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ASSIGNMENT 01

Maximum Marks: 30

Q#1:

Solution:
(1  x 4 )dy  x(1  y 2 )dx  0

1 x
dy   dx
1 y 2
1  x4
Integrating both sides we get
1 x
 1 y 2
dy   
1  x4
dx

1 1 2x
 1 y 2
dy   
2 1  ( x2 )2
dx

1
tan 1 ( y )   tan 1 ( x 2 )  c
2

tan 1 ( x 2 )
y  tan[ c  ]
2
is the general solution.

Q#2:
dy
x2 (  1)  y ( x  y )
dx

dy
x2  x 2  yx  y 2
dx

dy x 2  yx  y 2

dx x2

x 2  yx  y 2
dy x2

dx x2
x2
dy x 2 xy y 2
  
dx x 2 x 2 x 2

dy y y
 1  ( )  ( )2
dx x x

As it is a function of y / x so it is hom ogeneous.


To solve it put y  vx
y
v
x
Then above equation becomes

dv
vx  1  v  v2
dx

dv
x  1  v2
dx

dv dx

1 v 2
x

Integrating both sides we get


dv dx
 1  v 2
x

tan 1 (v)  ln x  ln c

tan 1 (v)  ln cx

v  tan[ ln cx]
y  x tan[ ln cx]
is the general solution.
Q#3:
In the given problem, determine whether the given equation is exact. If exact, solve it

( Sin 2 x  tan y) dx  x(sec2 y) dy  0 ; y( ) 
4
Solution:

Here
M  Sin 2 x  tan y & N   x sec 2 y

M N
  sec 2 y   sec 2 y
y x

M N
Clearly  so it is an exact differential equaiton.
y x
Nowtake
f f
 M  Sin 2 x  tan y  1 &  N   x sec 2 y   2 
x y
On int egrating no 1 w.r.t x, we get

cos 2 x
f ( x, y )    x tan y  g ( y )   3
2
Partially differentiate w.r.t y we get
f
  x sec 2 y  g / ( y )
y
g ( y)  c
then above equation becomes
cos 2 x
f ( x, y )    x tan y  c1
2
cos 2 x
c2    x tan y  c1
2
cos 2 x
  x tan y  c (c  c1  c2 )
2


Given y ( ) 
4

Above equation becomes


1
c
2
cos 2 x 1
:
Then the particular solution is  x tan y   
2 2
we get Cos 2 x  2 x tan y 1  2
ASSIGNMENT 02
Maximum Marks: 30
Due Date: 3rd May, 2008

Question 1: Marks=10

Tell that which kind of differential equation is that, also solve that D.E
dy
x(  y)  y  1
dx
dy
x(  y )  y  1
dx
dy 1 1
 (1  ) y   (1)
dx x x
It is a linear D.E
1 1
Here P ( x) 1  , Q( x) 
x x

1
 (1 ) dx
I .F  e 
P ( x ) dx
 e x  e x  ln x  xe x
Multiply it by no(1), we get
dy
xe x  e x ( x  1) y  e x
dx
d ( xe x y )
 ex
dx
On int egrating , we get
xe x y   e xdx
xe x y  e x  c
Question 2: Marks=10
Solve the following D.E by using an appropriate substitution
sec( x  y) dy  dx
Solution:
sec ( x  y ) dy  dx
Put u  x  y
Differentiate w.r.t x, we get
du dy
 1
dx dx
dy du
 1
dx dx
dy
sec( x  y )  1 can be written as
dx
du
sec u (  1)  1
dx
du
sec u  sec u  1
dx
sec u
du  dx
1  sec u
1
 1  cos u du   dx
1
 u
du  x  c
2 cos 2
2
1 u
2  s ec 2 du  x  c
2
u
tan  x  c
2
( x  y)
tan xc
2

