Coordinates: 39N 71E

Tajikistan
Tajikistan (/tdikstn/ ( listen), /tdikstn/, or /tdikistn/;
Republic of Tagikistan
[tdikstn]; Russian: ), officially the Republic
of Tajikistan (Tajik: , umhuriji Toikiston, Russian: (Tajik)
), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central umhurii Toikiston

Asia with an estimated population of 8.7 million people as of 2016, and an area (Russian)
of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Respublika Tadzhikistan
Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan
lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional
homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and
Uzbekistan.

The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several Flag
Emblem
ancient cultures, including the city ofSarazm[6] of the Neolithic and the Bronze
Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and Anthem:
Surudi Milli
cultures, including the Oxus civilisation, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, National Anthem
Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and Islam. The area has
been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid
Empire, Sasanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol
Empire, Timurid dynasty, the Russian Empire, and subsequently the Soviet
Union, upon whose dissolution in 1991 Tajikistan became an independent
nation. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting
from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political
stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow
.

Tajikistan is a presidential republic consisting of four provinces. Most of

Tajikistan's 8.7 million people belong to the Tajik ethnic group, who speak
Tajik (a dialect of Persian). Many Tajiks also speak Russian as their second
language. The Gorno-Badakhshan Oblast of Tajikistan despite its sparse
population is home to incredible linguistic diversity where Rushani, Shughni,
Ishkashimi, Wakhi and Tajik number among the languages spoken. Mountains
Location of Tajikistan (green)
cover more than 90% of the country. It has a transition economy that is highly
dependent on remittances, aluminium and cotton production. Capital Dushanbe
and largest city 3833N 6848E

Official languages Tajik

Inter-ethnic Russian
Contents language
Ethnic groups 84.3% Tajik
1 Name (2010) 13.8% Uzbek
2 History
0.8% Kyrgyz
2.1 Early history
1.1% others
2.2 Russian Tajikistan [1]
2.3 Soviet Tajikistan
2.4 Independence Demonym Tajik[2]
3 Politics Government Unitary dominant-
4 Geography party presidential
4.1 Administrative divisions republic
 4.2 Lakes President Emomali Rahmon
Prime Minister Kokhir Rasulzoda
5 Economy
6 Transportation Legislature Supreme
6.1 Rail Assembly
6.2 Air Upper house National
6.3 Roads Assembly
Lower house Assembly of
7 Demographics Representatives
7.1 Language
7.2 Education Independence from the Soviet Union
7.3 Employment Declared 9 September
1991
7.4 Culture
Recognized 26 December
7.5 Religion
1991
8 Health Current 6 November 1994
9 Education
constitution

10 Sport Area
11 Notable individuals
Total 143,100 km2
(55,300 sq mi)
12 See also (94th)
13 References Water (%) 1.8
14 Further reading Population
15 External links 2016 estimate 8,734,951[3]
(97th)
2010 census 7,564,500
Density 48.6/km2
Name (125.9/sq mi)
(155th)
Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" is Persian for GDP (PPP) 2017 estimate
"place of"[7] or "country"[8] and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic Total $27.802 billion[4]
(before the seventh century A.D.) tribe.[9] According to the Library of
(128th)
Per capita $3,146[4]
Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state
the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth- GDP (nominal) 2017 estimate
century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the Total $7.242 billion[4]
(136th)
original inhabitants of Central Asia."[9]
Per capita $819[4]
Tajikistan appeared as Tadjikistan or Tadzhikistan in English prior to 1991. Gini (2009) 30.8
This is due to a transliteration from the Russian: "". In Russian, medium
there is no single letter j to represent the phoneme // and , or dzh, is used. HDI (2015) 0.627[5]
Tadzhikistan is the most common alternate spelling and is widely used in medium 129th
English literature derived from Russian sources.[10] "Tadjikistan" is the Currency Somoni (TJS)
spelling in French and can occasionally be found in English language texts.
Time zone TJT (UTC+5)
The way of writing Tajikistan in the Perso-Arabic script is: "."
Drives on the right

