The Global Carbon Budget 2016 is a collaborative effort of the global carbon cycle s

DATA SOURCES & TERMS OF USE

The use of data is conditional on citing the original data sources. Full details on ho
or if an important result or conclusion depends on the data, co-authorship may ne
good understanding of the carbon cycle. Respecting original data sources is key to

Reference of the full Global Carbon Budget 2016: Le Qur, C., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Korsbakk
Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Currie, K., Delire, C., Doney, S. C., Friedlingstein, P., Gkritzalis, T., Harris, I., Hau
D., Melton, J. R., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S., OBrien, K.
Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Walker, A
syst-sci-data.net/8/605/2016/
Further information is available on: http://wwwglobalcarbonprojectorg/carbonbudget

References to previous updates of the Global Carbon Budget by the Global Carbon Project:
2015: Le Qur, C, R Moriarty, RM Andrew, JG Canadell, S Sitch, JI Korsbakken, P Friedlingstein, GP Peters, RJ And
2015: Jackson, R. B., Canadell, J. G., Le Qur, C., Andrew, R. M., Korsbakken, J. I., Peters, G. P., and Nakicenovic,
2014: Le Qur, C, R Moriarty, R M Andrew, G P Peters, P Ciais, P Friedlingstein, S D Jones, S Sitch, P Tans, A Arne
2014: Friedlingstein, P., Andrew, R. M., Rogelj, J., Peters, G. P., Canadell, J. G., Knutti, R., Luderer, G., Raupach, M.
2013: Le Qur, C, G P Peters, R J Andres, R M Andrew, T A Boden, P Ciais, P Friedlingstein, R A Houghton, G Mar
2012: Le Qur, C, R J Andres, T Boden, T Conway, R A Houghton, J I House, G Marland, G P Peters, G R van der W
2012: Peters, G, RM Andrews, T Boden, JG Canadell, P Ciais, C Le Qur, G Marland, MR Raupach and C Wilson,
2011: Peters, G, Marland, G, Le Qur, C, Boden, T, Canadell, JG, and Raupach, MR, 2012. Rapid growth in CO2 e
2010: Friedlingstein, P, Houghton, RA, Marland, G, Hackler, J, Boden, TA, Conway, TJ, Canadell, JG, Raupach, MR,
2009: Le Qur, C, Raupach, MR, Canadell, JG, Marland, G, Bopp, L, Ciais, P, Conway, TJ, Doney, SC, Feely, R, Fo
2007: Canadell, JC, Le Qur, C, Raupach, MR, Fields, C, Buitenhuis, ET, Ciais, P, Conway, TJ, Gillett, N, Houghton,
2006: Raupach, MR, Marland, G, Ciais, P, Le Qur, C, Canadell, JG, Klepper, G, and CB Field, CB, 2007. Global an

Feedbacks and questions on this database should be sent to: c.lequere@uea.ac.uk

Last updated on 10 November 2016.

Version 1.0 (Global_Carbon_Budget_2016v1.0.xlsx)
ader, RA Feely, T Gkritzalis, I Harris, J Hauck, T Ilyina, AK Jain, E Kato, V Kitidis, K Klein Goldewijk, C Koven, P Landschtzer, SK

nessen, E Kato, R F Keeling, V Kitidis, K Klein Goldewijk, C Koven, C S Landa, P Landschtzer, A Lenton, I D Lima, G Marland, J
Geoscience, 2014. 2014.
Jain, S D Jones, E Kato, R F Keeling, K Klein Goldewijk, A Krtzinger, C Koven, N Lefvre, F Maignan, A Omar, T Ono, G-H Park,
Klein Goldewijk, S Levis, P Levy, M Lomas, B Poulter, M Raupach, J Schwinger, S Sitch, B D Stocker, N Viovy, S Zaehle and N Z

entice, IC, Randerson, JT, Running, SW, Sarmiento, JL, Schuster, U, Sitch, S, Takahashi, T, Viovy, N, van der Werf, GR, Woodwar
atural sinks PNAS, 104, 18866-18870
ven, P Landschtzer, SK Lauvset, N Lefvre, A Lenton, ID Lima, N Metzl, F Millero, DR Munro, A Murata, JEMS Nabel, S Nakao

, I D Lima, G Marland, J T Mathis, N Metzl, Y Nojiri, A Olsen, T Ono, S Peng, W Peters, B Pfeil, B Poulter, M R Raupach, P Regn

Omar, T Ono, G-H Park, B Pfeil, B Poulter, M R Raupach, P Regnier, C Rdenbeck, S Saito, J Schwinger, J Segschneider, B D Sto
Viovy, S Zaehle and N Zeng 2012. The Global Carbon Budget 1959 - 2011 Earth Syst Sci Data, doi:105194/essdd-5-165-2013

der Werf, GR, Woodward, FI, 2009. Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide Nature Geoscience, 2, 831-836 Reques
ta, JEMS Nabel, S Nakaoka, Y Nojiri, K O'Brien, A Olsen, T Ono, FF Prez, B Pfeil, D Pierrot, B Poulter, G Rehder, C Rdenbeck,

er, M R Raupach, P Regnier, C Rdenbeck, S Saito, J E Salisbury, U Schuster, J Schwinger, R Sfrian, J Segschneider, T Steinho

r, J Segschneider, B D Stocker, T Takahashi, B Tilbrook, S van Heuven, N Viovy, R Wanninkhof, A Wiltshire, and S Zaehle, 2014
5194/essdd-5-165-2013, 2013 http://www.earth-syst-sci-data-discuss.net/5/165/2013/

ence, 2, 831-836 Requests reprints at: clequere(at)uea.ac.uk

G Rehder, C Rdenbeck, S Saito, U Schuster, J Schwinger, R Sfrian, T Steinhoff, BD Stocker, AJ Sutton, T Takahashi, B Tilbroo

Segschneider, T Steinhoff, B D Stocker, A J Sutton, T Takahashi, B Tilbrook, G R van der Werf, N Viovy, Y-P Wang, R Wanninkho

hire, and S Zaehle, 2014. Global Carbon Budget 2013 Earth Syst Sci Data, 6, 235-263, 2014, doi:105194/essd-6-235-2014, ww
n, T Takahashi, B Tilbrook, IT van der Laan-Luijkx, GR van der Werf, S van Heuven, D Vandemark, N Viovy, A Wiltshire, S Zaeh

Y-P Wang, R Wanninkhof, A Wiltshire, and N Zeng 2015. Global Carbon Budget 2014 Earth System Science Data, 7, 47-85, do

94/essd-6-235-2014, wwwearth-syst-sci-datanet/6/235/2014/
ovy, A Wiltshire, S Zaehle, and N Zeng 2015 Global Carbon Budget 2015 Earth System Science Data, 7, 349-396 doi:10.5194/

cience Data, 7, 47-85, doi:105194/essd-7-47-2015

7, 349-396 doi:10.5194/essd-7-349-2015
 All values in billion tonnes of carbon per year (GtC/yr), for the globe. For values in billion ton
Note: 1 billion tonnes C = 1 petagram of carbon (10^15 gC) = 1 gigatonne C = 3.664 billion ton
All uncertainties represent 1 sigma error (68 % chances of being in the range provided)
Emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (uncertainty of 5% for a 1
Cite as: Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres. 2016. Global, Regional, an
1959-2013 estimates for fossil fuel combustion and cement are from the Ca
2014 and 2015 estimates are preliminary and are based on energy statistics
and cement production data from the US Geological Surve
Emissions from land-use change (uncertainty of 0.5 GtC/yr):
Cite as: Houghton, RA, van der Werf, GR, DeFries, RS, Hansen, MC, House, J
1959-2010 estimates are mainly based on agriculture statistics of the Food
1997 onwards include interannual variability as captured by satellite-based
The atmospheric CO2 growth rate (variable uncertainty around 0.2 GtC/yr from 1980) is esti
Cite as: Edward Dlugokencky and Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (www.esrl.noaa.g
1959-1980 are based on Mauna Loa and South Pole stations as observed by
1980 onwards are global averages estimated from multiple stations by NOA
The ocean sink (uncertainty of 0.5 GtC/yr) was estimated a combination of global ocean b
The land sink (uncertainty of 0.8 GtC/yr on average) was estimated from the residual of th
Cite as: Le Qur et al. 2016 (see Summary)
1997 onwards use preliminary land-use change data (data in red in Column

