are the causes of deficiency of surfactant?
Nonfunctioning alveoli receive what and do not receive what?
Why there is no gas exchange occur in dead space?
What do you know about dead space? "definition- significance-value-types"
How can we measure dead space?
What are the factors that shift O2-Hb dissociation curve to the left?
Effect of pregnancy on CO.
Define P50.
Talk about V/Qa ratio.
What would happen to the saturation if PO2 exceeds 100 mmHg and why?
Talk about residual volume (volume, purpose, increases and decreases in).
Define: vital CO2 and mention its value and importance.
What is Functional residual capacity?
Maximum breathing capacity.
Talk about Pneumothorax.
What is apneustic breathing?
What is intrapleural pressure? Give its values in normal inspiration and expiration, and
its importance.
What are the causes of negativity of intrapleural pressure?
What are the types of chemoreceptors and how they can be stimulated?
Talk about central chemoreceptors.
What are the peripheral chemo receptors? Afferent nerves and action.
Define Hypoxia and mention its types. In which types cyanosis appear?
What is Hypoxic hypoxia? Mention the causes and characteristics.
 Why there is no cyanosis in anemic hypoxia?
Define cyanosis .give its threshold and causes.
Define respiratory center.
What is the effect of transection the mid pons -bilateral vagotomy?
What is CO? When does it increase and when does it decrease?
Chemical regulation of respiration.
CO poisoning.
Define tidal volume.
Talk about arterial baroreceptors.
What do you know about DRG?
What is histotoxic hypoxia?
What do you know about stagnant hypoxia?
Talk about erythroblastosis fetalis.
What is Haldane effect?
Define lung capacity.
If someone rise to a high altitude with Hb content= 4gm. Which type of Hypoxia will
occur to him? Does cyanosis will appear in this type?

**Cardio-vascular:
Properties of the cardiac muscle.
Excitation of the heart & conduction within the heart.
Importance of delay in AV node and high velocity of purkinji fibers
Pacemaker action potential.
Draw ventricular action potential, and talk about its phases
What is the cause of plateau phase? Mention its significance.
Does the heart can be tetanized? Why or why not?
Role of Ca in the heart
How increased Ca can increase excitability?
What is cardiac output and its normal value?
How the heart rate can affect cardiac output?
Factors that affect cardiac output and inotropic state.
Define heart rate, and mention the Factors affecting it.
Define stroke volume. What is the main factor can affect stroke volume?
Mention the differences between CO and SV.
Which is more accurate cardiac output or cardiac index?
What do you know about venous return? Factors affecting it and the value of MSFP.
When does RAP not effect VR?
CVP MSFP TPR.
What is Oxygen consumption? Mention the factors that affect it.
What are the types of ventricular hypertrophy?
What is the ejection fraction and what is its significance?
Talk about Long-term regulation of ABP.
 Talk about effect of exercise on arterial blood pressure (systole and diastole ).
What cause the release of ANP?
Define edema and mention its causes.
Talk about preload and afterload of the heart.
What's preload? What does it represent in circulation? And how can we increase it?
Talk about Renin-Angiotensin system (secretion of renin, angiotensin receptors & their
effects, what stimulates secretion).
Talk about Bain-Bridge reflex, baroreceptors reflex.
Talk about Herring-Breuer reflex and its functions.
Atrial stretch receptors.
Regulation of diameter of arterioles.
What are the importance of thromboxane A2?
Hemorrhagic shock.
Coronary blood flow: its auto regulation and most affected branches in myocardial
ischemia.
Talk about active and reflective hyperemia.