History Calling code +992

ISO 3166 code TJ
Internet TLD .tj
Early history
Cultures in the region have been dated back to at least the 4th millennium BCE, including the Bronze Age BactriaMargiana
Archaeological Complex, the Andronovo cultures and the pro-urban site of Sarazm, a UNESCO World Heritage site.[11]
The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the
Achaemenid Empire.[9] Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including
territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire.[12] After the region's
conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern
Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and
Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer
Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (14187 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished.[13][14]
Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and
woodcarvers.[15]

The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE
during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practised in the region.[16] Later the
Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century.[16]
Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland.

It was temporarily under the control

of the Tibetan empire and Chinese
from 650680 and then under the
control of the Umayyads in 710.
The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999,
restored Persian control of the
region and enlarged the cities of
The Samanid ruler Mansur I (961
19th-century painting of lakeZorkul Samarkand and Bukhara (both
976)
and a local Tajik inhabitant cities are today part of Uzbekistan)
which became the cultural centres
of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate
conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and
southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 9991211.[17][18] Their arrival in Transoxania signalled a definitive shift from Iranian to
Turkic predominance in Central Asia,[19] but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of
the region.[20]

During Genghis Khan's invasion of Khwarezmia in the early 13th century the Mongol Empire took control over nearly all of Central
Asia. In less than a century the Mongol Empire broke up and modern Tajikistan came under the rule of the Chagatai Khanate.
Tamerlane created the Timurid dynasty and took control of the region in the 14th century
.

Modern Tajikistan fell under the rule of the Khanate of Bukhara during the 16th century and with the empire's collapse in the 18th
century it came under the rule of both the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. The Emirate of Bukhara remained intact until
the 20th century but during the 19th century, for the second time in world history, a European power (the Russian Empire) began to
conquer parts of the region.

Russian Tajikistan
Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864
and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been
controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply ofcotton and in the
1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets). By
1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt
little Russian influence.
During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the
Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian, the Russians viewed the movement as a threat. Russian troops
were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in
July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I.
Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in
Tajikistan.

Soviet Tajikistan
After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as
basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain
independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques
and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet
authorities started a campaign of secularisation, practising Islam, Judaism, and
Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and
synagogues were closed.[21] As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture
policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many
Soviet negotiations withbasmachi,
1921 lives.[22]

In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of
Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic; however, the
predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934,collectivisation of
agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region.[23] Soviet collectivisation policy
brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought
collectivisation and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along
with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure.[23]

Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (19271934 and 19371938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people,
from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan.[24] Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently
Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary.[24] Between 1926 and 1959 the
proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%.[25] Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First
Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 19461956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the
country during the Soviet Era.[26] He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (195661), Jabbor Rasulov (19611982), and
Rahmon Nabiyev (19821985, 19911992).

Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against
Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000 (4%)[27] and 120,000 (8%)[28] of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during
World War II.[29] Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of
Tajikistan.[26] During 195758 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions,
education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics.[26] In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in
the USSR,[30] the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups,[31] and the lowest rate of university
graduates per 1000 people.[32] By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur
within the republic until 1990. The following year
, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.

Independence
The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often
distinguished by clan loyalties.[33] More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and
better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics.[34] Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992,
defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote.[35] The
elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead
 numbered over 100,000. Around
1.2 million people were refugees
inside and outside of the
country.[33] In 1997, a ceasefire
was reached between Rahmon and
opposition parties under the
guidance of Gerd D. Merrem,
Special Representative to the
Secretary General, a result widely Tajik men and women rally on Ozodi
Spetsnaz soldiers during the civil
square in Dushanbe shortly after
war, 1992 praised as a successful United
independence, 1992.
Nations peacekeeping initiative.
The ceasefire guaranteed 30% of
ministerial positions would go to the opposition.[36] Elections were held in 1999, though they were criticised by opposition parties
and foreign observers as unfair and Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections in 2006 were again won by Rahmon
(with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) criticised it, although observers from the Commonwealth of
Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent.[37][38] Rahmon's administration came under further criticism
from the OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government
censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing
[39]
activities for a number of independent newspapers.