Year fossil fuel and c land-use change atmospheric growocean sink

1959 2.45 1.47 2.04 0.92
1960 2.57 1.46 1.51 0.93
1961 2.58 1.53 1.65 0.80
1962 2.69 1.52 1.19 0.87
1963 2.83 1.53 1.21 1.03
1964 3.00 1.52 1.04 1.29
1965 3.13 1.55 2.33 1.51
1966 3.29 1.55 2.33 1.50
1967 3.39 1.59 1.29 1.25
1968 3.57 1.55 2.10 1.23
1969 3.78 1.54 2.80 1.32
1970 4.05 1.53 2.40 1.21
1971 4.21 1.40 1.55 1.31
1972 4.38 1.33 3.12 1.60
1973 4.61 1.32 3.10 1.55
1974 4.62 1.29 1.44 1.49
1975 4.60 1.30 2.61 1.54
1976 4.86 1.32 2.06 1.65
1977 5.02 1.35 4.07 1.70
1978 5.07 1.30 2.73 1.72
1979 5.36 1.25 4.54 1.55
1980 5.30 1.24 3.63 1.77
1981 5.14 1.25 2.44 1.81
1982 5.09 1.26 2.12 1.93
1983 5.08 1.43 3.90 2.11
1984 5.26 1.46 2.63 1.98
1985 5.42 1.50 3.46 1.99
1986 5.58 1.53 2.18 2.04
1987 5.73 1.51 5.70 2.02
1988 5.94 1.51 4.77 1.87
1989 6.07 1.53 2.93 1.97
1990 6.09 1.44 2.50 2.03
1991 6.17 1.64 1.55 2.13
1992 6.12 1.68 1.48 2.38
1993 6.12 1.55 2.59 2.42
1994 6.23 1.50 3.56 2.21
1995 6.32 1.49 4.13 2.11
1996 6.48 1.47 2.27 2.03
1997 6.57 2.18 4.20 2.15
1998 6.59 1.54 5.96 2.33
1999 6.62 1.30 2.86 2.21
2000 6.79 1.20 2.63 2.10
2001 6.97 0.96 3.90 2.00
2002 7.07 1.07 5.05 2.26
2003 7.47 0.90 4.83 2.38
2004 7.85 1.04 3.31 2.27
2005 8.23 1.03 5.15 2.29
2006 8.53 1.09 3.75 2.45
2007 8.78 0.97 4.43 2.49
2008 8.96 0.67 3.77 2.47
2009 8.87 0.75 3.43 2.52
2010 9.21 0.88 5.17 2.49
2011 9.54 0.91 3.58 2.65
2012 9.69 0.97 4.98 2.74
2013 9.82 0.92 5.24 2.75
2014 9.89 1.10 4.22 2.88
2015 9.90 1.32 6.30 3.03
the globe. For values in billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (GtCO 2) per year, multiply the numbers below by 3.664.
) = 1 gigatonne C = 3.664 billion tonnes of CO2
of being in the range provided)
ction (uncertainty of 5% for a 1 sigma confidence level):
Andres. 2016. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ri
ustion and cement are from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, adjus
and are based on energy statistics published by BP (data in red in Column B). https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/en
data from the US Geological Survey. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/

DeFries, RS, Hansen, MC, House, JI, Le Qur, C, Pongratz, J and Ramankutty, N 2012. Chapter G2 Carbon emissions from lan
n agriculture statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization
ility as captured by satellite-based fire emissions (data in red in Column C).
round 0.2 GtC/yr from 1980) is estimated directly from atmospheric CO2 concentration measurements, and provided by t
Tans, NOAA/ESRL (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/)
South Pole stations as observed by the CO2 Program at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/dat
ated from multiple stations by NOAA/ESRL.
d a combination of global ocean biogeochemistry models. How to cite: Le Qur et al. 2016 (see Summary)
estimated from the residual of the other budget terms: land_sink = fossil_fuel + land_use_change - atm_growth - ocean_si

hange data (data in red in Column F).

land sink
0.97
1.59
1.65
2.15
2.12
2.19
0.83
1.01
2.45
1.78
1.20
1.98
2.76
0.98
1.28
2.98
1.75
2.48
 0.59
1.92
0.53
1.15
2.14
2.31
0.49
2.11
1.47
2.89
-0.48
0.81
2.70
3.00
4.12
3.94
2.67
1.96
1.57
3.64
2.41
-0.16
2.85
3.26
2.04
0.83
1.16
3.31
1.81
3.41
2.82
3.38
3.68
2.43
4.23
2.93
2.75
3.88
1.88
elow by 3.664.

on Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. doi 10.3334/CDIAC/0
National Laboratory, adjusted with revised China statistics from 1990. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/meth_reg.html
m/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-full-report.pd

Carbon emissions from land use and land-cover change, Biogeosciences, 9, 5125-5142. Doi: 10.5194/bgd-9-835-2012

ements, and provided by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory (NO

/scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/data/atmospheric_co2.html

e - atm_growth - ocean_sink.
.A. doi 10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2016
emis/meth_reg.html
ergy-2016-full-report.pdf

4/bgd-9-835-2012

esearch Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL). http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/global.html

 Fossil fuel and cement production emissions by fuel type
All values in million tonnes of carbon per year (MtC/yr), except the per capita emissions which
1MtC = 1 million tonne of carbon = 3.664 million tonnes of CO2
Cite as: Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres. 2016. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fu
Methods:
1959-2013 estimates for fossil fuel combustion and cement are from the Carbon Dioxide Inform
2014 and 2015 estimates are preliminary and are based on energy statistics published by BP (d
and cement production data from the US Geological Survey (data in blue in Colu
The uncertainty around the estimate is about 5 % for a 1 sigma confidence level.
MtC/yr
Year Total Coal Oil Gas Cement
1959 2454 1382 789 206 40
1960 2569 1410 849 227 43
1961 2580 1349 904 240 45
1962 2686 1351 980 263 49
1963 2833 1396 1052 286 51
1964 2995 1435 1137 316 57
1965 3130 1460 1219 337 59
1966 3288 1478 1323 364 63
1967 3393 1448 1423 392 65
1968 3566 1448 1551 424 70
1969 3780 1486 1673 467 74
1970 4053 1556 1839 493 78
1971 4208 1559 1947 530 84
1972 4376 1576 2057 560 89
1973 4614 1581 2241 588 95
1974 4623 1579 2245 597 96
1975 4596 1673 2132 604 95
1976 4864 1710 2314 630 103
1977 5016 1756 2398 650 108
1978 5074 1780 2392 680 116
1979 5357 1875 2544 721 119
1980 5301 1935 2422 737 120
1981 5138 1908 2289 755 121
1982 5094 1976 2196 738 121
1983 5075 1977 2176 739 125
1984 5258 2074 2199 807 128
1985 5417 2216 2186 835 131
1986 5583 2277 2293 830 137
1987 5725 2339 2306 892 143
1988 5936 2387 2412 935 152
1989 6066 2428 2459 982 156
1990 6086 2392 2474 1022 157
1991 6166 2327 2585 1048 161
1992 6115 2345 2485 1082 167
1993 6124 2296 2501 1115 176
1994 6226 2351 2521 1129 186
1995 6323 2396 2543 1149 197
1996 6475 2429 2607 1196 203
1997 6569 2452 2674 1192 209
1998 6593 2392 2736 1220 209
1999 6624 2397 2721 1253 217
2000 6785 2413 2820 1280 226
2001 6974 2561 2823 1306 237
2002 7074 2624 2809 1339 252
2003 7473 2824 2937 1389 276
2004 7855 3046 3023 1434 298
2005 8233 3327 3049 1476 320
2006 8526 3508 3069 1531 356
2007 8776 3690 3076 1562 382
2008 8964 3779 3100 1627 388
2009 8872 3770 3040 1583 415
2010 9207 3851 3139 1705 448
2011 9543 4047 3168 1767 496
2012 9687 4084 3228 1790 520
2013 9822 4162 3227 1810 554
2014 9891 4178 3256 1820 569
2015 9897 4102 3318 1851 558
ept the per capita emissions which are in tonnes of carbon per person per year (tC/person/yr). For values in million tonnes o