Question 3: Marks=10

Find an equation of orthogonal trajectory of the curve x2  y 2  C


Solution:
x2  y 2  C
Differentiate w.r.t x , we get
dy
2x  2 y 0
dx
dy x

dx y
Now we write down the D.E for the orthogonal family
dy 1 y
 
dx dy x
dx
dy dx

y x
on int grating , we get
ln y   ln x  ln c
c
y
x
xy  c

Hence the family of concentric circles x 2  y 2  c and the family


xy  c are orthogonal trajectries.
ASSIGNMENT 03
Maximum Marks: 30
Upload Date: May 09, 2008
Due Date: May 16, 2008

Question 1: Marks=10

By using Wronskian, check whether the following functions given below are linearly independent. If not, show its linearly
dependence.
(i ) f1 (t )  2t  3, f 2 (t )  t 2  1, f 3 (t )  2t 2  t

(ii) f1 ( x)  cos 2 x , f 2 ( x) 1, f 3 ( x)  cos 2 x


Solution:
(i)
f1 (t )  2t  3; f1/ (t )  2 , f1// (t )  0
f 2 (t )  t 2  1; f 2 / (t )  2t , f 2 // (t )  2
f3 (t )  2t 2  t ; f 3 / (t )  4t  1, f 3 // (t )  4
det er min ant is
f1 f2 f3 2t  3 2 0
W  f1/ f1// f1///  t 2  1 2t 2   14  0
f2/ f 2 // f 2 /// 2t 2  t 4t  1 4
so it is linearly independent.
(ii )
f1 f2 f3 Cos 2 x 1 Cos 2 x
W  f1/ f1// f1///   2Sin 2 x 0  2CosxSinx   Sin2 x
f2/ f 2 // f 2 ///  4Cos 2 x 0  2Cos 2 x
Expanding C2 ( IInd column)
 2Sin 2 x  Sin2 x
  (4 Sin2 xCos 2 x  4sin 2 xCos 2 x)  0
 4Cos 2 x  2Cos 2 x
But vanishing of wroskian does not guareentee the linear dependence.
so check its linear dependence by that method .
Since f3 ( x)  cos 2 x
1  cos 2 x

2
f f
f3  2 1
2
It shows that f3 is a linear combination of f1 & f 2 so it is linearly dependent.

Question 2: Marks=10

Solve the given D.E subject to the indicated initial conditions.

Solution:

d4y
 y  0, y (0)  y / (0)  y // (0)  0, y /// (0) 1
dx 4

Above differential equation can be written as


( D 4  1) y  0
Its auxiliary equation is
m4  1  0
(m 2  1)(m 2  1)  0
m 2  1  0 gives m  1,1
m 2  1  0 gives m  i, i
we get
y  c1e x  c2 e  x  c3Cosx  c4 Sinx
y /  c1e x  c2 e  x  c3 sin x  c4 cos x
y //  c1e x  c2 e  x  c3Cosx  c4 Sinx
y ///  c1e x  c2 e  x  c3 sin x  c4 cos x
y (0)  0 gives c1  c2  c3  0 .....(1)
y / (0)  0 gives c1  c2  c4  0 .....(2)
y // (0)  0 gives c1  c2  c3  0 .....(3)
y /// (0)  1 gives c1  c2  c4  1 .....(4)
Add (1) & (3) 2c1  2c2  0  c1  c2  0  c1  c2
1 1 1 1
Add (2) & (4) 2c1  2c2  1  c1  c2    c2  c2   c2   & c1 
2 2 4 4
1 1 1
From  2    c4  0  c4  
4 4 2
1 1
From (3)   c3  0  c3  0
4 4
1 1 1
Therefore the general solution is y  e x  e  x  Sinx
4 4 2

Question 3: Marks=10

Suppose that an object of mass “m” is falling downwards from a height “h” with some velocity v m/s (velocity of the ball changes
w. r .t the time t).
As the ball moving downwards, there is some air resistance (some kind of force) say  v where  is the constant.
Deduce the differential equation that describes the rate of change of speed v m/s w.r.t the time “t” from above information.
Also solve that differential equation for m=10 kg and  5.

Hint: In that Question, you have to use Newton’s 2nd law of motion. Here you can also say that the ball moves downward with
acceleration “a”.