Russian border troops were stationed along the TajikAfghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks,
French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance
Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions
of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of
Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010.[40] It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force.
There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility,[41] and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the
outskirts of Dushanbe.[42]

In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the
escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September,[43] and
another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers,[44] followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To
date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military
operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010.[45] However, fighting erupted again in July 2012.[46] In 2015,
Russia sent more troops to Tajikistan.[47]

In May 2015, Tajikistan's national security suffered a serious setback when Colonel Gulmurod Khalimov, commander of the special-
, defected to the Islamic State.[48]
purpose police unit (OMON) of the Interior Ministry

Politics
Almost immediately after independence, Tajikistan was plunged into a civil war that
saw various factions, allegedly backed by Russia and Iran, fighting one another. All
but 25,000 of the more than 400,000 ethnic Russians, who were mostly employed in
industry, fled to Russia. By 1997, the war had cooled down, and a central
government began to take form, with peaceful elections in 1999.

"Longtime observers of Tajikistan often characterize the country as profoundly

averse to risk and skeptical of promises of reform, a political passivity they trace to
The Palace of Nations in Dushanbe
the countrys ruinous civil war," Ilan Greenberg wrote in a news article in The New
[49]
York Times just before the country's November 2006 presidential election.
 Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament,
operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the
People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii
Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The
Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov
and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova.

President of Tajikistan
Emomali Rahmon, has ruled
the country since 1994.
The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and
international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election
process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling
PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling
"failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic
democratic standards."[50][51] The government insisted that only minor violations had
occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.[50][51]

The presidential election held on 6 November 2006 was boycotted by "mainline" opposition
parties, including the 23,000-member Islamic Renaissance Party. Four remaining opponents "all but endorsed the incumbent",
Rahmon.[49] Tajikistan gave Iran its support in Iran's membership bid to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, after a meeting
.[52]
between the Tajik President and the Iranian foreign minister

Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a
substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign
websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on
controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does
not receive coverage in the local media.[53]

Geography
Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies
mostly between latitudes 36 and 41 N, and longitudes 67 and 75 E. It is covered
by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over
3,000 metres (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in
the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh
river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern
slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.

Mountain Height Location

North-western edge of Satellite photograph of Tajikistan
Ismoil Somoni
7,495 m 24,590 ft Gorno-Badakhshan (GBAO),
Peak (highest)
south of the Kyrgyz border
Northern border in the
Ibn Sina Peak
7,134 m 23,537 ft Trans-Alay Range , north-east
(Lenin Peak )
of Ismoil Somoni Peak
North of Ismoil Somoni
Peak
7,105 m 23,310 ft Peak, on the south bank of
Korzhenevskaya
Muksu River
Independence Central Gorno-Badakhshan ,
Peak (Revolution 6,974 m 22,881 ft south-east of Ismoil Somoni
Peak) Peak
North-western Gorno-
Academy of
6,785 m 22,260 ft Badakhshan , stretches in the
Sciences Range
north-south direction
Karl Marx Peak 6,726 m 22,067 ft GBAO, near the border to
Afghanistan in the northern
 Afghanistan in the northern
ridge of the Karakoram Range
Northwestern Gorno-
Garmo Peak 6,595 m 21,637 ft
Badakhshan.
Extreme south-west of
Mayakovskiy
6,096 m 20,000 ft GBAO, near the border to
Peak
Afghanistan.
Southern border in the
Concord Peak 5,469 m 17,943 ft northern ridge of the
Karakoram Range
Northern border in the
Kyzylart Pass 4,280 m 14,042 ft
Trans-Alay Range
Tajikistan map of Kppen climate
The Amu Darya and Panj rivers mark the border with Afghanistan, and the glaciers classification
in Tajikistan's mountains are the major source of runoff for the Aral Sea. There are
over 900 rivers in Tajikistan longer than 10 kilometres.

