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Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 761770

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Eect of unbalanced voltage on windings temperature, operational

life and load carrying capacity of induction machine
P. Gnacinski *

Gdynia Maritime University, Department of Ship Electrical Power Engineering, Morska Street 83, 81225 Gdynia, Poland

Received 4 December 2006; accepted 16 July 2007

Available online 4 September 2007

Abstract

This paper investigates the inuence of the CVUF angle on the windings temperature rise and the derating factor of an induction
machine supplied with unbalanced voltage. The eect of simultaneous voltage unbalance and harmonics on its operational life is ana-
lyzed as well. The results of calculations and experimental investigations are presented for two induction cage machines of rated power 3
and 5.5 kW.
 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Induction motor; Temperature; Complex voltage unbalance factor; Voltage unbalance

1. Introduction (although other denitions of voltage unbalance percent-

age [47] are commonly used):
One of the most common energy receivers is an induc-  
U  
tion cage machine. Its feature is high reliability and dura- VUF  100% 1
U
bility. However, the proper condition of work of an
induction cage machine is an appropriate voltage quality where U is a negative sequence voltage component and
it should be supplied with balanced, sinusoidal voltage U+ is a positive sequence voltage component.
of the appropriate frequency and rms value. Any distur- A more precise parameter describing unbalance is the
bances in the supply network frequency or rms voltage complex voltage unbalance factor [3] CVUF:
value deviations, unbalance and voltage waveform distor- U L
tions lead to an increase in windings temperature [1,2] CVUF ku; \hu 2
U L
and, consequently, faster aging of the insulation system
and shortening the operational life. One of the disturbances or
resulting in a signicant increase in windings temperature is V
voltage unbalance. CVUF kV ; \hv 3
V
The inuence of voltage unbalance on three phase
induction machines can be analyzed with symmetrical com- where UL is a negative sequence of a line voltage compo-
ponents [3,4] negative sequence and positive sequence nent, UL+ is a positive sequence of a line voltage compo-
components. Their ratio, known as the voltage unbalance nent, V is a negative sequence of a line to neutral
factor VUF, describes the voltage unbalance percentage voltage component and V+ is a positive sequence of a line
to neutral voltage component. The ku and kv parameters
describe the magnitude and hu and hv the angle of the
*
Tel.: +48 58 6901382; fax: +48 58 6901261. CVUF. Between the angles, the following dependence ex-
E-mail address: piotrg@am.gdynia.pl ists [3]:

0196-8904/$ - see front matter  2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2007.07.033
762 P. Gnacinski / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 761770
hu hv  60o 4 was supplied with DC current. During the calculation of
The angle hu is an angle between the negative and positive
sequence components of the line voltage. It also describes
the voltage unbalance manner.
2. State of the art
Numerous works concerning unbalance focus on the
eect of voltage unbalance percentage on an induction
machine while neglecting the angle between the positive
sequence and negative sequence components and the possi-
ble variation of the positive voltage component. This
approach has been criticized recently.
In Ref. [8], the study performed for two dierent meth-
ods of voltage unbalancing showed that not only the volt-
age unbalance percentage but also the manner in which
voltage was unbalanced has an eect on the power losses
distribution and the derating factor (determined so that
the stator currents hold the rated value in the worst aected
phase).
In Ref. [4], the approach based on emphasizing only the
voltage unbalance percentage was strongly criticized. In
Ref. [9], the eect of unbalanced voltage on the currents,
machine eciency, losses and their economic aspect was
presented. The inuence of the CVUF angle on the eect
of the unbalanced supply was analyzed in Ref. [3]. The
work was concerned with currents, allowable slip and der-
ating factors of an induction machine fed with unbalanced
voltage. It should be noted that the deratings curves were
presented for two cases the most favorable one and the
worst one. The curves were determined so that the currents
could keep their rated values in the worst aected phase. It
is also worth mentioning that this study is considered one
of the most complete investigations in the derating of the
motor [9].
The eect of voltage unbalance on windings temperature
and/or induction machine durability was published in Refs.
[1,57,1013]. In none of them was the inuence of the
CVUF angle on the thermal eect of the unbalanced supply
analyzed. The measured temperature rise distribution in an
induction machine supplied with unbalanced voltage were
shown in Ref. [1]. In the work of Refs. [5,6], the measured
eciency, power factor and windings temperature rise for
various cases of voltage unbalance of the same percentage
and economic analysis of the extra costs due to voltage
unbalance were presented. The windings temperature rise
was measured in an indirect way with the measurement
of windings resistance.
In Ref. [7], the derating curves were presented for an
induction machine supplied with unbalanced voltage with
the combination of over and under voltages. In Ref. [10],
the thermal loss of life was discussed for voltage unbalance
appearing simultaneously with voltage rms value deviation.
It should be noted that for the purpose of identication of
the applied thermal model, the investigated machine was
driven with a DC motor and one of the phase windings
thermal resistances, the power losses in the rotor windings
are not taken into consideration (during the test the work-
ing conditions of the rotor windings were similar to those
in a short circuited synchronous generator. It is also worth
mentioning that supplying the stator windings with DC
current can be used for braking induction machines).
In Ref. [11], the inuence of simultaneous voltage unbal-
ance and harmonics on the operational life of an induction
machine was analyzed on the basis of the results of calcu-
lations. In the applied thermal model, the end windings,
similarly as the slot windings, were considered as a whole
they were not divided into three phase windings. In the
stator windings, only two heat sources were taken into con-
sideration one in the end windings and one in the slot
windings. The losses in the end windings due to unbalance
were added to the source, modeling the total losses in the
end windings, and the losses in the slot windings due to
unbalance were added to the heat source, modeling the
total slot windings losses. The model does not take into
account the fact that at full load, the power losses in the
worst aected phase winding (of an induction machine
fed with unbalanced voltage) may be even 2  3 times
higher than the power losses in the least aected phase
windings [9]. For loads less than nominal, the dierence
is still greater. As a result of such power losses distribution,
some phase windings may be signicantly overheated,
whereas others can have a lower temperature rise than in
the balanced supply conditions (see results of the research).
Consequently, the maximal increase in the end windings
temperature rise due to voltage unbalance (in the worst
aected phase winding) is signicantly higher than the
average one for all three phase windings. Additionally, in
the applied thermal model, the eect of windings tempera-
ture on power losses was omitted. To sum up, the thermal
model in Ref. [11] enables calculation of only the average
increase in the end windings (or slot windings) temperature
rise due to voltage unbalance. The eect of voltage unbal-
ance on the operational life time of an induction machine
would have been assessed more accurately if the maximal
increase in the end windings temperature rise due to volt-
age unbalance instead of the average one had been taken
into consideration.
The eect of simultaneous voltage unbalance and volt-
age waveform distortion on operational life and its eco-
nomic aspects was analyzed in Ref. [12]. In Ref. [13], the
inuence of simultaneous voltage unbalance and waveform
voltage distortions on the reliability of an induction
machine was investigated. In both these works, in the
applied thermal models, the windings were not divided into
three separate phase windings.
Preliminary investigations of the inuence of the CVUF
angle on the thermal eect of voltage unbalance are
included in the authors work [14] with Mindykowski, Tar-
asiuk and Rupnik: Evaluation of the inuence of an electri-
cal power quality deterioration on operation of the selected
devices in ship electrical power networks. A nal report on
 P. Gnacinski / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 761770 763

grant No 4T10A 05124 of The State Committee for Scien- rs jx s jx r

tic Research, in Poland (Gdynia Maritime Academy,
Gdynia 2006) that is not to be published.
In this work, the eect of the CVUF angle on the wind-
ings temperature rise and derating factor of an induction rr /s
v+ jx rFe
machine is presented. The inuence of simultaneous volt-
age unbalance and harmonics on its operational life is ana-
lyzed. The investigations are based on experiments and
calculations with a thermal model dedicated to the analysis
of an induction cage machine fed with unbalanced voltage.
rs jx s jx r-
3. Machine models