bal, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Labor

are from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, adjusted with revised Ch
energy statistics published by BP (data in red in Column B). https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/st
ological Survey (data in blue in Column F). http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/
sigma confidence level.

Flaring Per Capita

36 0.83
39 0.85
42 0.84
44 0.86
47 0.89
51 0.92
55 0.94
60 0.97
66 0.98
73 1.01
80 1.05
87 1.10
88 1.12
95 1.14
110 1.18
107 1.16
92 1.13
108 1.18
104 1.19
106 1.18
98 1.23
86 1.19
65 1.14
64 1.11
58 1.08
51 1.10
49 1.12
46 1.13
44 1.14
50 1.16
41 1.16
40 1.15
45 1.14
36 1.11
37 1.10
39 1.10
39 1.10
40 1.11
40 1.11
36 1.10
35 1.09
46 1.11
47 1.12
49 1.13
48 1.17
54 1.22
60 1.26
62 1.29
66 1.31
69 1.33
64 1.30
66 1.33
64 1.36
65 1.36
68 1.37
68 1.36
68 1.35
alues in million tonnes of CO 2 per year, multiply the values below by 3.664

ak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. doi 10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2016

adjusted with revised China statistics from 1990. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/meth_reg.html

df/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-full-report.pdf
C/00001_V2016
 Land-use change emissions
All values in billion tonnes of carbon per year (GtC/yr), for the globe. For values in billion tonnes o
1 billion tonnes C = 1 petagram of carbon (10^15 gC) = 1 gigatonne C = 3.664 billion tonnes of CO2
The data below represents the net flux of land-use change, based on the net balance between de
1997 onwards include interannual variability as captured by satellite-based fire emissions (data in
Cite individual estimates as:
Bookkeeping Houghton, RA, van der Werf, GR, DeFries, RS, Hansen, MC, House, JI, Le Qur, C,
GFED4 van der Werf, GR, Randerson, JT, Giglio, L, Collatz, G J, Mu, M, Kasibhatla, P, Morto
(deforestation Jain, AK, Meiyappan, P, Song, Y and House, JI 2013. CO2 Emissions from Land-Use
ISAM
regions only) Jain, AK, and Yang, X 2005. Modeling the effects of two different land cover chang
JULES Clarke, DB, Mercado, LM, Sitch, S, Jones, CD, Gedney, N, Best, MJ, Pryor, M, Roone
LPJ-GUESS Smith, B, Prentice, IC and Sykes MT 2001. Representation of vegetation dynamics
LPJ Sitch, S, Smith, B, Prentice, IC, Arneth, A, Bondeau, A, Cramer, W, Kaplan, JO, Levis
OCN Zaehle, S, and AD Friend, 2010. Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle Dynamics in the O-CN

Land-use change emissions used

Year in the global carbon budget Bookkeeping GFED4.1
(in
1959 1.47 1.47 deforestation
1960 1.46 1.46 regions)
1961 1.53 1.53
1962 1.52 1.52
1963 1.53 1.53
1964 1.52 1.52
1965 1.55 1.55
1966 1.55 1.55
1967 1.59 1.59
1968 1.55 1.55
1969 1.54 1.54
1970 1.53 1.53
1971 1.40 1.40
1972 1.33 1.33
1973 1.32 1.32
1974 1.29 1.29
1975 1.30 1.30
1976 1.32 1.32
1977 1.35 1.35
1978 1.30 1.30
1979 1.25 1.25
1980 1.24 1.24
1981 1.25 1.25
1982 1.26 1.26
1983 1.43 1.43
1984 1.46 1.46
1985 1.50 1.50
1986 1.53 1.53
1987 1.51 1.51
1988 1.51 1.51
1989 1.53 1.53
1990 1.44 1.44
1991 1.64 1.64
1992 1.68 1.68
1993 1.55 1.55
1994 1.50 1.50
1995 1.49 1.49
1996 1.47 1.47
1997 2.18 1.45 1.17
1998 1.54 1.43 0.54
1999 1.30 1.40 0.34
2000 1.20 1.41 0.22
2001 0.96 1.23 0.16
2002 1.07 1.06 0.44
2003 0.90 1.03 0.30
2004 1.04 1.00 0.46
2005 1.03 0.99 0.46
2006 1.09 0.99 0.53
2007 0.97 0.94 0.46
2008 0.67 0.93 0.17
2009 0.75 0.87 0.32
2010 0.88 0.85 0.46
2011 0.91 0.23
2012 0.97 0.29
2013 0.92 0.24
2014 1.10 0.41
2015 1.32 0.63
values in billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2) per year, multiply the numbers below by 3.664.
664 billion tonnes of CO2
net balance between deforestation and forest regrowth along with other land-use changes
ed fire emissions (data in red in Column B).

C, House, JI, Le Qur, C, Pongratz, J and Ramankutty, N 2012. Chapter G2 Carbon emissions from land use and land-cover ch
u, M, Kasibhatla, P, Morton, DC, DeFries, RS, Jin, Y, and van Leeuwen, TT 2010. Global fire emissions and the contribution of d
Emissions from Land-Use Change Affected More by Nitrogen Cycle, than by the Choice of Land Cover Data, Global Change Bi
ifferent land cover change data sets on the carbon stocks of plants and soils in concert with CO2 and climate change Global
Best, MJ, Pryor, M, Rooney, GG, Essery, RLH, Blyth, E, Boucher, O, Cox, PM, and Harding, RJ 2011. The Joint UK Land Environm
of vegetation dynamics in the modelling of terrestrial ecosystems: comparing two contrasting approaches within European
mer, W, Kaplan, JO, Levis, S, Lucht, W, Sykes, MT, Thonicke, K, Venevsky, S 2003. Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geo
le Dynamics in the O-CN Land Surface Model: 1 Model Description, Site-Scale Evaluation, and Sensitivity to Parameter Estim