Administrative divisions
Tajikistan consists of 4 administrative divisions. These are the provinces
(viloyat) of Sughd and Khatlon, the autonomous province of Gorno-
Badakhshan (abbreviated as GBAO), and the Region of Republican
Subordination (RRP Raiony Respublikanskogo Podchineniya in
transliteration from Russian or NTJ in Tajik;
formerly known as Karotegin Province). Each region is divided into several
districts, (Tajik: , nohiya or raion), which in turn are subdivided into
jamoats (village-level self-governing units) and then villages (qyshloqs).
ajikistan.[54]
As of 2006, there were 58 districts and 367 jamoats in T

Mountains of Tajikistan

ISO 3166- Map Area Pop (2010)

Division Capital
2 No (km)[54] Census

Sughd TJ-SU 1 Khujand 25,400 2,233,500

Region of Republican
TJ-RR 2 Dushanbe 28,600 1,722,900
Subordination
Khatlon TJ-KT 3 Qurghonteppa 24,800 2,677,300
Gorno-Badakhshan TJ-BG 4 Khorugh 64,200 206,000
Dushanbe Dushanbe 124.6 778,500

Lakes
About 2% of the country's area is covered by lakes, the best known of which are the following:
 Kayrakum (Qairoqqum) Reservoir(Sughd)
Iskanderkul (Fann Mountains)
Kulikalon (Kul-i Kalon) (Fann Mountains)
Nurek Reservoir (Khatlon)
Karakul (Template:Lang-Kg; eastern Pamir)
Sarez (Pamir)
Shadau Lake (Pamir)
Zorkul (Pamir)

Economy Karakul lake

Nearly 47% of Tajikistan's GDP comes from immigrant remittances (mostly from
Tajiks working in Russian Federation).[55][56] The current economic situation
remains fragile, largely owing to corruption, uneven economic reforms, and
economic mismanagement. With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon
remittances from migrant workers overseas and exports of aluminium and cotton, the
economy is highly vulnerable to external shocks. In FY 2000, international
assistance remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that
reintegrated former civil war combatants into the civilian economy, which helped
keep the peace. International assistance also was necessary to address the second
A Tajik dry fruit seller
year of severe drought that resulted in a continued shortfall of food production. On
21 August 2001, the Red Cross announced that a famine was striking Tajikistan, and
called for international aid for Tajikistan and Uzbekistan; however, access to food remains a problem today. In January 2012, 680,152
of the people living in Tajikistan were living with food insecurity. Out of those, 676,852 were at risk of Phase 3 (Acute Food and
Livelihoods Crisis) food insecurity and 3,300 were at risk of Phase 4 (Humanitarian Emergency). Those with the highest risk of food
insecurity were living in the remoteMurghob District of GBAO.[57]

Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan
expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 20002007 according to the
World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian
countries (namely Turkmenia and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded
economically ever since.[58] The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are
aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers.[59]
Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural
population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land.[60] The aluminium industry is
The TadAZ aluminium smelting plant,
represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company the biggest aluminium
[61] in Tursunzoda, is the largest
plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.
aluminium manufacturing plant in
Central Asia, and Tajikistan's chief
Tajikistan's rivers, such as theVakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential,
industrial asset.
and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use
and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the
world.[62] Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW
capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008.[63][64] Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran,
Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would
supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion.[65][66] A planned project, CASA-1000, will transmit
1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission
line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The
project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million.[67] Other energy resources include sizeable coal deposits and smaller reserves
of natural gas and petroleum.
 In 2014 Tajikistan was the world's most remittance-dependent economy with
remittances accounting for 49% of GDP and expected to fall by 40% in 2015 due to
the economic crisis in the Russian Federation.[68] Tajik migrant workers abroad,
mainly in the Russian Federation, have become by far the main source of income for
millions of Tajikistan's people[69] and with the 20142015 downturn in the Russian
economy the World Bank has predicted large numbers of young Tajik men will
return home and face few economic prospects.[68]

