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In 1870s, pollinotic patients accounted for one thousandth of the total population in the U.S. ("Hay fever in the
United States" by M. Weinman). The number of pollinotic patients has increased to 5% of the population. This
is a 50-fold increase. Cedar pollen has existed since the earliest times; ancient people were not allergic to it. In
the United States, a half of the individuals have been reported to have allergic predispositions, and a half of
them need to be medically treated for the allergy. In Japan, one third of the individuals have been reported to
have allergic predispositions. Almost a half of the children living urban areas, however, show allergic
symptoms ("Survey of the Trend in Health and Welfare", the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, 1991).
What is allergy?
Allergy is an abnormal reaction to certain substances that enter the body. It is a combination term of "Allos" and
"Ergon" in Greek, which mean "other" and "work", respectively.
The term of allergy is originally generated in the immunological field. Immunity is regarded as a beneficial
mechanism in the human body to escape from "epidemic diseases". By this mechanism, human body produces
antibodies against foreign substances (antigens). Antibodies once produced in the body bind to their antigens to
eliminate them. Antigen-antibody reactions are usually beneficial, but sometime hazardous to the body. Such
hazardous antigen-antibody reactions are called allergic reactions and are involved in the development of
various symptoms or diseases.
Allergy-inducing foreign substances are contained in food materials (well-knowns are eggs, milk, and
soybean), drugs, and pollen. Allergic diseases are known as rhinitis, asthma, pollinosis, and atopic
dermatitis.
Other than antigens truly foreign to the host body, the immune system may sometimes mistakenly recognize the
host cells or tissues or their constituents as foreign materials and may produce antibodies against them.
Reactions of such antibodies with the so-called autoantigens are involved in the development of unique
autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatism, erythematosus, and collagen diseases including scleroderma.