Individual model values

ISAM JULES LPJ-GUESS LPJ OCNv2
1.65 0.91 1.88 2.19 2.23
1.79 1.00 1.60 2.18 2.30
0.88 0.76 1.05 1.37 1.89
1.03 0.77 0.93 1.13 1.88
1.03 0.96 0.41 1.15 1.74
0.91 0.81 1.12 1.25 1.71
1.07 0.99 1.29 0.84 1.71
1.07 0.89 1.02 1.14 1.55
0.88 0.89 1.11 1.27 1.69
0.93 0.80 1.26 1.41 1.45
1.22 0.91 1.26 1.38 1.55
1.21 0.79 1.03 1.12 1.49
0.81 0.95 1.29 1.26 1.40
1.00 0.81 1.32 1.40 1.54
0.95 0.70 1.35 1.34 1.15
0.63 0.87 1.88 1.86 1.65
0.88 0.84 0.68 1.50 1.94
0.88 1.02 1.07 1.65 1.66
1.21 0.64 0.54 1.29 1.42
1.10 0.75 1.28 1.45 1.35
1.14 1.02 1.00 1.08 1.67
1.22 1.08 0.62 0.81 1.59
1.30 0.74 1.23 1.31 1.47
1.49 0.83 1.34 1.42 1.64
1.46 1.30 0.72 1.21 1.32
1.13 0.81 1.58 1.54 1.61
1.40 0.88 1.41 1.44 1.57
1.42 0.69 1.19 1.46 1.62
1.51 0.91 0.76 1.27 1.53
1.19 1.06 0.38 1.15 1.54
1.22 0.72 1.43 1.30 1.68
1.64 0.90 1.66 1.64 1.64
1.38 0.70 0.79 1.04 1.53
1.38 0.99 1.11 1.22 1.36
1.33 0.80 1.47 1.24 1.25
1.36 0.56 0.40 0.94 1.70
1.45 0.91 0.88 0.91 1.19
1.21 0.81 1.66 1.18 1.18
1.35 0.82 1.12 1.29 1.14
1.23 0.64 0.72 1.33 1.37
1.17 1.03 0.81 1.37 1.58
1.36 0.88 1.01 1.33 1.44
1.36 0.81 1.29 1.35 1.68
1.39 1.05 0.28 0.66 1.30
1.07 0.76 0.95 0.85 1.24
1.19 0.69 2.20 1.50 1.48
1.33 0.87 1.17 1.49 1.36
1.22 0.77 0.55 0.72 1.39
1.36 0.95 0.97 0.66 1.32
1.36 0.62 1.10 0.87 1.43
1.29 0.69 1.39 0.67 1.29
1.61 0.57 2.58 3.04 1.99
1.42 0.89 1.74 1.74 1.53
1.25 0.74 0.09 0.90 1.89
1.39 0.63 1.89 1.74 1.48
1.33 0.75 1.92 1.58 1.54
1.51 0.70 0.72 1.50 1.31
 nd use and land-cover change, Biogeosciences, 9, 5125-5142. Doi: 10.5194/bgd-9-835-2012
and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (19972009), Atmospheric Chemistry and
r Data, Global Change Biology, 101111/gcb12207
d climate change Global BiogeochemCycles, 19(2), 1-20
e Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description - Part 2: Carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics, Geoscie
oaches within European climate space Global Ecology and Biogeography 10(6): 621-637
stem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model Global Change Bio
tivity to Parameter Estimates. Global C=Biogeocchemical Cycles 24 (1): GB1005 doi:10.1029/2009GB003521.
ospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 11707-11735

ation dynamics, Geoscientific Model Development, 9, 161-18.5

model Global Change Biology 9(2): 161-185

 Ocean CO2 sink (positive values represent a flux from the atmosphere to the ocean)
All values in billion tonnes of carbon per year (GtC/yr), for the globe. For values in billion tonnes o
1 billion tonnes C = 1 petagram of carbon (10^15 gC) = 1 gigatonne C = 3.664 billion tonnes of CO2
Methods:
The ocean CO2 sink for the 1990s is based on observations (see cited studies below). The average
Cite individual estimates as:
Observational data sources used to compute the 1990-1999 average of 2.2 PgC/yr:
McNeil, B. I., Matear, R. J., Key, R. M., Bullister, J. L., and Sarmiento, J. L. 2003. Anthropogenic CO2
Manning, A. C., and Keeling, R. F. 2006. Global oceanic and land biotic carbon sinks from the Scrip
Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Gruber, N., Jacobson, A. R., Doney, S. C., Dutkiewicz, S., Gerber, M., Follows
Model results used to compute the annual values:
NEMO-PlankTOM5 Buitenhuis, ET, Rivkin, RB, Sailley, SF, Le Qur, C 20
NEMO-PISCES (LSCE) Aumont, O and Bopp, L 2006. Globalizing results fro
CCSM-BEC Doney, SC, Lima, ID, Feely, RA, Glover, DM, Lindsay,
MICOM-HAMOCC Schwinger, J., Goris, N., Tjiputra, J. F., Kriest, I., Bent
NEMO-PISCES (CNRM) Sfrian R, Bopp, L, Gehlen, M, Orr, J, Eth, C, Cadul
CSIRO Oke PR, Griffin, DA, Schiller, A, Matear, R ., Fiedler, R
MITgcm-REcoM2 Hauck, J., Kohler, P., Wolf-Gladrow, D., and Volker, C
Data products used to evaluate the results:
Landschtzer Landschtzer, P., Gruber, N., Haumann, F. A., Rdenb
Rdenbeck Rdenbeck, C, Bakker, DCE, Metzl, N, Olsen, A, Sabi
Note: the data products include a pre-industrial steady state source of CO2 (of about 0.45 GtC/yr)

Ocean CO2 sink based on combining observatiIndividual model values

year and models used in the global carbon budget NEMO-PlanNEMO-PISCE CCSM-BEC
1959 0.92 0.90 0.50 1.07
1960 0.93 0.93 0.51 0.82
1961 0.80 0.89 0.41 0.74
1962 0.87 0.99 0.38 0.69
1963 1.03 1.12 0.58 0.87
1964 1.29 1.34 0.94 1.19
1965 1.51 1.53 0.96 1.42
1966 1.50 1.58 0.95 1.37
1967 1.25 1.29 0.77 1.15
1968 1.23 1.27 0.70 1.05
1969 1.32 1.40 0.96 1.10
1970 1.21 1.19 0.86 1.03
1971 1.31 1.28 0.85 1.20
1972 1.60 1.63 1.12 1.44
1973 1.55 1.69 1.27 1.11
1974 1.49 1.42 1.00 1.18
1975 1.54 1.63 1.16 1.27
1976 1.65 1.67 1.19 1.32
1977 1.70 1.76 1.33 1.54
1978 1.72 1.72 1.40 1.45
1979 1.55 1.53 1.23 1.05
1980 1.77 1.77 1.56 1.50
1981 1.81 1.68 1.40 1.50
1982 1.93 1.86 1.64 1.60
1983 2.11 2.06 1.82 1.83
1984 1.98 1.85 1.61 1.67
1985 1.99 1.97 1.69 1.47
1986 2.04 1.93 1.76 1.56
1987 2.02 2.04 1.81 1.44
1988 1.87 1.81 1.70 1.38
1989 1.97 1.89 1.70 1.30
1990 2.03 1.99 1.84 1.53
1991 2.13 2.05 1.92 1.66
1992 2.38 2.21 2.12 2.08
1993 2.42 2.21 2.08 2.06
1994 2.21 1.98 1.93 1.81
1995 2.11 1.89 1.85 1.63
1996 2.03 1.76 1.78 1.64
1997 2.15 2.01 1.98 1.71
1998 2.33 2.39 2.35 1.65
1999 2.21 2.09 2.07 1.53
2000 2.10 1.86 1.80 1.63
2001 2.00 1.73 1.75 1.52
2002 2.26 2.10 2.20 1.86
2003 2.38 2.10 2.23 1.72
2004 2.27 2.04 2.16 1.71
2005 2.29 2.16 2.24 1.73
2006 2.45 2.23 2.37 1.81
2007 2.49 2.33 2.42 1.88
2008 2.47 2.22 2.32 1.65
2009 2.52 2.30 2.42 1.92
2010 2.49 2.30 2.48 1.87
2011 2.65 2.36 2.51 2.07
2012 2.74 2.64 2.64 2.09
2013 2.75 2.54 2.71 2.13
2014 2.88 2.54 2.84 2.18
2015 3.03 2.54 2.9 2.09