According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than
Graphical depiction of Tajikistan's US$1.25 per day.[70] Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have
product exports in 28 colour-coded been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances
categories from Tajik labour migrants totalled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase
from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy
without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only
negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage
cheap labour.[71] The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the
drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped
significantly reduce poverty.[72]

Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan[73] as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound
for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market.[74]
However, with the increasing assistance from international organisations, such as UNODC, and co-operation with the US, Russian,
EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved.[75] Tajikistan holds third
place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of
2006).[2][76] Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on
both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug
trade.[74] UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It
also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.[77]

Tajikistan is an active member of theEconomic Cooperation Organization (ECO).

Transportation
In 2013 Tajikistan, like many of the other Central Asian countries, was experiencing
major development in its transportation sector
.

As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is

via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran
and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an
agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and
build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to
Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan
Autonomous Province in the eastern part of the country.[78] And in 2012, the Dushanbe railway station
presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct
roads and railways as well as oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three
countries.[79]

Rail
The railroad system totals only 680 kilometres (420 mi) of track,[2] all of it 1,520 mm (4 ft 112732 in) broad gauge. The principal
segments are in the southern region and connect the capital with the industrial areas of the Hisor and Vakhsh valleys and with
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Russia.[80] Most international freight traffic is carried by train.[81] The recently
constructed QurghonteppaKulob railway connected theKulob District with the central area of the country.[81]

Air
In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two
had runways longer than 3,000 meters.[2] The country's main airport is Dushanbe
International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to
major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul,
Kabul, Tehran, and rmqi amongst others. There are also international flights,
mainly to Russia, fromKhujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as
limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International
Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the
sparsely populated eastern half of the country
. The old terminal building at
Dushanbe International Airport
Tajikistan has two major airlines (Somon Air and Tajik Air) and is also serviced by
over a dozen foreign airlines.

Roads
The total length of roads in the country is 27,800 kilometres. Automobiles account for more than 90% of the total volume of
[81]
passenger transportation and more than 80% of domestic freight transportation.

In 2004 the TajikAfghan Friendship Bridge between Afghanistan and Tajikistan was built, improving the country's access to South
Asia. The bridge was built by theUnited States.[82]

As of 2014 many highway and tunnel construction projects are underway or have recently been completed. Major projects include
rehabilitation of the Dushanbe Chanak (Uzbek border), Dushanbe Kulma (Chinese border), and Kurgan-Tube Nizhny Pyanj
(Afghan border) highways, and construction of tunnels under the mountain passes of Anzob, Shakhristan, Shar-Shar[83] and
Chormazak.[84] These were supported by international donor countries.
[81][85]

Demographics
Tajikistan has a population of 8,734,951 (2016 est.)[3] of which 70% are under the
age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30.[56] Tajiks who speak Tajik (a
dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizeable minorities
of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration.[86] The
Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable
minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All
Tajikistan: trends in its Human
citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis.[2]
Development Index indicator 1970
2010
In 1989, ethnic Russians in Tajikistan made up 7.6% of the population, but they are
now less than 0.5%, after the civil war spurred Russian emigration.[87] The ethnic
German population of Tajikistan has also declined due to emigration: having topped at 38,853 in 1979, it has almost vanished since
the collapse of the Soviet Union.[88]

Language
 The official and vernacular language of Tajikistan is Tajik although Russian is
routinely used in business and communication. The Constitution mentions Russian
as the "language for inter-ethnic communication", but an amendment passed in 2009
was thought to remove all Russian's official roles,[89] but it was later clarified that
the status was later re-instated and Russian has returned to its status, being a
language permissible for law-making, although all official communications should
formally first take place in Tajik.[90][91] Russian is regularly used unregulated
between different ethnic groups in the country and thereby fulfilling its stated
constitutional role.

Education
Despite its poverty, Tajikistan has a high rate of literacy due to the old Soviet system
Group of Tajik children of free education, with an estimated 99.5% of the population having the ability to
read and write.[2] The majority of the population followSunni Islam.

