BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 uve 609.914 669.14.019.20 British Standard Structural use of steelwork in building Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections Aciers de construction Partie 1. Code de bonne pratique pour la conception des ouvrages de construction simple continue : profilés laminés 4 chaud Stahlkonstruktion im Bauwesen Teil 1. Leitfaden fiir die Verwendung warmgewalzter Profilstahle in einfacher und Endlosbauweise = —s NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW ELA” LE” ———<Sonn Peorvary 1982 ‘Amp 6972 February 1992 AMD 6972 Amendment No. 1 published and effective from 28 February 1992 to BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Structural use of steelwork in building Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections Revised text Contents In Ue ist of tables: (a) delete the title of table 4 and substitute ‘Maximum thickness for adequate notch thickness of parts subject to applied tensile stress’ (6) delete the title of table 6 and substitute ‘Desian strenaths, 2,’ (c) in itorns (a) to (4) of tables 21 to 23, delete all references to ‘Grade 43 steel” and ‘Grade 5O steel’ and delete the brackets around the text quantifying Dy. Clause 1.2 Definitions [At the end of the definitions clause, insert the following new definitions. "1.2.46. design grade. Designation used to define specific performance requirements of the material for design purposes, in particular strength and toughness. 1.2.47 product grade. Designation used to define mechanical and chemical properties and manufacturing requirements of Ue material as specified in BS 5950 Part 2.” Clause 2.4.4.2 Maximum thicknoss Delete the second sentence, Table 4. Maximum thickness of parts subject to applied tensile stress Delete the entire table and substitute the following new table.‘Table 4, Maximum thickness for adequate notch toughness of parts subject to applied tensile stress {see notes 1 to 6) - Design exter NOTE 1..For setions with flngce tho thi orese ‘icknes:detined inte relevant Bit St = [NOTE 2, The relevant structural steel standard may require ket | kre | kot | R=? | Charpy vee to be agreed for enrtaln predict grades and alae thicken NOTE 9. Where no vue is shown, he maximum thickness 498 2 | 50 1s | 30 for adeauate notch toughness may be assumed tobe in excess 438 2s | 60 1 | 30 oF 100 agar) | 30 | 60 2 | 40 NOTE 4, Tha inclusion of a thickness limit inthe table does - nox necessarily imply th tet ofthat dickies ean be ae 60 sl" ‘ipplied va that design gad al prodet forms > = = NOTE 8. For desian arades 43817! and 508171. verifiction soo | - - = ‘of the impoct properties of qualty B by texting should be 43E = = - - ‘pecitied under option 7 ot 88 EN 10025 when these i ABE - - = - rae. [NOTE 6. Tha meximum thicknas van arm basil an a 508 20 | 40 12 | 26 tvninutn Chery welue of 27 J" a he following text 508 2 | 40 | 12 | 25 temperatures soat) | 25 | 50 16 | 32 Desian grades 43,50 and 55 0c 45 | 90 so | 60 ‘uatty “Test remperature 50D | 100 - | ~ °c sooo | - - 100 = a {00 ex) 8 +20 50E = = = - ie 5 sOcE | - - - - b 20 SOF - - - - bo a2 E =40 55¢ 3s | 70 2 | 60 Fe =0 F 0 ae = = = = Design grade WR 60 - Ousity “Tor omperature wasna | a5 | 90 so | 6 *c wreos | 45 | 90 30 | 60 A ° wrsoc | 6 | — 3 | 8 o * For Fe 510 DD, 8S EN 10025 pects 40 Jat ~20°C. which in ccepted on equvlont to 27 Jat 20°C. wo 6972 ‘epruary 1992 Clause 2.5.2 Durability In the last line, delete “to BS 4380". Clause 3.1.1 Strength of steel Delete paragraph 1 and substitute the following, “This standard covers the design of structures fabricated from weldable structural steels in designated design grades supplied to the appropriate product grade as given in BS 8950 : Part 2. Other steels, excludina rimming steels, ‘may also be used provided that due allowance be made for variations in propertis, including ductility and welda bility (see BS 5950 : Part 2)." In paragraph 2, line 4, delete ‘BS 4360 (or agroed with steeimaker’.’and substitute ‘the appropriate product standard (see BS 6950 : Part 2)."