average 1990-199 2.06 1.99 1.73

re to the ocean)
For values in billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2) per year, multiply the numbers below by 3.664.
= 3.664 billion tonnes of CO2

studies below). The average anomalies from the model results, normalised to the observed mean for 1990-1999 are used fo

of 2.2 PgC/yr:
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RB, Sailley, SF, Le Qur, C 2010. Biogeochemical fluxes through microzooplankton. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24.
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ely, RA, Glover, DM, Lindsay, K, Mahowald, N, Moore, JK and Wanninkhof, R 2009. Mechanisms governing interannual variab
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iller, A, Matear, R ., Fiedler, R, Mansbridge, J, Lenton, A, Cahill, M, Chamberlain, MA and Ridgway, K 2013. Evaluation of a ne
olf-Gladrow, D., and Volker, C.: Iron fertilisation and century-scale effects of open ocean dissolution of olivine in a simulated C

r, N., Haumann, F. A., Rdenbeck, C., Bakker, D. C. E., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Metzl, N., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilb
DCE, Metzl, N, Olsen, A, Sabine, C, Cassar, N, Reum, F, Keeling, RF, and Heimann, M 2014. Interannual sea-air CO2 flux variab
f CO2 (of about 0.45 GtC/yr) and therefore are not directly comparable with the ocean model results

Data-based products
MICOM-HAM NEMO-PISCCSIRO MITgcm-REcoM2 LandschtzeRdenbeck
0.86 0.57 0.72 1.27
0.85 0.77 0.73 1.35
0.78 0.53 0.56 1.26
0.96 0.61 0.71 1.26
1.13 0.65 0.94 1.37
1.25 0.96 0.92 1.65
1.44 1.22 1.29 1.77
1.45 1.21 1.30 1.67
1.26 0.98 0.98 1.55
1.33 0.94 1.11 1.50
1.43 0.76 1.24 1.64
1.32 1.01 0.80 1.55
1.38 1.06 0.93 1.69
1.64 1.12 1.49 1.80
1.70 1.15 1.27 1.79
1.64 1.39 1.19 1.71
1.59 1.21 1.15 1.84
1.76 1.38 1.49 1.72
1.83 1.10 1.57 1.78
1.79 1.32 1.50 1.77
1.64 1.24 1.60 1.61
1.95 1.20 1.41 1.96
1.98 1.53 1.50 1.98
2.04 1.42 1.77 1.97 1.13
2.22 1.66 1.81 2.07 1.22
2.17 1.72 1.60 2.03 1.26
2.15 1.63 1.69 2.17 1.25
2.21 1.60 1.83 2.15 1.35 1.62
2.16 1.55 1.85 2.11 1.50 1.45
2.06 1.49 1.48 2.12 1.26 1.49
2.19 1.72 1.70 2.12 1.18 1.31
2.22 1.51 1.81 2.13 1.27 1.39
2.27 1.60 1.92 2.21 1.37 1.75
2.54 1.87 2.00 2.32 1.37 2.20
2.54 2.02 2.13 2.35 1.41 1.89
2.40 1.86 1.87 2.23 1.28 1.32
2.30 1.68 1.91 2.24 1.11 1.35
2.23 1.71 1.74 2.12 1.01 1.21
2.32 1.60 2.03 2.06 1.20 1.54
2.36 1.60 2.17 2.43 0.97 1.81
2.42 1.85 1.78 2.45 0.72 1.38
2.41 1.72 1.78 2.25 0.73 1.22
2.32 1.52 1.87 2.10 0.73 0.80
2.55 1.32 2.19 2.31 1.02 1.62
2.70 1.85 2.32 2.36 1.25 1.89
2.61 1.64 2.11 2.31 1.30 1.87
2.65 1.55 2.09 2.32 1.45 1.63
2.78 1.87 2.21 2.44 1.59 1.54
2.69 1.93 2.11 2.55 1.60 1.37
2.83 2.00 2.26 2.60 1.69 1.37
2.73 1.87 2.40 2.45 1.89 1.70
2.71 1.90 2.30 2.35 1.84 1.86
2.89 2.07 2.40 2.61 1.93 2.00
3.04 2.04 2.59 2.48 2.05 2.08
3.04 2.09 2.54 2.53 1.96 2.16
3.11 2.36 2.71 2.66 1.99 2.31
3.63 2.70 2.82 2.7 2.29 1.88

2.36 1.73 1.94 2.25

mean for 1990-1999 are used for the annual values.

a set, Science, 299, 235-239, 10.1126/science.1077429.

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 Terrestrial CO2 sink (positive values represent a flux from the atmosphere to the land)
All values in billion tonnes of carbon per year (GtC/yr), for the globe. For values in billion tonnes o
1 billion tonnes C = 1 petagram of carbon (10^15 gC) = 1 gigatonne C = 3.664 billion tonnes of CO2
1997-2014 preliminary land-use change data (data in red in Column B).
Cite as:
CABLE-POP Zhang, H. Q., Pak, B., Wang, Y. P., Zhou, X. Y., Zhang, Y. Q., and Zhang, L.: Evaluati
CLASS-CTEM Melton, J. R. and Arora, V. K.: Competition between plant functional types in the
CLM4.5-BGC Oleson, K, Lawrence, D, Bonan, G, Drewniak, B, Huang, M, Koven, C, Levis, S, Li,
DLEM Tian, H., Liu, M., Z, h. P,
C.,Song,
Ren, YW., Xu,House,
X., Chen, G., Lu, C., Emissions
and Tao, B.: TheLand-U
Dynam
Jain, AK, Meiyappan, and JI 2013. CO2 from
ISAM Jain, AK, and Yang, X 2005. Modeling the effects of two different land cover cha
JSBACH Reick, C. H., T. Raddatz, V. Brovkin, and Gayler, V.: The representation of natural
JULES Clarke, DB, Mercado, LM, Sitch, S, Jones, CD, Gedney, N, Best, MJ, Pryor, M, Roo
LPJ-GUESS Smith, B, Prentice, IC and Sykes MT 2001. Representation of vegetation dynamic
LPJ Sitch, S, Smith, B, Prentice, IC, Arneth, A, Bondeau, A, Cramer, W, Kaplan, JO, Lev
LPX Stocker, B. D., Feissli, F., Strassmann, K. M., Spahni, R., and Joos, F.: Past and futu
OCN Zaehle, S, and AD Friend, 2010. Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle Dynamics in the O-C
ORCHIDEE Krinner, G., Viovy, N., de Noblet, N., Oge, J., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Sitch, S.,
SDGVM Woodward, F. I., Smith, T. M., and Emanuel, W. R.: A GLOBAL LAND PRIMARY PR
VISIT Kato, E, Kinoshita, T, Ito, A, Kawamiya, M, Yamagata, Y 2013. Evaluation of spatia