3.1. Currents, losses and torques in an induction machine fed

with unbalanced voltage rr- /(2-s)
v- jx

The currents in each phase winding are a sum of positive

sequence and negative sequence components, according to
the equations:
iU i i 5a
2
iV a i ai 5b
2
iW ai a i 5c
where a = exp(j2p/3), iU, iV and iW are normalized currents
in phase windings between the machine terminals: U1U2,
V1V2 and W1W2, respectively, i is a normalized nega-
tive sequence stator current component (related to the
rated current) and i+ is a normalized positive sequence
component of the fundamental stator current harmonic.
In the worst possible case, the current in one phase
winding (for example, phase winding U1U2) is equal to
the algebraic sum of the symmetrical components:
jiU j ji j ji j 6 and the windings resistance that depends on temperature.
The positive sequence and negative sequence currents can
be calculated with the single phase equivalent circuits pre-
sented in Fig. 1. It should be noted that because of the skin
eect, the rotor resistance and the reactance for the nega-
tive sequence component have dierent values than for
the positive sequence component. The value of the normal-
ized rotor resistance for the negative sequence component
(rr) is expressed with:
rr k r rr 7 I rrat
Fig. 1. Single phase equivalent circuits for the positive sequence (a) and
the negative sequence (b).
fr f1 2  s 9
where f1 is fundamental voltage frequency and s is slip.
The normalized leakage rotor reactance for the negative
sequence component (xr) is approximately equal to [17]:
xr  0; 85xr 10
where xr is normalized rotor windings leakage reactance
(transformed to the stator) for the positive sequence.
Power losses in the stator windings are proportional to
the square of the rms current value in each phase winding
Because of big dierences between the temperature rise of
dierent parts of the windings of an asymmetrically fed
induction machine (see results of the research), the inu-
ence of temperature on windings resistance should be con-
sidered separately for each part of the phase windings.
Further, normalized power losses in the rotor windings
(relative to the rated ones) Dpru- can be calculated as:
 2
I rat
Dpru k r i2r 11

where rr is normalized DC rotor windings resistance (trans- where Irrat is rated rotor current (transformed to a stator)
formed to the stator) and kr is the coecient for rotor and ir is normalized negative sequence rotor current com-
windings resistance increase due to the skin eect. On the ponent (transformed to a stator).
basis of Refs. [1416] kr can be evaluated as: Power losses in iron due to voltage unbalance are not
r taken into consideration [12].
H cm fr The backward rotating magnetic eld also produces an
k r cr 0; 1 1  cr  additional load torque that decreases the net machine tor-
1 cm 1 Hz
r 8 que. The normalized value of the additional torque (related
H cm fr
for 0; 1 P1 to the rated torque) t can be evaluated as (based on
1 cm 1 Hz Ref. [14]):
where H is rotor slot depth, cr = 0,25 . . . 0,5 [15] and fr is  2
rotor frequency; for the negative sequence component it I rat i2r k r
t srat 12
is equal to: I rrat 2
764 P. Gnacinski / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 761770