Solution:
Since the ball is moving downward so the force applied is the weight W of the object where W = mg (g =9.8 ms-2 or approx 10 ms-2)
Also air resistance = R =  v
According to the Newton’s 2nd law of motion
Net force = m a
W-R =ma
m g - v = m a
dv d2x
 m g - v = m m 2
dt dt
dv
m g - v = m
dt
dv m g -5 v
 
dt m
dv 5v
 g- (but g 10 ms 2 , m 10)
dt m

It is the required differential equation.

dv 5 v 100  5 v
 10 - 
dt 10 10
Separating the var iables, we get
dv 1
 dt
100-5 v 10
while int egrating we get
ln |100-5v | t
  ln c ...(1)
5 10
1
when t  0; v  0 then c  1
100 5
put it in eqaution no (1) we get the required differential equation.
ASSIGNMENT 04
Maximum Marks: 30
Upload Date: May 17, 2008
Due Date: May 22, 2008

Question 1: Marks=15

Solve the Differential Equation by the variation of parameters

y //  y  tan x
Solution:
y //  y  tan x is a non-homogeneous differential equation.

Its particular solution is yp = u1(x) y1(x)

Step1:
To find out the complementary function
y //  y  0
Put y  e mx , we get
m2  1  0
m  i
so yc  c1Cosx  c2 Sinx

Step2:

From the above complementary solution, we identify


y1  Cosx , y2  Sinx aretwo linearly independent solutions of associated
hom ogeneous equation.Therefore
Cosx Sinx
W ( y1 , y2 )  W (cos x,sin x)  1 0
 Sinx C os x
Step 3:

The given D.E is


y //  y  tan x
where f ( x)  tan x
Step 4:
Now we construct the determinants W1 and W2 given by
0 y2 0 Sinx  sin 2 x
W1     sinx tan x 
f ( x) y/2 tan x cos x cos x

y1 0 cos x 0
W2    sinx
y /1 f ( x)  sin x tan x

Step 5:
Next we determine the derivatives of the unknown variables u1 and u2 through the relations

W1  sin x tan x
u /1     sin x tan x
W 1
W sin x
u/2  2   sin x
W 1
Step 6:

Now integrate the above following we get

sin 2 x
u1   sin x tan x dx   dx
cos x
1  cos 2 x
  dx
cos x
  (cos x  sec x) dx
 sin x  ln sec x  tan x
u2   sin x dx   cos x

Step 7:

Therefore, the particular solution of the given differential equation is


y p  u1 y1  u2 y2
 (sin x  ln sec x  tan x ) cos x  cos x sin x
  ln sec x  tan x
Step 8:

Now the general solution of the differential equation is


y  yc  y p  c1Cosx  c2 Sinx  ln sec x  tan x

Question 2: Marks=15

Solve the differential equation


y  2 y  y  e x cos x
Solution:

y  2 y  y  e x cos x -------------------(1)


It can be re-written as
D2 y  2Dy  y  e x cos x
D 2
 2D  1 y  e x cos x
For complementary Solution
D 2
 2 D  1 y  0
F  D y  0

Where F  D   D2  2D  1
Its characteristic or auxiliary equation is
m2  2m  1 0
 m  1
0
2

m 1,  1

So , yc   c1  c2 x  e x

For a particular solution we assume


y p  e x  A cos x  B sin x 
y p  e x  A cos x  B sin x   e x   A sin x  B cos x 
yp  e x  A  B  cos x    A  B  sin x 
yp  e x  A  B  cos x    A  B  sin x   e x   A  B  sin x    A  B  cos x 
 e x  A  B  A  B  cos x    A  B  A  B  sin x 
 e x  2B  cos x   2 A sin x 

Putting values in (1)

e x  2 B  cos x   2 A sin x   2e x  A  B  cos x    A  B  sin x  


e x  A cos x  B sin x   e x cos x
2 B cos x  2 A sin x  (2 A  2 B)cos x  (2 A  2 B)sin x  A cos x 
B sin x  cos x

(3 A  4B)cos x  (4 A  3B)sin x  cos x


Equating co-efficient of like terms

3 A  4B 1---------------------(2)
4 A  3B  0 --------------------(3)
Multiply (2) by 4 and (3) by 3
12 A  16B  4
12 A  9B  0
4
B
25
 4 
3 A  4   1
 25 