‘aMo 6972 Table 6, Design strengths, p, , for steel to BS 4360 Peoruery 1902 Delete the entire table and substitute the following new table. mano im, | Siemon =) a _ | | mm 43 | 16 | | 40 | ao | 0 }o | ie S| Se | 80 325 jm | ae 3 ‘Amo 6972 Clause 3.1.3 Stee! castings and forgings mene Delete the last sentence and substitute the following, ‘Design strangths correspanding to hot rolled steel ot design grade 43 may be adopted where no other information is available.” ‘Amp 6972 Clause 3.3.3 Effective area at connections eg InsTines 3 and 4, delete ‘where for steels complying with BS 4360:" and substitute ‘where! Insert ‘design’ before ‘grade’ in each of lines 5, 6 and 7. ‘ap 6972 Table 7. Limiting width to thickness ratios LAS ‘Against the entry for ‘Lege of single angle and double angle members with components in column 5, insert ‘and! between the two rows of formulae, AMD 6872 Table 8. Strength reduction factors for slender elements eae Inthe heading for column 3, delete ‘Stress’ and substitute ‘Strength’ In the entry for ‘Internal element of compression flange’, in column 2, delete ‘Build’ and substitute ‘Bult.amp e072 Clause 4.3.7.7 Equal flanged rolled sections February 1992 In paragraph 1, line 3, insert ‘not’ between ‘are’ and ‘equal’. In the definition of 'X’, delete ‘Lg’ and substitute ‘Lg ry’. In the definition of 1, delete‘ and substitute Fy‘. In paragraph 4, ine 4, insert ‘the’ between ‘for’ and value’ amo 6972 Table 21. Critical shear strength. g., aes In the headings of items (a) to (d) of the table, delete all reterences to “Grade 43 steel” and ‘Grade 60 steel’ and delete the brackets around the text quantifying py. am 0972 Table 22. Basic shear strength, gy, tier Inthe headings of items (a) to (4) of the table, delete all references to ‘Grade 43 steel” and 'Grade 50 steel’ nd delete the brackets eround the text quantifying Py. AMD 0972 Table 23. Flange dependent shear strength factor, 4, ceria In thy headings of items (a) to (d) of the table, delete all references to ‘Grade 43 steel” ‘and ‘Grade 60 stool’ and delete the brackets around the text quantifying Py. ‘AMD 6972 Clause 4.12.4.2 General rules for empirical design near toes In item (a), line 2, delete ‘grade 43 of BS 4360’ and substitute ‘design grade 43’. Clause 4.13.1 General In paragraph 6, line 1, delete ‘of grade 43’ and substitute ‘of design grado 434, In line 3, delete ‘Grade 43A baseplates’ and substitute “Baseplates ot design grade 43A ste’ ‘AMD 6872. Clause 5.3.3 Grades of steel February 1992 Delete paragraph 1 and substitute the following, "Steel tor plastic design should comply with all three of ‘the following.” In item (c). ine 2, delete “BS 18° and substitute ’BS EN 1002-1 ‘AMD 6872 Clause 5.5.3.5.2 comes In item (3) of (a): {a) immediately after the first formula, insert ‘design’ between ‘for’ and ‘grade’; (b) immediately after the second formula, insert ‘design’ between ‘for' and ‘grade’.‘Amp 6072 February 1982 ‘AMD 6972 pruary 1982 ‘AMD 6072 February 1982 AMD 6972, February 1002 "S.CN 1000241 Metalic ma Table 33. Bearing strength of connected parts for ordinary bolts in clearance holes, Py, la the overall heading of column 1 t0 3, delete ‘Stool to BS 4360" and substitute ‘Design gradi af steal” Table 34. Bearing strength of parts connected by parallel shank friction grip fasteners, 2, In the overall heading of columns 1 tv 3, delete ‘Steel to BS 4360" and substitute "Design grade of steel’. Clause 6.6.5.1 Design strength In paragraph 1, line 9, delete ‘on steel complying with BS 4360" Table 36. Design strength, Py In the heading of column 1, delete ‘Grede of steel in BS 4360’ and substitute ‘Design grade of sto! Publications referred to Dalat the entries for BS 18 and BS 4360, To the bottom of the list, insert the following new entries. als ~ Tensile testing ~ Part 1 Method of test BS EN 10025 Hot rolled products of nonlloy structural steels: Technical delivery conditions! 