TOPIC:

Future cities: Ensuring world class civic

amenities in Urban India
Building sustainable cities for a better India

By:
Preeti Kumari
Samya Ray
Somya Barpanda
Sreedev Basu
Sulagna Dutta

IIM Kozhikode

Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan

 Transforming India from a Reluctant Urbanizer to a Smart urban-scape
Self-sufficient
(in terms of
Around 60% of Indias population is still living in energy/power, Minimal
rural-areas revenues and Ecological
In 20 years, 40% Indian population will be resources etc.) Footprint
living in cities and 50% by 2050 Efficient (minimal
Implies that therell be 300 million more Public pollution,
city dwellers Transport efficient land-
Network
This means a serious Demand-Supply GAP use, waste
Rapid but smart and sustainable recycling)
Urbanisation needed to meet the gap
Smart and
Heavy traffic congestion, pollution, Sustainable Planned and
overcrowding, infrastructure-deterioration etc. Future Cities Mixed-land
have become salient features of almost all Use:
Proactive People Residential,
Indian cities industrial,
Involvement: City
The existing metropolis are unable to withstand Development & commercial and
the incessant influx of immigrants Maintenance recreational
The need of the hour is to come up with
Accessible
satellite cities and tier-two cities that are and
sustainable in nature Affordable
We propose new metropolis that are eco-polis Housing for
all

Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan

 There is an urgent need to take measures to curb the threat on environment. Recommendations to manage
environmental conditions in the self sustainable cities :
% of Cities in India with critical, high, moderate and low levels of
Use HSBC model of reducing air condition in shopping malls Particulate matter
Installed in HSBC Mumbai office, it is estimated to increase 1
energy saving by 28%* 21

Recyclable fee should be collected from electronic goods Critical

consumers High
50
Presently the waste collectors pay consumers a price Moderate
instead, for their obsolete appliances Low

28
Roof top garden should be encouraged and facilitated
This can help solve the problem of less open space for
plantations in cities

Construction of Cycle lanes

Environment friendly mode of transport for short distances
can thus be facilitated better

Facilitate Zero waste agriculture

Integrated cycle where one waste of each process
becomes feed for another process
*http://www.hsbc.co.in/1/PA_1_083Q9FFKG80E20RA9Q00000000/content/website/pdf/about/csr/cs_brochure.pdf

Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan

 Housing
Indias urban housing shortage is estimated at nearly 18.78 million households in 2012
Urbanization is likely to grow till 2050 at a CAGR of 2.1% double that of China

Environmental Sustainability: Constraints:

Assign best practice standards for building regulations (a la BREEAM) Unavailability of urban land
keeping in mind:
Delay in project approvals from multiple authorities
Energy/CO2, Water, Materials, Surface water runoff (flooding and flood
prevention), Waste, Pollution, Health and well-being, Management, Rising construction cost
Ecology Financing constraints of low income groups
India will need to generate at least 700,000 MW of additional power by Limited financing avenues for developers
2030 to meet growing electricity demands. Adopt alternative energy
solutions like the solar powered Rabi Rashmi Abashan project.
Proposals:
Affordability: Fast track approvals for affordable housing projects

Implement subsidized rental housing owned and managed by the
central or local government. Nearly 85% of Singapore and 50% of Hong
Kong avail of such public housing schemes.
Purchase by long-term tenants and Interim Housing are further
possibilities.
Incentivize FSI and FAR optimization
Infrastructure linkages by using proceeds from sale of land
Direct Tax Incentives and Service Tax exemptions
Micro-credit, Priority sector lending and increase financial literacy
for economically weaker sections
 Transportation
WHY IS A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM CRUCIAL?
Forms backbone of a city, economy and commerce by forming
vital means of transportation and Freight carriage.
CURRENT PROBLEMS
1. Traffic congestion and Air Pollution have a negative impact
on GDP as it imposes a heavy cost in terms of health and
productivity.
2. Increasing road capacity is a temporary solution as it gets
clogged again after a mean life of 2 years .
3. Increase in price of construction materials has made it
difficult to increase capacity of existing road networks.
Thus, adding lanes to cope with traffic congestion is not a
financially feasible option for many cities anymore. Adding
capacity is also not environmentally sustainable because as
the amount of roads increases, the amount of green space
decreases. Building more roads has an adverse
environmental impact.
Citizens for Accountable Governance
RECOMMENDATIONS:
1. Use Transportation Gap concept introduced by
Gabriel Bouladon. Fill all possible Tranportation
Gaps possible.
2. Public Transit System introduction is crucial to
develop an effective transportation system.
3. Cooperative society for car pooling and car
sharing.
4. Improve efficiency of Freight Transport
Operations through facilities such as
Consolidation Centers or Freight Villages.
5. Use Web based technology for freight
optimisation and Intelligent Transport System (
ITS).
6. DENSE USE DEVELOPMENT AND MIXED USE
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CITIES.
Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
 Micro-financing development of sanitation facilities
Revamping sewage system to segregate different sewage & effluent treatment
Controlling bank erosion for the waterways in cities to prevent clogging of sewage
Sanitation Any form of manual scavenging should be prevented and automation be used for garbage disposal