So
3
A
25

y  yc  y p
So general solution is 3 4
y  (c1  c2 x)e x  e x ( Cosx  Sinx)
25 25
ASSIGNMENT 05
Maximum Marks: 30
Upload Date: June 25, 2008
Due Date: July 01, 2008

Question 1: Marks=15

A 4-lb weight is attached to a spring whose constant is 2lb /ft. The medium offers a resistance to the motion of the weight numerically
equal to the instantaneous velocity. If the weight is released from a point 1 ft above the equilibrium position with a downward velocity
of 8ft /s, determine the time that the weight passes through the equilibrium position. Find the time for which the weight attains its
extreme displacement from the equilibrium position. What is the position of the weight at this instant?

Solution:
Since Weight = 4 lbs and constant = k = 2lb/ft
Therefore, by Hook’s law
4 = 2s
S = Stretch = 2ft & Damping force = dx/dt
 1
Where 1
Since W  mg  4  32m  m  slugs
8
Thus Differential equation of motion of free damped motion is given by
d 2x dx
m 2
  kx  
dt dt
2
d x dx
m 2  kx   0
dt dt
d 2x dx
2
 8  16 x  0
dt dt
As the weight is released from a point 1 ft above
the equilibrium position with a downward velocity
of 8ft /s with initial conditions x(0)  1, x / (0)  8
d 2x dx
As 2  8  16 x  0
dt dt
Put x  e , we get
mt

m 2  8m  16  0
(m  4) 2  0
 m   4,  4
x(t )  (c1  c2 t ) e 4t
x / (t )   4(c1  c2 t ) e 4t  c2 e 4t
x(0)  1, x / (0)  8 gives c1  1, c2  4
x(t )  (c1  c2 t ) e 4t becomes x (t )  ( 1  4 t ) e 4t ... (1)
For extreme values x (t )  (1  4 t ) e 4t
x / (t )  4 e 4t  4 ( 1  4 t ) e 4t
x / (t )  (4  4  16 t ) e 4t
x / (t )  (8  16 t ) e 4t
x / (t )  8(1  2 t ) e 4t
x // (t )   16 e 4t  32 (1  2 t ) e 4t  (16  32  64t )e 4t  ( 48  64t )e 4t ...(2)
For critical value put x / (t )  0
(8  16 t ) e 4t  0
1
but e 4t  0 so 8  16 t  0, t  put it in no (2), we get
2
1 1
1   1
x ( )  (48  32)e  16e 3  ve  0 so x(t ) has max imum value at t 
// 3
2 2
1 1
At t  , x(t )  (1  12 t ) e 4t becomes xmax ( )  7e  2
2 2

To det er min e time " t " wherethe weight passes through the equilirium position,
its accelaration becomes zero.That is x // (t )  0
(48  64t )e4t  0 (by u sin g no(2))
  48  64t  0
3
t 
4
Question 2: Marks=15

Solve the non homogeneous differential equation

d3y 2
2 d y dy
x3 3
 3 x 2
 6 x  6 y  3  ln x3
dx dx dx
Solution:
For yc
y  xm
2
dy m 1 d y m2 d3y
 mx , 2  m(m  1) x , 3
 m (m  1)(m  2) x m 3
dx dx dx
we get x m (m  1)(m  2) x  3 x m(m  1) x m  2  6 x mx m 1  6 x m  0
3 m 3 2

Auxiliary equation becomes


Put m(m  1)(m  2)  3m(m  1)  6  0
m3  6m 2  11m  6  0
either m  1 or m 2  5m  6  0
either m  1 or m  2,3
Therefore
yc  c1 x  c2 x 2  c3 x 3

Let’s find the particular solution


Suppose
y1  x , y2  x 2 , y2  x 3
Now
u1/ x  u2 / x 2  u3/ x 3  0
u1/ (1)  u2 / (2 x)  u3/ (3 x 2 )  0
u1/ (0)  u2 / (2)  u3/ (6 x)  3  ln x 3  3(1  ln x)