Employment
In 2009 nearly one million Tajiks worked abroad (mainly in Russia).[92] More than 70% of the female population lives in traditional
villages.[93]

Culture
The Tajik language is the mother tongue of around 80% of the
citizens of Tajikistan. The main urban centres in today's Tajikistan
include Dushanbe (the capital), Khujand, Kulob, Panjakent,
Qurghonteppa, Khorugh and Istaravshan. There are also Uzbek,
Kyrgyz and Russian minorities.

The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in

the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered
part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and
culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim
residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow Tajik young women duringNavrz (Persian New
the Ismaili branch of Shia Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Year). They are holding sprouting plants which
Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. symbolize rebirth.
Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have
preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have
been largely lost elsewhere in the country.

The Yaghnobi people live in mountainous areas of northern Tajikistan. The estimated number of Yaghnobis is now about 25,000.
Forced migrations in the 20th century decimated their numbers. They speak the Yaghnobi language, which is the only direct modern
descendant of the ancientSogdian language.

Tajikistan artisans created theDushanbe Tea House, which was presented in 1988 as a gift to the sister city ofBoulder, Colorado.[94]

Religion
 Sunni Islam of
the Hanafi school Religion in Tajikistan, 2010[95][96]
Religion Percent
has been Islam 96.7%
officially Christianity 1.6%
recognised by the Unaffiliated 1.5%
government Other religions 0.2%
since 2009.[97]
Tajikistan
considers itself a secular state with a
Constitution providing for freedom of
religion. The Government has declared
two Islamic holidays, Eid ul-Fitr and
Eid al-Adha, as state holidays.
Yaghnobi boy According to a US State Department
release and Pew research group, the
population of Tajikistan is 98%
Muslim. Approximately 87%95% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly
7% are non-denominational Muslims.[98][99] The remaining 2% of the population are
followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great
majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside
and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions. A mosque in Isfara,
Tajikistan
Bukharan Jews had lived in Tajikistan since the 2nd century BC, but today almost none are
left. In the 1940s, the Jewish community of Tajikistan numbered nearly 30,000 people. Most
were Persian-speaking Bukharan Jews who had lived in the region for millennia along with Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe
who resettled there in the Soviet era. The Jewish population is now estimated at less than 500, about half of whom live in
Dushanbe.[100]

Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders
that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political
sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party(IRP), a major combatant in the19921997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an
Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a militant
Islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is
[101] Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Fridayprayers are limited
illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment.
and some feel this is discriminatory.

By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities.
Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site
location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can
result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to
obtain.[102] People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice.
[103]

As of January, 2016, as part of an "anti-radicalisation campaign", police in the Khatlon region reportedly shaved the beards of 13,000
men and shut down 160 shops selling the hijab. Shaving beards and discouraging women from wearing hijab is part of a government
campaign targeting trends that are deemed "alienand inconsistent with Tajik culture", and "to preserve secular traditions".[104]

Health
Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped
and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled
people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan. The government of Tajikistan
and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population
described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.[105] Public
[106]
expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004.

Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 66.38 years in 2012.[107] The infant
mortality rate was approximately 37 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012.[108] In 2011,
there were 170 physicians per 100,000 people.[109]

In 2010 the country experienced an outbreak of polio that caused more than 457
cases of polio in both children and adults, and resulted in 29 deaths before being A hospital in Dushanbe
brought under control.[110]

Education
Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary
education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016.[111]
There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including
Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties,[111] Tajikistan
State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University,
Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik National University, and several other
institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. As
of 2008 tertiary education enrolment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional
average of 37%.[112] Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in
Tajik National Universityin Dushanbe
the labour market for people with extensive educational training or professional
skills.[112]

Public spending on education was relatively constant between 20052012 and fluctuated from 3.5% to 4.1% of GDP[113]
significantly below the OECD average of 6%.[112] The United Nations reported that the level of spending was "severely inadequate
to meet the requirements of the countrys high-needs education system."[112]

According to a UNICEF-supported survey, about 25 percent of girls in Tajikistan fail to complete compulsory primary education
because of poverty and gender bias,[114] although literacy is generally high in Tajikistan.[106] Estimates of out of school children
[112]
range from 4.6% to 19.4% with the vast majority being girls.