Terrestrial CO2 sink as a residual

Year of the global carbon budget
CABLE-POP CLASS-CTEM CLM4.5BGC

1959 0.97 1.62 -0.60 1.37

1960 1.59 3.11 1.89 0.32
1961 1.65 1.17 1.00 1.36
1962 2.15 2.53 1.74 1.30
1963 2.12 1.23 -0.05 -0.10
1964 2.19 2.49 0.88 2.16
1965 0.83 1.98 -0.22 1.47
1966 1.01 1.75 1.69 1.99
1967 2.45 2.22 1.20 1.43
1968 1.78 2.97 2.28 1.48
1969 1.20 0.86 0.06 0.83
1970 1.98 1.66 -0.03 1.70
1971 2.76 4.00 2.41 2.40
1972 0.98 1.66 0.60 0.50
1973 1.28 2.48 2.10 2.44
1974 2.98 6.03 6.43 3.65
1975 1.75 3.64 3.98 1.71
1976 2.48 4.85 3.04 2.63
1977 0.59 2.53 1.75 1.61
1978 1.92 3.81 3.93 3.49
1979 0.53 2.57 1.09 1.79
1980 1.15 1.99 -1.33 1.57
1981 2.14 3.62 2.47 3.03
1982 2.31 2.16 0.30 2.11
1983 0.49 0.41 -1.74 1.41
1984 2.11 3.45 2.45 2.73
1985 1.47 3.21 2.65 3.49
1986 2.89 2.30 1.75 3.01
1987 -0.48 0.05 -1.97 2.41
1988 0.81 2.39 0.72 2.47
1989 2.70 4.76 3.33 3.45
1990 3.00 2.78 2.08 2.93
1991 4.12 2.43 0.82 2.18
1992 3.94 3.86 0.32 2.25
1993 2.67 4.07 2.76 4.60
1994 1.96 2.03 1.54 2.69
1995 1.57 1.70 0.86 2.35
1996 3.64 4.39 3.49 3.10
1997 2.41 2.41 3.17 3.88
1998 -0.16 0.87 0.91 1.90
1999 2.85 4.80 2.66 2.67
2000 3.26 4.60 4.70 3.87
2001 2.04 3.32 2.65 3.06
2002 0.83 2.15 -0.34 1.92
2003 1.16 3.11 1.55 3.14
2004 3.31 4.47 3.74 3.36
2005 1.81 0.97 1.03 3.10
2006 3.41 3.53 1.12 3.05
2007 2.82 4.01 1.33 3.09
2008 3.38 5.17 2.65 3.56
2009 3.68 3.55 1.65 3.89
2010 2.43 3.53 3.12 1.90
2011 4.23 4.98 3.33 4.12
2012 2.93 3.04 0.74 1.58
2013 2.75 3.86 2.30 3.48
2014 3.88 4.02 2.89 4.34
2015 1.88 1.47 -1.36 1.98
 sphere to the land)
. For values in billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2) per year, multiply the numbers below by 3.664.
C = 3.664 billion tonnes of CO2

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DLEM ISAM JSBACH JULES LPJ-GUESS LPJ

1.07 1.23 0.43 0.10 0.39 -0.82

0.76 1.87 1.96 1.85 1.33 0.31
0.14 0.91 1.60 1.17 0.28 -0.89
0.26 1.64 1.93 2.29 1.50 -0.10
0.25 0.97 1.98 1.64 -1.18 -0.77
1.10 2.57 1.73 2.23 1.51 0.54
0.17 1.11 0.12 0.90 -0.56 -0.74
1.20 1.30 0.73 0.10 1.68 0.04
0.58 2.13 2.40 2.68 0.59 0.67
1.30 2.64 1.85 3.02 2.54 2.24
0.00 0.62 0.86 0.01 -0.45 -0.02
0.56 1.16 0.50 -0.60 -0.08 -1.19
1.50 3.06 1.52 2.91 2.96 2.03
0.66 1.37 -0.01 0.55 1.69 1.36
1.48 2.23 1.26 0.33 3.17 0.62
1.52 3.98 4.15 5.94 5.43 3.44
1.28 2.48 1.58 3.59 3.49 1.88
1.14 3.51 2.10 4.86 2.38 3.85
0.61 1.66 1.02 2.07 -0.11 1.63
1.26 3.21 3.13 3.91 2.39 2.20
0.84 1.71 1.00 0.95 0.40 1.05
0.55 1.73 1.15 0.59 -1.06 -0.62
1.66 2.33 2.69 2.63 1.01 0.88
0.81 2.35 0.67 1.38 1.09 1.62
0.68 0.76 1.27 -0.55 -1.54 -0.84
1.97 2.99 1.35 1.43 3.32 2.11
1.04 3.13 2.52 2.44 2.64 2.25
1.02 2.71 1.90 1.94 2.29 1.92
0.49 0.88 0.67 -0.66 -1.65 0.10
1.82 2.40 3.22 2.31 0.61 -0.04
2.11 3.47 2.04 3.38 4.11 3.20
1.01 2.24 1.78 0.91 2.70 2.15
1.30 2.45 3.29 2.30 -0.57 1.04
1.71 3.70 1.87 1.68 2.09 3.05
1.38 3.12 2.95 2.75 2.75 3.13
0.30 1.90 1.54 1.55 -0.08 0.93
1.13 1.70 2.92 1.96 0.78 0.76
1.27 3.30 3.19 3.11 4.62 2.42
1.41 2.29 3.40 3.52 2.63 3.02
1.10 0.79 3.09 1.00 1.29 0.17
2.00 3.70 2.70 3.74 3.87 2.99
1.85 3.50 3.52 5.21 4.38 3.76
1.02 2.30 2.59 2.92 0.93 1.91
0.96 1.83 1.40 0.79 0.22 0.29
1.65 2.23 3.17 1.96 1.33 1.43
1.80 3.97 4.33 4.29 5.37 3.61
1.78 1.76 3.00 2.84 1.52 1.71
2.03 3.13 2.22 3.44 2.93 2.39
2.13 3.12 3.54 3.92 1.94 1.40
1.81 4.17 2.50 4.34 5.43 2.94
1.48 2.54 2.94 2.74 2.47 3.03
1.58 2.99 4.05 2.38 3.98 2.21
1.87 4.62 3.91 4.95 2.53 3.58
1.42 2.70 1.73 2.21 0.07 1.22
1.90 3.49 3.52 2.40 3.86 3.08
2.12 3.76 3.20 2.93 3.56 3.99
0.86 1.72 1.94 0.78 -1.89 1.84
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LPX OCNv2 ORCHIDEE SDGVM VISIT