To solve these above equations, we can write them in matrix form as


 x x 2 x3 0 
 2 
1 2 x 3 x 0 
0 2 6 x 3(1  ln x) 
 
R
Apply R1  xR2 and 3
2
 
0  x 2  2 x3 0 
 2 
1 2 x 3 x 0 
 3(1  ln x) 
0 1 3x 
 2 
Interchange R1 and R2
 
1 2 x 3x 2 0 
 
0  x  2 x
2 3
0 
 3(1  ln x) 
0 1 3x 
 2 

From these above matrix, we write it as


u1/  u2 / 2 x  u3 / 3x 2  0........(1)
 x 2u2 /  2 x 3u3 /  0.........(2)
3(1  ln x)
u2 /  3 xu3/  .........(3)
2
From (2) u2 /  2 xu3 / ....(2 / ) put it in no (3)
3(1  ln x)
we get xu3 / 
2
3(1  ln x)
 u3 / 
2x
After int egaration, we get
3 (ln x) 2 
u3  
2  2 
ln x

From (2 / )
we get u2 /  3(1  ln x)
after int egaration,
u2  3 x ln x
Nowequation no (1) becomes
3
u1  [  xdx   x ln x dx ]
2
3x 2
 (1  2 ln x)
8
3x3 3x3 (ln x) 2
y p  u1 y1  u2 y2  u3 y3  (1  2 ln x)  3 x ln x 
3
[ln x  ]
8 2 2
3 x3
 [1  2 ln x  2(ln x) 2 ]
8
Now general solution is y  yc  y p
ASSIGNMENT 06
Maximum Marks: 20
Upload Date: July 10, 2008
Due Date: July 18, 2008

Question 1: Marks=10
Find the interval of convergence of the given power series
( x  7) n

(i) 
n 1 n

(1) n ( x  5) n
(ii) 
n 1 10n
Solution:
(i)

( x  7) n

n 1 n
( x  7) n ( x  7) n 1
Here an   an 1 
n n 1
an 1 ( x  7) n 1 n n
R  lim  lim  lim x7  x7
n  an n  ( x  7) n
n  1 n  n  1
The above power series converges for x  7  1
i.e.  1  x  7  1 8  x  6 or x  (8, 6)
It is the required int erval of convergence.

(ii)

(1) n ( x  5) n

n 1 10n
(1) n ( x  5) n (1) n 1 ( x  5) n 1
Here an   an 1 
10n 10n 1
an 1 (1) n 1 ( x  5) n 110n 1 x 5
R  lim  lim 
 lim x7 
n  an n  10 n 1
(1) ( x  5)
n n n  10 10
The above power series converges for x  5  10
i.e.  10  x  5  10  5  x  15 or x  (5,15)
It is the required int erval of convergence.
Question 2: Marks = 10
Solve the Differential equation y  x y0
// 2

Note: Mention each and every step

Solution:
y //  x 2 y  0 ...(1)
Here a2 ( x)  1, a1 ( x)  0, a0 ( x)  x 2
& P( x)  1  0, Q( x)  0, R( x)  x 2
So x  x0  0 is an ordinary po int . As there are no finite sin gular

po int so there exist two solutions of the form y  c x
n 0
n
n
which

converges for x  .
  
y ( x)   cn x n , y / ( x)   ncn x n 1 , y // ( x)   n(n  1)cn x n  2
n 0 n 1 n2
 
Therefore eq no (1) becomes  n( n  1)cn x n  2  x 2  cn x n  0
n2 n 0
 
  n(n  1)cn x n  2   cn x n  2  0
n2 n 0
 
2c2  6c3 x   n(n  1)cn x n  2   cn x n  2  0
n4 n 0

put k  n  2 and k  n  2 in Ist and 2nd summation respectively.