In September 2017, the University of Central Asia will launch its second campus in Khorog, Tajikistan, offering majors in Earth &
Environmental Sciences and Economics[115] .

Sport
[116]
The national sport of Tajikistan is gushtigiri, a form of traditional wrestling.

Another popular sport is buzkashi, a game played on horseback, like polo. One plays it on one's own and in teams. The aim of the
game is to grab a 50 kg dead goat, ride clear of the other players, get back to the starting point and drop it in a designated circle. It is
also practised in Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. It is often played atNowruz celebrations.[117]

Tajikistan's mountains provide many opportunities for outdoor sports, such as hill climbing, mountain biking, rock climbing, skiing,
snowboarding, hiking, and mountain climbing. The facilities are limited, however. Mountain climbing and hiking tours to the Fann
and Pamir Mountains, including the 7,000 m peaks in the region, are seasonally ganised
or by local and international alpine agencies.

Football is a popular sport in Tajikistan. The Tajikistan national football teamcompetes in FIFA and AFC competitions. The top clubs
in Tajikistan compete in theTajik League.
The Tajikistan Cricket Federationwas formed in 2012 as the governing body for the
sport of cricket in Tajikistan. It was granted affiliate membership of the Asian
Cricket Council in the same year.

Rugby union in Tajikistan is a minor but growing sport.

Four Tajikistani athletes have won Olympic medals for their country since
independence. They are: wrestler Yusup Abdusalomov (silver in Beijing 2008),
judoka Rasul Boqiev (bronze in Beijing 2008), boxer Mavzuna Chorieva (bronze in
Tajikistan is a popular destination
London 2012) and hammer throwerDilshod Nazarov (gold in Rio de Janeiro 2016). amongst mountaineers. 1982
expedition to Tartu likool 350.
Khorugh, capital of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, is the location of
highest altitude wherebandy has been played.[118]

Tajikistan has also one ski resort, called Safed Dara (formerly Takob), near the town of Varzob.[119]

Notable individuals
Yusup Abdusalomov, Olympic medalist, wrestler
Abdumalik Bahori, poet, writer
Nargis Bandishoeva, singer
Mavzuna Chorieva, Olympic medalist, boxer
Daler Nazarov, musician
Sherali Dostiev, boxer
Mamadsho Ilolov, scientist
Abduhamid Juraev, mathematician
Makhmadjon Khabibulloev, football coach
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, mathematician, astronomer, geographer
Otakhon Latifi, journalist, politician
Yuri Lobanov, Olympic medalist, sprint canoer
Shabnam Surayyo, singer
Farruh Negmat-Zadeh, artist

See also
Tajikistan Wikipedia book
Index of Tajikistan-related articles
Outline of Tajikistan
2006 Tajikistan earthquake
Central Asian Union
Ittihodi Scouthoi Tojikiston
Kingdom of Balhara
List of cities in Tajikistan
Mount Imeon
Telecommunications in Tajikistan
Yaghnob Valley
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province

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Further reading
Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan by Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzadeh
Land Beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asiaby Monica Whitlock
Tajikistan: Disintegration or Reconciliationby Shirin Akiner
Tajikistan: The Trials of Independence by Shirin Akiner, Mohammad-Reza Djalili and Frederic Grare
Tajikistan and the High Pamirsby Robert Middleton, Huw Thomas and Markus Hauser , Odyssey Books, Hong Kong
2008 (ISBN 978-9-622177-73-4)

External links
Tajikistan at UCB Libraries GovPubs
"Tajikistan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Tajikistan at DMOZ
Tajikistan profile from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Tajikistan
Key Development Forecasts for Tajikistan from International Futures

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