3.2. Harmonic losses and torques DPFe,dist is iron losses with a distorted supply voltage wave-
form, DPFe,sin is iron losses with a sinusoidal supply voltage
Supplying an induction machine with distorted voltage waveform, x is the Steimnetz coecient, ph,sin is the contri-
causes harmonic currents: bution of hysteresis losses in total iron losses in the condi-
Ih uh tions of sinusoidal supply, pec,sin is the contribution of eddy
ih r
 2 13 current losses in total iron losses in the conditions of sinu-
I rat
k sh rs krh fshrh rr x2h soidal supply, Uav is the voltage average rectied value,
Uav1 is the average rectied value of the fundamental volt-
where Ih is hth harmonic current, ih is normalized hth har- age harmonic, Urms is rms voltage value and U1 is the rms
monic current, ksh is the coecient of the stator windings value of the fundamental voltage harmonic.
resistance increase due to the skin eect [15], krh is the coef- It should be noted that the g coecient is equal to the
cient of the rotor windings resistance increase due to the ratio of the peak value of the ux density with sinusoidal
skin eect that can be evaluated with Eq. (8) and sh is har- supply and the peak value of the ux density with distorted
monic slip: voltage supply. Its value can be determined from the
decomposition of the ux density on harmonics.
h1 Voltage waveform distortions produce harmonic tor-
sh 14
h ques. Their normalized value (related to the rated torque)
frh is rotor harmonic frequency: can be assessed with the following expressions for positive
sequence and negative sequence harmonics, respectively
frh jh  1jf1 15
(based on Ref. [14]):
where h is harmonic order.  2 2
The signs  and + in Eqs. (14) and (15) are for I rat ih k rh
th srat 20
positive sequence and negative sequence harmonics, I rrat h  1
respectively.  2 2
I rat ih k rh
xh is normalized leakage reactance for the hth harmonic: th  srat 21
I rrat h 1
 0;16
fh frh
xh 2x1  f rh P 100 Hz 16 The sign  before Eq. (21) indicates that for the negative
frat 1 Hz sequence, the harmonic torques decrease the net machine
(based on Ref. [15] and the fact that the stator leakage torque, whereas for the positive sequence, they increase it.
inductance is essentially constant with frequency [18])
where fh is frequency of the hth harmonic and x1 is normal- 3.3. Thermal model
ized leakage reactance for the fundamental harmonic.
The normalized harmonic losses in windings (related to One of the methods of simulating the temperature dis-
the rated ones) are expressed with: tribution in electrical machines is the method of an equiv-
alent thermal network [17,20,21]. In this method, the
X
N
Dpewhar i2h 17a whole machine is divided into basic elements, like: end
h61 windings, stator slot windings, stator core and so on.
X
N Each of the elements is modelled by a node in the thermal
Dpswhar k swh fh i2h 17b network. Power losses, which occur in a real machine,
h61 correspond to current sources in a thermal network.
 2 X
N The thermal resistance between each of the elements of
I rat
Dprhar k rh frh i2h 17c a machine are modelled with a thermal resistance between
I rrat h61 the nodes. Furthermore, the thermal capacitance of each
where Dpewhar, Dpswhar and Dprhar are normalized harmonic machine element corresponds to the capacitance in the
losses in the stator end windings, the stator slot windings network. The applied thermal model is presented in
and the rotor windings, respectively, and kswh is the coe- Fig. 2. The nodes 2, 3 and 7 correspond to the phase
cient of the stator slot windings resistance increase due to winding between the U1U2 machine terminals, nodes
the skin eect [15]. 8, 9 and 10 to the phase winding V1V2 terminals and
The iron losses due to the supply with distorted voltage nodes 11, 12 and 13 to the phase winding W1W2 termi-
can be evaluated with (on the basis of Ref. [19]): nals. The model parameters were determined with the
experimental method and calculations (based mostly on
DP Fe;dist Ref. [21]).
gx ph;sin v2 pec;sin 18
DP Fe; sin
4. Laboratory stand
where
U av U rms The laboratory stand consists of three induction cage
g v 19
U av1 U1 machines TSg 100L-4B (3 kW), Sg132S-4 (5.5 kW) and
 P. Gnacinski / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 761770 765

endcap air 5 Table 1

The thermocouple locations in the investigated induction cage machine Sg
slot
end windings windings 132S-4
7 2
3 Thermocouple Location
13 End windings (driving end)
46 End windings (non-driving end)
79 Slot windings
slot 10 Stator tooth
end windings windings casing
8 9 10 iron 4 6
11 Stator core
12 Bearing
1315 Casing
1719 Rotor

slot
end windings windings
11 13
12
PC computer
programmable AC
power source RS-232

shaft bearings
rotor 1

Fig. 2. The applied thermal model of an induction cage machine. supply voltage

mSZJe 34a (3 kW) loaded with DC generators and sup-
plied with a programmable AC power source.
The programmable AC power source enables us to set
precisely the magnitude or phase unbalance and to inject
harmonics of programmable magnitude and phase. The
maximum power of the source is 9 kVA (3 kVA per phase).
In dierent parts of the induction motors there are built
in thermocouples: in the end windings, slot windings, teeth,
stator cores, under bearings and on casings. The locations
of the thermocouples in the investigated Sg132S-4 machine
are shown in Fig. 3 and described in Table 1. The locations
of the thermocouples in the stator of the FSg 100L-4B
machine (the investigated machine TSg 100L-4B equipped
with the additional system of foreign ventilation) is pre-
sented in Ref. [22].
The scheme of the measurement system is presented in
Fig. 4.
4.5 13 14 11 15
6 7 8 9
Fig. 3. The location of thermocouples in the stator of the investigated
induction cage machine Sg 132S-4.
motor under the DC
research generator
Fig. 4. The scheme of the measurement system to investigate the induction
cage machines Sg 132S-4 (a) and TSg 100L-4B (b).
5. Results of research
5.1. Inuence of the CVUF angle on the windings
temperature rise
Below are the results of the experimental investigations
and numerical calculations for two induction cage
machines of the types: TSg 100L-4B and Sg132S-4. All
the results are determined for the nominal load and the
positive sequence voltage component equal to the rated
value (an asymmetrically fed induction machine in the con-
ditions of voltage and frequency deviations, often appear-
ing in ship power systems, will be analyzed in separate
10 19 papers).
Figs. 5 and 6 show the measured and calculated addi-
tional end windings temperature rise (D#u) due to unbal-
1.2 ance versus the CVUF angle Hv for VUF = 3%. The
16
former gure corresponds to the delta connected motor
17 TSg 100L-4B type and the latter to the wye connected
motor Sg 132S-4. Additionally, in Figs. 79, there is a com-
12 parison of the measured temperature rise distribution for a
18 nominally loaded machine TSg 100L-4B and various sup-
3
ply conditions. Fig. 7 corresponds to the nominal supply
and Figs. 8 and 9 to a voltage unbalance with the VUF fac-
tor equal to 3% but with dierent values of the CVUF
angle. Namely, the CVUF angle for the thermal test pre-
sented in Fig. 8 corresponds to the worst case (see Fig. 5)
for phase winding V1-V2 (the hottest measured point in
766 P. Gnacinski / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 761770