9702-2 cse/27Contents Page Foreword 5 Gomiitiees esponsible Back cover Coda of prs Section one, General 1.0 Introduction ° 1.0.1. Aime of economical structural design 8 1102 Overall stability 8 1.03 Accuracy of calculation 6 11 Scope 6 12 Definitions 6 13 Major symbols 7 14 Other materials 8 1.8 Design documents 8 16 Detailing 8 1.7. References to 8S 5400 8 Section two, Limit state de ‘2.1 General principles and design methods, 9 2.1.1 Limit state concept 0 2.1.2 Methods of design a 22 Loading aa 22.1 General 10 2.22 Dead, imposed and wind loading 10 2.2.3 Dynamic loads and impact ettects 10 23 Temperature effects 10 24 Ultimate limit states w 24.1 Limit stat of strength 10 242 Stability limit stare 10 243. Fatigue " 2A Brittle fracture " 245 Structural integrity " 25 Sorviceability limit states 4 25.1 Deflection 14 252 durability 4 Section thros, Properties of mat. Properties 31 General 6 3.1.1. Strength of sae! 5 3.12. Other properties of ste! 8 3.1.3. Steel castings end forgings 15 Welds and fasteners 15 Welding consumables 6 Ordinary bolts, nuts and washers 8 Friction qrio fasteners 15 Section properties 15 Gross section 15 Net eres 15 Effective area at connections 5 Deductions for holes 16 Hole area 16 Holes not staggered 16 3.413 Staggered holes 16 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 3.5 Limiting proportions ot cross sections 35.1 General 3.5.2 Classification of cross sections 3.5.3 Classification of elemente 3.5.4 Webs of semi-compact sections 3.5.5 Compound flanges 3.56 Longitudinally stiffened flanges 3.6 Slender cross sections 3.6.1. General 3.6.2 Sections with thin webs required to carry shear 3.6.3 Webs subject to moments and axial loads ‘and circular hollow sections 3.6.4 Other elements Section four. Design of structural elements General Scope Class of cross section Design strength Members in bending General Full latoral restraint Shear Elastic shear stress ‘Moment capacity with low shear load Moment capacity with high shear lood Lateral torsional buckling General Lateral restraints 3 Effective lengths of beams Effective lengths of cantilevers Lateral torsional buckling resistan members subject to bending 4.3.8 Buckling resistance mament for single angles 4a Plato girders 4.4.1. General 4.4.2 Dimensions of webs and flanges 44.3 Design strength of components 4.4.4 Moment capacity 4.4.5 Shear buckling resistance of thin webs 44.8 Design of intermediate wransverse wed stiffeners 4.5 Web bearing, buckling and stiffener design 45.1 General 45.2 Load carrying stiffeners 45.3. Bearing stitteners 4.54 Design of load carrying stiffeners 4.5.8 Design of bearing stiffeners 456 Design of diagonal stiffeners 45.7 Design of tension stitteners 45.8 Torsion stiffeners 418.9 Conneotion to web of load carrying end bearing stiffeners 4.5.10 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in tension ofBS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 4.5.11 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in ‘compression 4.5.12 Hollow sections 46 Axially loaded tension members 4.6.1 Tension capacity 46.2. Eecentrie connections 46.3 Effective areas of simple tension members 4.8.4 Laced or battened ties 4.7 Compression members 47.1 General 4.7.2 Effective lengths 4.73. Slenderness 47.4 Compression resistance 4.1.5 Compressive strength 47.6 Eecentric connections 42.7 Columns in simple construction ATR Laced struts 4.7.9 Battened struts A.TAO Angle, channel and T-section struts 4.7.11 Batten-storced engle struts 47.12 Battoned parallel angle struts 4713 Hack-to-back struts 48 Axially loaded members with moments 48.1 General 48.2 Tension members with moments 483 Compression members with moments 49° Members with biaxial moments Empirical design rules for members in lattice frames and trusses Additional provisions for gantry girders 1 General 2 Crabbing of trolley 3 Lateral torsional buckling 4 Shear buckling 8 Local compression under wheels Wel Purlins and side rails, 4.42.1 General 4122 Reflections 4.12.3 Wind loading 4.124 Empirical design of purlins