 
2c2  6c3 x   (k  2)(k  1)ck  2 x k   ck  2 x k  0
k 2 k 2

2c2  6c3 x   [(k  2)(k  1)ck  2  ck  2 ]x k  0
k 2

Thus c2  0, c3  0 & ( k  2)(k  1)ck  2  ck  2  0


Therefore
c2  0
c3  0
1
ck  2   ck  2 for k  2,3, 4,...
(k  2)(k  1)
1
As ck  2   ck  2
(k  2)(k  1)
1 2
For k  2, c4   c0   c0
43 4!
1 6
For k  3, c5   c1   c1
5 4 5!
1 1
For k  4, c6   c2   (0)  0
65 65
1 1
For k  5, c7   c3   (0)  0
76 76
1 1 2 (1) 2 60
For k  6, c8   c4   ( c0 )  c0
8 7 8  7 4! 8!
1 1 6 (1) 2 6.6.7 ( 1) 2 252
For k  7, c9   c5   ( c1 )  c1  c1
98 9  8 5! 9! 9!
1 1 ( 1) 2 60 ( 1)3 60
For k  8, c10   c8   ( c0 )  c0
10  9 10  9 8! 10!
1
For k  9, c11   c7  0
11 10
1 1 (1) 2 60 ( 1)3 90  60 ( 1)3 5400
For k  10, c12   c8   ( c0 )  c0  c0
12 11 12 11 8! 12! 12!

Therefore y  c x
n 0
n
n
 c0 x 0  c1 x1  c2 x 2  c3 x 3  c4 x 4  c5 x 5  c6 x 6  c7 x 7  c8 x 8  c9 x 9  c10 x10  ...
Put the values of constants c0, c1,… and get the answer
ASSIGNMENT 07
Maximum Marks: 20
Upload Date: July 22, 2008
Due Date: July 28, 2008

Question 1: Marks=10
Express the given Bessel function in terms of Sin(x) and Cos(x) and power of x.
J7
2

U sin g the technique


2v
J v 1 ( x)  J v 1 ( x)  J v ( x)
x
Answer:
C onsi der t hat
2v
J v 1  x   J v 1  x   Jv  x 
x
As f or
5
t a ki n g v 
2

J 5 1  x   J 5 1  x  
 2 J
2 5
x
5
2 2 x 2
5
J3  x   J7  x   J5  x 
2 2 x 2
5
J7  x  J 5  x   J 3  x     (1)
2 x 2 2
w e know
3 si n x 2 2 2
J5  x  ( .  cos x)  si n x
2 x x x x x
si n x 2 2
J 3 / 2 ( x)  .  cos x
x x x
T hen equat i on (1) becomes

5 2  3  2 3 2  si n x 
J7  x  [  2  1  si n x  .( cos x)]    cos x 
2 x x  x  x x x  x 

Question 2: Marks=5
Find the general solution of the differential equation
4 x 2 y ''  4 xy '  (4 x 2  25) y  0 on (0, )

Solution:
The general form of Bessel differential equation is

d2y dy
x 2
2
 x  ( x 2  v 2 ) y  0 -----(1)
dx dx

4 x 2 y ''  4 xy '  (4 x 2  25) y  0


Dividing by 4, we get
d2y dy 25
x 2
2
 x  ( x2  ) y  0
dx dx 4
2
d y dy 5
x 2 2  x  ( x 2  ( ) 2 ) y  0    (2)
dx dx 2
Comparing (1) and (2) , we get
25 5
v2  v
4 2
so the general solution is
y  c1 J 5 ( x)  c2 J 5 ( x)

2 2

Question 3 : Marks=5

Reduce the third order equation y / / /  3 y / /  6 y /  10 y  t 2  1 to the normal form.

Solution:
Given equationis y / / /  3 y / /  6 y /  10 y  t 2  1
y / / /   10 y  6 y /  3 y / /  (t 2  1)
Now int roduce the var iables
y  x1
y /  x2
y / /  x3
x1/  y /  x2
x2 /  y / /  x3
x3 /  y / / /
x3 /   10 x1  6 x2  3x3  t 2  1 is the required normal form.
y  x1
y /  x2
y / /  x3
x1/  y /  x2
x2 /  y / /  x3
x3/  y / / /
1 1
x3/   x1  3x2  2 x3  cos t
3 3

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