15 82.4 75.4 41.7 54.7

the most favourable the worst
case case 87.4

88.9
10

5
u [K]

85

0
44.2 82.1 73.7

Fig. 7. The measured temperature rise distribution in the induction cage

machine TSg 100L-4B in nominal work conditions.
-5

a b c d

98.1 74.4 43.1 56.6

-10
89.8
0 120 240 360
v [] 101

Fig. 5. The additional end windings temperature rise due to unbalance

(D#u) versus the CVUF angle hv; delta connected motor TSg 100L-4B
type, VUF = 3%, T = Trat, f = frat = 50 Hz, U+ = Urat = 380 V. a phase
winding U1U2 (calculation); b - phase winding V1V2 (calculation),
c phase winding W1W2 (calculation), d phase winding V1V2
(measurement points).
84.9

12
46.2 72.8 72.8

9 Fig. 8. The measured temperature rise distribution in the induction cage

machine TSg 100L-4B supplied with unbalanced voltage, VUF = 3%,
T = Trat, f = frat = 50 Hz, U+ = Urat = 380 V, the CVUF angle corre-
6 sponds to the worst case for phase winding V1V2 (see Fig. 5).

3
u [K]

88.6 81.5 43.6 59.1

0
86.6

-3 96.3

-6
a b c d

-9
0 120 240 360
v [] 93.3

Fig. 6. The additional end windings temperature rise due to unbalance

(D#u) versus the CVUF angle hv; wye connected motor Sg 132S-4 type,
VUF = 3%, T = Trat, f = frat = 50 Hz, U+ = Urat = 380 V a phase
winding U1U2 (calculation); b - phase winding V1V2 (calculation),
c phase winding W1W2 (calculation), d phase winding U1U2
(measurement points).
46.3 80.1 79.7
Fig. 9. The measured temperature rise distribution in the induction cage
machine TSg 100L-4B supplied with unbalanced voltage, VUF = 3%,
T = Trat, f = frat = 50 Hz, U+ = Urat = 380 V, the CVUF angle corre-
sponds to the most favourable case (see Fig. 5).

nominal work conditions is located in this winding),

whereas Fig. 9 refers to the most favourable case. CVUF angle (superposition of a sinusoid component
The presented results of the investigations show that and a constant component). When some parts of the
D#u in each phase winding sinusoidally depends on the windings are overheated, others will reach a temperature
 P. Gnacinski / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 761770 767

rise lower than that for a balanced supply (negative val- / rat [-]
ues of D#u in Figs. 5, 6). Moreover, signicant dier- 1.25
ences appear between the worst and the most 1.2-1.25
1.2
favourable cases. For the worst case, D#u was about 1.15-1.2
1012 K, whereas for the most favourable case, it was 1.15
1.1-1.15
1.05-1.1
about 78 K. It should be noticed that the most favour-
1-1.05
able case appears for wye connected machines for the 1.1