0.06 1.46 1.38 1.03 1.22

1.09 1.50 2.45 1.10 1.73
-0.36 0.79 1.69 -0.42 1.11
0.07 1.18 2.43 -0.02 2.25
-0.37 1.18 0.90 0.39 1.81
0.95 1.65 2.61 0.73 1.51
-1.29 0.35 0.67 -0.76 1.32
1.07 1.00 2.38 2.03 1.10
0.89 2.58 1.19 2.05 1.38
2.48 2.78 2.75 2.48 2.64
0.25 0.47 0.87 0.39 0.58
0.11 0.69 2.04 -1.16 0.69
2.18 2.72 3.10 2.00 2.62
1.36 1.82 0.52 1.50 1.71
0.81 2.08 3.01 1.67 0.64
3.94 4.45 5.04 4.22 4.19
2.39 3.16 2.64 2.03 2.98
2.33 3.62 2.55 3.52 4.20
1.91 2.77 2.59 1.18 2.27
 1.74 2.50 3.76 3.03 2.95
0.78 2.01 1.61 1.41 1.94
-1.12 1.21 1.26 -0.71 1.23
1.10 3.23 3.68 1.78 1.93
0.85 1.87 0.84 0.38 2.27
-1.89 0.79 0.58 -0.44 0.09
2.58 2.66 4.33 2.11 3.46
1.45 2.92 3.47 2.98 2.51
-0.06 2.60 1.53 2.34 2.66
-1.14 1.03 0.23 -0.20 0.82
0.76 2.95 3.11 2.21 1.11
3.45 4.15 4.53 3.54 3.33
2.10 2.81 2.37 1.99 2.20
0.20 2.93 1.89 1.81 2.18
0.67 2.50 2.66 2.05 1.50
2.13 3.55 3.87 2.33 2.26
0.68 2.38 2.43 0.65 2.00
-0.02 2.16 1.83 1.66 1.31
2.76 3.03 4.73 3.13 3.09
2.22 3.05 2.83 4.56 2.37
0.91 1.63 2.53 2.30 1.45
3.33 3.80 5.37 3.12 4.54
3.67 4.41 5.34 3.28 4.28
1.25 2.88 3.20 2.68 3.38
-0.65 1.49 1.88 0.25 1.41
0.44 2.83 3.52 3.68 2.29
2.67 4.43 4.24 4.21 4.25
0.41 2.81 2.69 2.55 1.96
2.29 3.86 3.75 4.87 3.33
0.69 3.61 3.68 1.64 3.91
2.88 4.24 4.98 2.67 4.31
1.78 2.93 2.67 2.69 3.34
0.86 3.55 4.52 4.00 3.50
1.98 4.87 4.20 3.44 4.85
0.57 3.45 2.80 2.10 3.08
1.75 2.92 4.75 2.68 3.29
2.00 4.50 3.68 3.54 4.50
-1.00 2.94 0.74 1.73 2.45
ydrometeorology, 14, 1119-1138, 2013.

uto, D, Sacks, W, Tang, J and Yang, Z 2013. Technical Description of version 45 of the Community Land Model (CLM), NCAR.
ica, 65, 1027-1047, 2010.

arbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics, Geoscientific Model Development, 9, 161-18.5

6): 621-637
amic global vegetation model Global Change Biology 9(2): 161-185

05 doi:10.1029/2009GB003521.
s, 19, 1-33, 2005.
d Model (CLM), NCAR.
 Historical CO2 budget
All values in billion tonnes of carbon per year (GtC/yr), for the globe. For values in billion tonnes o
1 billion tonnes C = 1 petagram of carbon (10^15 gC) = 1 gigatonne C = 3.664 billion tonnes of CO2

Please note: The methods used to estimate the historical fluxes presented below differ from the c
Uncertainties: see the original papers for uncertainties

Cite as:
Fossil fuel combustion and cement production emissions: Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andre
Land-use change emissions: Houghton, RA, van der Werf, GR, DeFries, RS, Hansen, MC, House, JI,
Atmospheric CO2 growth rate: Joos, F and Spahni, R 2008. Rates of change in natural and anthropo
Ocean CO2 sink: Khatiwala, S, Tanhua, T, Mikaloff Fletcher, SE, Gerber, M, Doney, SC, Graven, HD, G

Year fossil fuel and cement emissions land-use change emissions

1750
1751 0.003
1752 0.003
1753 0.003
1754 0.003
1755 0.003
1756 0.003
1757 0.003
1758 0.003
1759 0.003
1760 0.003
1761 0.003
1762 0.003
1763 0.003
1764 0.003
1765 0.003
1766 0.003
1767 0.003
1768 0.003
1769 0.003
1770 0.003
1771 0.004
1772 0.004
1773 0.004
1774 0.004
1775 0.004
1776 0.004
1777 0.004
1778 0.004
1779 0.004
1780 0.004
1781 0.005
1782 0.005
1783 0.005
1784 0.005
1785 0.005
1786 0.005
1787 0.005
1788 0.005
1789 0.005
1790 0.005
1791 0.006
1792 0.006
1793 0.006
1794 0.006
1795 0.006
1796 0.006
1797 0.007
1798 0.007
1799 0.007
1800 0.008
1801 0.008
1802 0.010
1803 0.009
1804 0.009
1805 0.009
1806 0.010
1807 0.010
1808 0.010
1809 0.010
1810 0.010
1811 0.011
1812 0.011
1813 0.011
1814 0.011
1815 0.012
1816 0.013
1817 0.014
1818 0.014
1819 0.014
1820 0.014
1821 0.014
1822 0.015
1823 0.016
1824 0.016
1825 0.017
1826 0.017
1827 0.018
1828 0.018
1829 0.018
1830 0.024
1831 0.023
1832 0.023
1833 0.024
1834 0.024
1835 0.025
1836 0.029
1837 0.029
1838 0.030
1839 0.031
1840 0.033
1841 0.034
1842 0.036
1843 0.037
1844 0.039
1845 0.043
1846 0.043
1847 0.046
1848 0.047
1849 0.050
1850 0.054 0.525
1851 0.054 0.561
1852 0.057 0.572
1853 0.059 0.617
1854 0.069 0.618
1855 0.071 0.619
1856 0.076 0.618
1857 0.077 0.618
1858 0.078 0.617
1859 0.083 0.616
1860 0.091 0.614
1861 0.095 0.617
1862 0.097 0.583
1863 0.104 0.536
1864 0.112 0.528
1865 0.119 0.520
1866 0.122 0.515
1867 0.130 0.511
1868 0.135 0.506
1869 0.142 0.502
1870 0.147 0.498
1871 0.156 0.509
1872 0.173 0.528
1873 0.184 0.589
1874 0.174 0.592
1875 0.188 0.598
1876 0.191 0.603
1877 0.194 0.608
1878 0.196 0.613
1879 0.210 0.619
1880 0.236 0.625
1881 0.243 0.644
1882 0.256 0.672
1883 0.272 0.633
1884 0.275 0.638
1885 0.277 0.642
1886 0.281 0.644
1887 0.295 0.646
1888 0.327 0.652
1889 0.327 0.659
1890 0.356 0.665
1891 0.372 0.676
1892 0.374 0.648
1893 0.370 0.646
1894 0.383 0.657
1895 0.406 0.650
1896 0.419 0.649
1897 0.440 0.649
1898 0.465 0.650
1899 0.507 0.651
1900 0.534 0.652
1901 0.552 0.710
1902 0.566 0.741
1903 0.617 0.758
1904 0.624 0.782
1905 0.663 0.806
1906 0.707 0.828
1907 0.784 0.843
1908 0.750 0.854
1909 0.785 0.861
1910 0.819 0.861
1911 0.836 0.798
1912 0.879 0.785
1913 0.943 0.729
1914 0.850 0.710
1915 0.838 0.703
1916 0.901 0.697
1917 0.955 0.690
1918 0.936 0.678
1919 0.806 0.675
1920 0.932 0.673
1921 0.803 0.723
1922 0.845 0.726
1923 0.970 0.712
1924 0.963 0.715
1925 0.975 0.718
1926 0.983 0.722
1927 1.062 0.729
1928 1.065 0.745
1929 1.145 0.755
1930 1.053 0.765
1931 0.940 0.776
1932 0.847 0.805
1933 0.893 0.806
1934 0.973 0.811
1935 1.027 0.815
1936 1.130 0.848
1937 1.209 0.854
1938 1.142 0.864
1939 1.192 0.864
1940 1.299 0.864
1941 1.334 0.804
1942 1.342 0.839
1943 1.391 0.847
1944 1.383 0.856
1945 1.160 0.861
1946 1.238 0.938
1947 1.392 0.959
1948 1.469 1.009
1949 1.419 1.029
1950 1.630 1.054
1951 1.767 1.288
1952 1.795 1.400
1953 1.841 1.380
1954 1.865 1.432
1955 2.042 1.481
1956 2.177 1.507
1957 2.270 1.525
1958 2.330 1.561
1959 2.454 1.473
1960 2.569 1.461
1961 2.580 1.530
1962 2.686 1.520
1963 2.833 1.526
1964 2.995 1.517
1965 3.130 1.548
1966 3.288 1.551
1967 3.393 1.595
1968 3.566 1.546
1969 3.780 1.543
1970 4.053 1.531
1971 4.208 1.405
1972 4.376 1.326
1973 4.614 1.318
1974 4.623 1.290
1975 4.596 1.302
1976 4.864 1.319
1977 5.016 1.351
1978 5.074 1.299
1979 5.357 1.252
1980 5.301 1.243
1981 5.138 1.252
1982 5.094 1.257
1983 5.075 1.432
1984 5.258 1.460
1985 5.417 1.499
1986 5.583 1.529
1987 5.725 1.515
1988 5.936 1.514
1989 6.066 1.531
1990 6.086 1.444
1991 6.166 1.636
1992 6.115 1.682
1993 6.124 1.546
1994 6.226 1.503
1995 6.323 1.485
1996 6.475 1.469
1997 6.569 1.447
1998 6.593 1.434
1999 6.624 1.397
2000 6.785 1.412
2001 6.974 1.228
2002 7.074 1.059
2003 7.473 1.032
2004 7.855 1.005
2005 8.233 0.991
2006 8.526 0.992
2007 8.776 0.940
2008 8.964 0.926
2009 8.872 0.867
2010 9.207 0.855
2011 9.543
2012 9.687
2013 9.822
2014 9.891
2015 9.897
the globe. For values in billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2) per year, multiply the numbers below by 3.664.
gatonne C = 3.664 billion tonnes of CO2

