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  • Unit 6 Quick Summary

    Transféré par

    AbdulRahman Mustafa
    11 vues1 page
    This document discusses key concepts in statistical analysis including type I and type II errors, statistical power, and p-value pitfalls. Type I errors occur when a null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, type II errors occur when an effect is real but not detected. Power increases with effect size and sample size but decreases with variability and significance level. P-values may indicate statistical but not clinical significance or produce false positives from multiple testing without correction. Association does not necessarily imply causation and correlated observations must be properly accounted for in statistical tests. Researchers should select the appropriate statistical test based on their experimental design and hypotheses.

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    Unit 6 Quick Summary

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    This document discusses key concepts in statistical analysis including type I and type II errors, statistical power, and p-value pitfalls. Type I errors occur when a null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, type II errors occur when an effect is real but not detected. Power increases with effect size and sample size but decreases with variability and significance level. P-values may indicate statistical but not clinical significance or produce false positives from multiple testing without correction. Association does not necessarily imply causation and correlated observations must be properly accounted for in statistical tests. Researchers should select the appropriate statistical test based on their experimental design and hypotheses.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11 vues1 page

    Unit 6 Quick Summary

    Transféré par

    AbdulRahman Mustafa
    This document discusses key concepts in statistical analysis including type I and type II errors, statistical power, and p-value pitfalls. Type I errors occur when a null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, type II errors occur when an effect is real but not detected. Power increases with effect size and sample size but decreases with variability and significance level. P-values may indicate statistical but not clinical significance or produce false positives from multiple testing without correction. Association does not necessarily imply causation and correlated observations must be properly accounted for in statistical tests. Researchers should select the appropriate statistical test based on their experimental design and hypotheses.

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 1

    Unit

    6
    Error and power
    o Type I error (): Rejecting the null when the effect isnt real
    o Type II error (): Failing to reject the null when the effect is real
    o Power (1-): Probability of seeing a true effect if one exists.
    Power increases with size of the effect and sample size. It
    decreases with standard deviation of characteristic and
    significance level desired.


    P-value pitfalls
    o Statistical vs. clinical significance: Trivial effects may achieve statistical
    significance if the sample size is large enough
    o Multiple testing: If multiple tests are run on data, some effects may seem
    statistically significant just by chance. Use Bonferroni, Holm or Hochberg
    to control for this type of error.
    o Comparing p-values: Controlled trials should report between-group
    comparisons. Comparing two within-group p-values may be misleading.
    o Failure to prove an effect is not proof of no effect
    o Association does not imply causation
    o Accounting for Correlated Observations
    It is important to identify if the units of observations are
    independent (e.g. different, unrelated people) or correlated (e.g.
    repeated observations of the same person over time)
    Ignoring correlations will overestimate p-values for within-
    person or withincluster comparisons, and underestimate
    p-values for between-person or between-cluster
    comparisons
    Which test to use?

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