CVUF angle for which the worst case appears for delta 1.05
connected machines.
Calculated and measured D#u versus VUF are given 1
0
in Fig. 10. In this chart, the most favourable and the 60
120
5
worst cases are compared for the induction machine 180
240 0 VUF
v [deg] 300
Sg132S-4. The next gure (Fig. 11) shows the normalized 360 [%]
end windings temperature rise in the worst aected
Fig. 11. The normalized (referred to the rated one) end windings
phase winding versus VUF and the CVUF angle for temperature rise in the worst aected phase winding versus VUF and
the machine Sg132S-4. The charts show how important the CVUF angle for the induction machine Sg132S-4; T = Trat,
the CVUF angle is: for VUF equal to 35%, D#u in the f = frat = 50 Hz, U+ = Urat = 380 V.
worst case is about 4050% higher than in the most
favourable case, whereas for VUF less than 1.5%, it is
5.2. Load carrying capacity of an induction machine fed with
even higher, 7090%.
unbalanced voltage
It is also worth mentioning that the total power losses in
the stator windings as well as in the rotor windings due to
An induction machine supplied with unbalanced voltage
unbalance are proportional to the squared percentage of
cannot be loaded nominally; it needs derating. In several
voltage unbalance. No wonder that D#u is considered also
works, the appropriate derating factor was determined in
proportional to the squared percentage of voltage unbal-
such a way that the currents could keep their rated values
ance. In reality, the results of the calculations and measure-
in the worst aected phase windings in order to prevent
ments presented here show that the dependence is more
overheating the machine.
linear, especially for the worst case. So, estimation of D#u
Below, Fig. 12 presents the derating factor versus VUF,
as proportional to the square percentage of voltage unbal-
determined in such a way that it can keep the rated temper-
ance may result in signicant errors.
ature rise in the worst aected phase winding. The curves
were obtained for the induction motor Sg 132S-4 with
the model presented in Fig. 2. Comparison of the plots
25

1.02

20
1

0.98
15
The derating factor [-]
u [K]

0.96

10
a
b 0.94
c
d a
5 0.92 b

0.9
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
VUF [%] 0.88
0 1 2 3 4 5
Fig. 10. The additional end windings temperature rise due to unbalance VUF [%]
(D#u) versus VUF, motor Sg 132S-4 type, T = Trat, f = frat = 50 Hz,
U+ = Urat = 380 V a the worst case (calculation); b the most Fig. 12. The derating factor versus VUF, motor Sg 132S-4 type,
favourable case (calculation), c the worst case (measurement); d the f = frat = 50 Hz, U+ = Urat = 380 V a the worst case; b the most
most favourable case (measurement points). favourable case.
768 P. Gnacinski / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 761770
for the worst case and the most favourable one proves that
the CVUF angle should be taken into account while derat-
ing an induction machine.
The next gure (Fig. 13) presents the normalized cur-
rent in the worst aected phase winding versus VUF
after applying the required derating factor as in
Fig. 12. As one can see, the currents signicantly exceed
their rated value despite the fact that there is no risk of
overheating the insulation system. Further, signicant
dierences appear between the worst and the most
favourable cases. Additionally, the chart shows that
determining the derating factor in such a way that cur-
rents do not exceed their rated value in any phase wind-
ing will lead to considerable underestimation of the load
carrying capacity of an induction machine, especially for
the worst case.
5.3. The eect of voltage unbalance and voltage waveform
distortion on windings temperature and operational life of an
induction machine
An increase in windings temperature causes the pro-
cesses of degradation of the insulation system to hasten
rapidly. The life time of the insulation system L can be esti-
mated with [23]:
u of the fundamental harmonic equal to the rated value
L Bek# 22
where # is the absolute temperature (in K),
k = 0.8617 104 eV/K is the Boltzmann constant, u is
the activation energy (1.05 eV for F class of insulation)
and B is a constant.
1.2
1.15 a of THD equal to 8% (voltage waveform distortions causing
b still more signicant heating of induction machines are not
1.1
i [-]
1.05
1
0.95
0 1 2 3 4 5
VUF [%]
Fig. 13. The normalized current (referred to the rated one) in the worst
aected phase winding after applying the required derating factor as in
Fig. 12, motor Sg 132S-4 type, f = frat = 50 Hz, U+ = Urat = 380 V a the
worst case; b the most favourable case.
The thermal loss of life may be especially signicant if
dierent disturbances in the supply network appear simul-
taneously (the results of thermal investigation for such
undesirable supply conditions are presented in Refs.
[1,2]). Below, in Table 2, we have the measured additional
temperature rise increase due to the lowered voltage quality
for the investigated induction cage machine TSg 100L-4B.
The measurements were performed for the voltage unbal-
ance of the VUF factor equal to 2% (for the most favour-
able and worst case) and for sinusoidal and a distorted
waveforms (based on Ref. [12]). Similar waveforms may
appear in some power systems. The harmonic content of
the testing voltage is presented in Table 3.
Comparison of the results of the measurements, given in
Table 2, shows that variation of the CVUF angle has a
more important eect on windings temperature rise (and
consequently, thermal loss of life) than the possible pres-
ence of harmonics in the case of low-power induction
machines.
Figs. 14 and 15 present the operational life expectancy
L%, (in percent of operational life expectancy of a nomi-
nally supplied machine) versus VUF and THD (total har-
monic distortion) factors. The results of calculations are
shown for the nominally loaded induction motor Sg
132S-4 supplied with the voltage of a positive component
and the voltage spectrum containing 5th, 7th, 11th and
13th harmonics. The ratio of amplitudes of each voltage
harmonic is the same as for the considered spectrum
(U5:U7:U11:U13 = 55:20:10:8).
Fig. 14 corresponds to the worst case of unbalance,
whereas Fig. 15 corresponds to the most favourable one.
For the most favourable case and voltage unbalance of
VUF equal to 3% (the maximal permissible level of unbal-
ance in ship power systems is 3%), the lifetime expectancy
L% is about 61% of that with the nominal supply. When
unbalance is combined with waveform voltage distortions
expected), the lifetime expectancy is approximately equal to
Table 2
The measured additional end windings temperature rise increase due to the
lowered voltage quality (the average values of 2 or 3 thermal tests);
machine TSg100L-4B, VUF = 2%, T = Trat, f = frat, a positive component
of the fundamental voltage harmonic equal to the rated value
Unbalance case The worst case Most favourable case
Sinusoidal voltage 7.1 4.1
Distorted voltage 8.1 4.9
Table 3
The harmonic content of the testing voltage (based on [12]), THD = 6%,
the 5th and 11th harmonics are of the negative sequence, whereas the 7th
and 13th are of the positive one
HarmonicNumber 5 7 11 13
Content 5.5 2.0 1.0 0.8
 P. Gnacinski / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 761770 769