uxes presented below differ from the carbon budget presented for 1959-2015. The atmospheric growth and ocean sink do n

Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres. 2016. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Inf
GR, DeFries, RS, Hansen, MC, House, JI, Le Qur, C, Pongratz, J and Ramankutty, N 2012. Chapter G2 Carbon emissions from
Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years, Proceedings of the National Acad
SE, Gerber, M, Doney, SC, Graven, HD, Gruber, N, McKinley, GA, Murata, A, Rios, AF and Sabine, CL 2013 Global ocean storag

atmospheric growth ocean sink

-0.078
-0.074
-0.071
-0.068
-0.064
-0.058
-0.050
-0.040
-0.028
-0.014
0.002
0.020
0.040
0.063
0.087
0.112 0.007
0.135 0.018
0.156 0.026
0.174 0.035
0.191 0.043
0.205 0.051
0.216 0.058
0.226 0.064
0.233 0.071
0.238 0.078
0.243 0.084
0.248 0.091
0.256 0.096
 0.266 0.102
0.278 0.108
0.292 0.113
0.315 0.119
0.348 0.124
0.379 0.129
0.406 0.134
0.430 0.138
0.449 0.143
0.466 0.148
0.479 0.152
0.488 0.156
0.494 0.160
0.496 0.164
0.494 0.168
0.489 0.171
0.481 0.175
0.469 0.178
0.455 0.180
0.439 0.182
0.422 0.183
0.402 0.184
0.381 0.186
0.362 0.186
0.342 0.187
0.322 0.187
0.300 0.187
0.277 0.187
0.253 0.187
0.228 0.186
0.202 0.186
0.174 0.185
0.146 0.185
0.116 0.184
0.085 0.183
0.053 0.181
0.019 0.180
-0.015 0.179
-0.044 0.178
-0.068 0.176
-0.085 0.175
-0.096 0.174
-0.100 0.172
-0.098 0.171
-0.090 0.169
-0.075 0.168
-0.054 0.167
-0.027 0.165
0.006 0.163
0.043 0.162
0.068 0.160
0.088 0.160
0.106 0.159
0.122 0.158
0.137 0.157
0.149 0.157
0.160 0.157
0.179 0.158
0.205 0.158
0.237 0.159
0.274 0.161
0.316 0.163
0.361 0.166
0.409 0.168
0.455 0.171
0.480 0.173
0.479 0.175
0.456 0.178
0.421 0.180
0.377 0.182
0.323 0.184
0.259 0.187
0.189 0.188
0.126 0.191
0.070 0.193
0.010 0.196
-0.039 0.199
-0.063 0.202
-0.063 0.205
-0.053 0.208
-0.036 0.211
-0.014 0.215
0.015 0.219
0.051 0.224
0.095 0.228
0.146 0.233
0.207 0.238
0.274 0.243
0.334 0.248
0.385 0.254
0.427 0.259
0.458 0.266
0.481 0.272
0.495 0.278
0.497 0.286
0.486 0.292
0.462 0.299
0.431 0.306
0.410 0.314
0.404 0.321
0.414 0.329
0.437 0.336
0.468 0.343
0.504 0.351
0.545 0.358
0.591 0.364
0.646 0.371
0.718 0.378
0.782 0.384
0.821 0.391
0.838 0.397
0.851 0.402
0.862 0.408
0.860 0.413
0.843 0.418
0.811 0.423
0.772 0.429
0.726 0.433
0.664 0.439
0.590 0.444
0.531 0.450
0.496 0.455
0.482 0.462
0.483 0.469
0.498 0.475
0.525 0.482
0.563 0.489
0.608 0.496
0.641 0.504
0.668 0.512
0.688 0.519
0.699 0.526
0.707 0.534
0.724 0.541
0.755 0.548
0.788 0.554
0.814 0.560
0.834 0.568
0.846 0.574
0.847 0.580
0.834 0.585
0.808 0.592
0.774 0.597
0.748 0.604
0.732 0.609
0.725 0.614
0.727 0.619
0.732 0.624
0.745 0.628
0.760 0.632
0.778 0.635
0.789 0.638
0.791 0.641
0.790 0.644
0.788 0.645
0.786 0.646
0.782 0.647
0.774 0.648
0.758 0.648
0.738 0.648
0.713 0.647
0.671 0.647
0.606 0.647
0.523 0.646
0.429 0.647
0.334 0.648
0.259 0.650
0.214 0.652
0.203 0.657
0.215 0.662
0.250 0.668
0.303 0.676
0.362 0.685
0.418 0.695
0.479 0.707
0.547 0.719
0.622 0.734
0.699 0.749
0.774 0.767
0.870 0.786
1.020 0.806
1.175 0.827
1.310 0.850
1.434 0.873
1.550 0.896
1.658 0.920
1.762 0.944
1.861 0.973
1.956 1.005
2.049 1.041
2.138 1.080
2.225 1.119
2.310 1.159
2.392 1.198
2.473 1.238
2.551 1.277
2.627 1.315
2.700 1.353
2.770 1.392
2.837 1.435
2.899 1.479
2.955 1.523
3.004 1.565
3.046 1.604
3.084 1.643
3.118 1.682
3.148 1.720
3.174 1.759
3.197 1.795
3.216 1.830
3.231 1.859
3.243 1.880
3.252 1.892
3.261 1.901
3.273 1.909
3.290 1.923
3.311 1.947
3.335 1.978
3.361 2.015
3.388 2.054
3.412 2.093
3.433 2.132
3.449 2.170
3.461 2.209
3.469 2.250
3.474 2.293
3.476 2.334
2.373
2.408
2.439
2.469
2.498
2.526
owth and ocean sink do not account for year-to-year variability.

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