Project Design Report 2017-2018 IOT based underground cable fault detector

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Power supply networks are growing continuously and their reliability getting more
important than ever. The complexity of the whole network comprises numerous components
that can fail and interrupt the power supply for end user. For most of the worldwide operated
low voltage and medium voltage distribution lines, underground cables have been used for
many decades. Underground high voltage cables are used more and more because they are not
influenced by weather conditions, heavy rain, storm, snow and pollution. Even though the cable
manufacturing technology is improving steadily, there are still influences, which may cause
cable to fail during test and operation. A cable in good condition and installed correctly can
last a lifetime of about 30 years. However cables can be easily damaged by incorrect installation
or poorly executed jointing, while subsequent third party damage by civil works such as
trenching or curb edging .

The evaluation of IoT(Internet of Things) in the electrical Power Industry transformed

the way things performed in usual manner. IoT increased the use of wireless technology to
connect power industry assets and infrastructure in order to lower the power consumption and
cost. The applications of IoT are not limited to particular fields, but span a wide range of
applications such as energy systems, homes, industries, cities, logistics, heath, agriculture and
so on. The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing the cable length in km and
the fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known km to cross check the accuracy
of the same. The fault occurring at a particular distance, the respective phase along with the
distance is displayed on the LCD. At the same time the same information is also sent to a
dedicated website over internet with the help of data enable activated SIM with GSM, which
is interfaced to the microcontroller [2].

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Project Design Report 2017-2018 IOT based underground cable fault detector

CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1: Block diagram of underground cable fault detector

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

1. 8051 microcontroller:
The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller, which means that most available operations
are limited to 8 bits. It is a very powerful microcontroller. There are three basic "sizes" of the
8051: Short, Standard, and Extended. The Short and Standard chips are often available in DIP
(dual in-line package) form, but the Extended 8051 models often have a different form factor,
and are not "drop-in compatible".

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Project Design Report 2017-2018 IOT based underground cable fault detector

Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are:
4 KB on chip program memory.
128 bytes on-chip data memory(RAM)[ 32 bank register + 16 bit addressable register
+ 80 general purpose register]
Four register banks.
128 user defined software flags.
8-bit data bus
16-bit address bus
16 bit timers (usually two, but may have more, or less).
Three internal and two external interrupts.
Bit as well as byte addressable RAM (Random Access Memory) area of 16 bytes.
Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8- bit ports).
16-bit program counter and data pointer.
One Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.

Figure 2.2: 8051 microcontroller.

2. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC):

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a system that converts an analog signal, such
as a sound picked up by a microphone or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal.
An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such as an electronic device that converts
an input analog voltage or current to a digital number proportional to the magnitude of the
voltage or current. There are several ADC architectures. Due to the complexity and the need
for precisely matched components, all but the most specialized ADCs are implemented as
integrated circuits (ICs).

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Project Design Report 2017-2018 IOT based underground cable fault detector

Figure 2.3: ADC0804

ADC0804 is a very commonly used 8-bit analog to digital convertor. It is a single

channel IC, i.e., it can take only one analog signal as input.

Features of ADC0804:

Compatible with microcontrollers, access time is 135ns.

On-chip clock generator.

0V to 5V analog input voltage range with single 5V supply.

20-pin molded chip carrier or small outline package.

Operates ratio metrically or with 5 VDC, 2.5 VDC, or analog span adjusted voltage reference.

3. Relay:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay
creates a magnetic field, which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current
can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and have double throw (changeover) switch
contacts as shown in the figure 2.4. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit, which
can be completely separate from the first. For example, a low voltage battery circuit can use a
relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay
between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and mechanical. To drive a relay through a
microcontroller, ULN2003 relay driver IC is used.

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Project Design Report 2017-2018 IOT based underground cable fault detector

Figure 2.4: Relay

4. Relay driver ULN2003:

ULN is Relay driver application. The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high
current Darlington transistor arrays. It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that features
high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive loads. The
collector-current rating of a single Darlington pair is 500mA. The Darlington pairs may be
paralleled for higher current capability. The ULN functions as an inverter. If the logic at input
1B is high then the output at its corresponding pin 1C will be low.

Figure 2.5: Logic diagram of ULN2003

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Project Design Report 2017-2018 IOT based underground cable fault detector

5. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists
of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two
polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Most common
LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters
per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively. The standard is referred
to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external
source (and communicates directly with the LCD).

If an 8-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require 11 data lines(3 control lines plus the
8 lines for the data bus). The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW:

EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)

RS=Register Select. When RS=0; data is treated as a command & When RS=1; data
being sent is text data.

R/W=Read/Write . When RW=0; the data written to the LCD & When RW=0; the data
reading to the LCD.

Figure 2.6: LCD

6. GSM modem:

A GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) modem is a device, which

can be either a mobile phone, or a modem device, which can be used to make a computer
or any other processor communicate over a network. A GSM modem requires a SIM
(Subscriber Identity Module) card to be operated and operates over a network range
subscribed by the network operator.

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Project Design Report 2017-2018 IOT based underground cable fault detector

Figure 2.7: GSM modem

7. Power supply:

230V AC supply is stepped down to 12V AC using a step down transformer. This is
then converted to 12V DC using a bridge rectifier. The AC ripples is filtered out by using a
capacitor and given to the input pin of voltage regulator 7805. At the output pin of this
regulator a constant 5V DC voltage is obtained.

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Project Design Report 2017-2018 IOT based underground cable fault detector

CHAPTER 3
PROJECT FLOW

Power supply part: It consists of ac supply, stepdown transformer, bridge

rectifier and voltage regulator.
Cable part: A set of resistors along with switches form cable part.
Controlling part: Controlling part consists of ADC, microcontroller, relay
driver and a GSM module.
Display part: Display part consists of LCD display interfaced to the
microcontroller.

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Project Design Report 2017-2018 IOT based underground cable fault detector

REFERENCES

[1] N. Sampathraja, L. Ashok Kumar and K. Vishnu Murthy; Iot based underground cable
fault detector; International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering &
Technology (IJECET); August 2017.
[2] Pavan Suresh Warade and Lakshman K; Design & Implementation of Fault Identification
In Underground Cables Using IOT; International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET); February 2017.
[3] Gilbert Cheung, Yuan Tian and Tobias Neier; Technics of Locating Underground Cable
Faults inside conduits; International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis
IEEE; July 2016.

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