L% [%] able case can be denoted. For the worst one, the additional
temperature rise due to unbalance is c. 1.4  1.9 times as
100
large as for the most favourable case (for the investigated
machines). For this reason, the CVUF angle should be
80-100 taken into consideration while derating an induction
80 60-80
machine. It should be noted that determining the derating
40-60
20-40
factor in such a way that the currents can keep the rated
60
0-20 value in the worst aected phase windings, will lead to con-
siderable underestimation of the load carrying capacity of
40
an induction machine for the worst case of the CVUF
angle.
20
0 It is also worth mentioning that the impact of voltage
1
0 2 harmonics on the thermal loss of life of low-power induc-
0
3 tion machines is lower than the impact of the CVUF angle
2 4 VUF [%]
4 variation or a small variation of unbalance percentage.
6 5
THD [%] 8

Fig. 14. The operational life expectancy L%, (in percent of operational life
expectancy of a nominally supplied machine) of the induction cage
machine Sg 132S-4, T = Trat, f = frat, a positive sequence voltage
component of the fundamental harmonic equal to the rated value, the
CVUF angle corresponds to the worst case of unbalance.
L % [%]
100
80-100
80 60-80
40-60
20-40
60
0-20
40
20
0 of a three-phase induction motor. IEEE Trans Energ Conver
1 1999;14(2):2028.
0 2
3
0 VUF [%]
2 4
4 the same voltage unbalance factor conditions. Electr Pow Syst Res
6 5
THD [%] 8 1998;47(3):15363. <www.sciencedirect.com>.
Fig. 15. The operational life expectancy L%, (in percent of operational life
expectancy of a nominally supplied machine) of induction cage machine
Sg 132S-4, T = Trat, f = frat, a positive sequence voltage component of the
fundamental harmonic equal to the rated value, the CVUF angle
corresponds to the most favourable case of unbalance.
54%. Further, for the worst case and the same percentage
value of voltage unbalance, the lifetime expectancy L% is
about 47% for a nominal supply. When this case of unbal-
ance appears simultaneously with waveform voltage distor-
tions of THD equal to 8%, the lifetime expectancy is
reduced to about 42%.
6. Conclusions
The paper shows that the CVUF angle signicantly
inuences the thermal eect of voltage unbalance. On the
basis of the CVUF angle, the worst and the most favour-
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