Community or block based desalination plants for cities located in water scarce regions
Introduction of water ATMs concept at places of semi permanent residence in cities like in construction sites
Drinking Water harvesting for water storage as well as ground water replenishing to be compulsorily introduced
water A system of water quota and differential pricing system could be introduced

Raising awareness against lifestyle related health problems

Subvention of medical subsidies through private clinics
Infant & maternity specialty clinics to control mortality and feticide
Health insurance cover for the economically disadvantaged groups
Healthcare Promoting core strengths to promote medical tourism
Mobile apps for emergency healthcare should be introduced

Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan

 Leveraging the power of PPPP
An emerging need to move from the conventional Public-Private- Involvement in stages:
Partnership (PPP) to People-Public-Private-Partnership (PPPP) I. In City Planning, Design & Development:
model End-users (future city-dwellers) actively
At present, citizen-involvement in City Planning and reveal preferences for urban infrastructure
Maintenance is almost nil and services to the private sector (that
The spirit of Indian democracy and desire for further executes the city-projects supported by
devolution makes it imperative that urban planners of Indian state funds)
cities master participative processes of planning that Such a consumerist approach via
enable citizens to shape the cities they want (Approach information-sharing helps promote
Paper to 12th Five Year Plan) innovative solutions and greater citizen-
Under present PPP-system there exists a GAP: The satisfaction
government mainly cost-effectively divests responsibility of
infra-projects to private sector that is primarily concerned II. In Maintaining the City Infrastructure:
with meeting contractual terms at minimum costs. Devolution of more powers and greater
Full Value For Money (VFM) for the end-user, the non- autonomy to Residents Welfare
participative citizen, is not realized Associations (RWAs)
Full VFM ensured through PPPP-model involving: Senior citizens can be formally engaged as
a proactive peoples body, city-activists and as conduits of awareness
committed and clean government and generation
an incentivised and efficient private sector School-kids can be conditioned to serve as
Enables better risk allocation between statesmen, ambassadors for sustainable city practices
developers and end-users
Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
 Proposal
Planning: Governance:
Empower city administration
London micro-plans everything in a cascaded system with a
metropolitan master plan and implementation in detail at the borough Accountable, empowered directly elected mayor
level. London plans for peak morning traffic 20 years in advance. Fully formed metropolitan development authorities with clearly
defined roles.
Update service delivery mechanisms by moving to corporatized
Planning in India, although extant, is esoteric rather than practical. agencies like BEST
Projects that failed in Delhi, like the BRT, are nonetheless being Create a Civil services cadre dedicated to city governance, with
replicated in Pune. private sector lateral entry
 Implementation
By 2030, approximately 590 million (from 290 million in2001) will live in cities.
68 cities will have population of over 1 million: India will need $1.2 trillion additional investment

Financing: Shape:
Four sources that could be leveraged are: Aim for a distributed model of urbanization
Monetizing land assets Renew Tier 1 cities through capital investment
Higher property taxes Pre-emptively shape the growth of Tier 2 cities
Debt and Public-Private Partnerships Specialize top 100 cities focused on sectors such as tourism and
manufacturing
Formula based government spending
Facilitate 20 to 25 new cities near the largest 20 metropolitan areas
Largest Indian cities should be able to generate 80 to 85% of the by providing adequate infrastructure such as water, electricity and
required funding internally. transportation links
Seed future urbanization by building 19 transportation corridors
linking Tier 1 & 2 cities

The road ahead:

Need Central Govt. impetus despite cities falling under the ambit of
State governments.
Proactive involvement from citizens
Private institutions & investors to drive change
 REFERENCES:
1.Urban housing shortage
Report of the Technical Urban Group (TG-12) on Urban Housing Shortage 2012-17,
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, September 2012
2.CAGR (China)
Opportunities in an Urbanizing World, Credit Suisse, April 2012
3.http://www.naredco.in/pdfs/recommendations-conference.pdf
4.http://www.breeam.org/about.jsp?id=66
5.https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/5976/code_for_sustainable_
homes_techguide.pdf
6.https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6378/1972728.pdf
7.http://inhabitat.com/indias-first-green-housing-project-completed/
8.http://www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10320p.nsf/w/aboutuspublichousing?opendocument
9.http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/srh/index.jsp
10. http://cpcb.nic.in/upload/NewItems/NewItem_192_NAAQSTI.pdf
11. UNITED NATIONS ESCAP CITYNET
12. http://www.unescap.org/esd/suds/publications/Sustainable-Urban-Transportatation-System/Sustainable-
Transportation-9.pdf
13. http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/Laffel.pdf
14. Sankhe, Shirish et al, India's urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth (2010)
McKinsey Global Institute

Citizens for Accountable Governance