and side rails 4.13 Column bases 4.13.1 General 4.13.2 Empirical design of asaplates 4.13.3 Connection of baseplates 4.14 Cased sections 4.14.1 General 4.14.2 Cased members subject to bending 4.143 Cased struts 4.14.4 Cased members subject to axial load and moment 4.18 Web openings 4.18.1 General 4.18.2 Sections other than castellated 415.3 Castellated beams 3d girdare Section five. Continuous construction 5a Bat baZ 513 52 53 53.1 532 533 634 535 538 537 Section si General ‘Scope Loading Classification of multistorey frames as sway (oF non-sway Elastic design Plastic desion General Type of loading Grades of steel Geometrical properties Restaints Stiffenors at hinge locations Fabrication restrictions Continuous bears Elastic design Plastic desian Portal frames General Elastic design Plastic design Multi storey rigid frames: elastic design General Non-sway frames Sway frames Subframes Multi-storey rigid frames: plastic design General Non-sway frames ‘Sway frames Connections General recommendations General Intersections. Joints in simple construction Joints in rigid construction “Joints in semi rigid construction Joints subject to vibration and/or load reversal Splices Fastener spacing and edge distances Minimum spacing Maximum spacing in unstiffened plates ‘Minimum edge and end distances Maxinuin edge distances Ordinary bolting Effective arcas of bolts Shear capacity Bearing capacity Long jvints Large grip lengths Bolts subject to tension Friction grip fasteners General642 643 ead Parallel shank friction grip fasteners Waisted shank fasteners: slip resistance Frietion grip fasteners subject ta external tension Combined shear and tension Holes for frietion grip fasteners 645 648 6s 65.1 652 653 66 66.1 662 663 684 665 666 e7 Pin connections General Tension members and pin plates Desian of pins Weld detail and design General Details of fillet welds Partial penetration butt welds Welded details for structural hollow sections Design of fillet welds Design of butt welds Hoiding-down bolts Section seven. Loading teste 7A 72 73 731 732 733 734 735 738 General Test conditions Test procedures Test loads Preliminary loading Acceptance test Strenath test Test to failure Check tests ‘Appendices A Formal statement of satety factor format adopted in BS 5950 ; Pert 1 to favilitete vorrela tion with ISO 2394 and BS 6400 : Part 3 B. Lateral torsional buckling af members subject to bending © Compression strength. Perry strut formula D Effective lengths of struts in simple construction F Effective lengths of struts in rigid frames F Frame instability G Design of resteained members with an Lunrestrained compression flange H Web buckling Tables 1 Limit states 2 Loed factors end combinetions 3 Factor K for location of material and tensile stress 4 Maximum thickness of parts subjected to applied tensile stress 5 Deflection limits other than for pitched roof ortal trames Desigi strengths, yy, for steel to BS 4360 Limiting width to thickness ratios Strength reduction factors for slender elements Etfective lenath, L¢. for beams Page 88 88 88 88 89 89 89, 89, 8 89. 80 90 20 a1 a1 95 08 103 107 107 m u 2 4 18 7 19 2 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 10 Etvectve eng, ce, for eanteer of eng & 11 Dending strength, py, lin N/mm?) for rolled 12 Handing senator Win?) fr welded Ure of mand m factors for members of uniform Senderness factor for anges beams of 13 4 15 Slenderness correetion fector,, for members with applied loading substantially concentrated within the middle titth of the unrestrained Fength Slenderness correction factor, for members with epplied loading other than 0s for table 16 ‘Moment diagram between adjacent points of lateral restraint Equivalent uniform moment factor, Bending strength, Pp, {in N/mm?) for rolled sections with equal flanges (a) By = 265 Nimm* (b) By = 275 Nimm? (e) By = 340 N/mm? (4) By = 365 Niemen? Slenderness correction factor. n, tor standard load conditions Critical shear strength, gop (in N/men?) (2) Grade 43 etool (oy = 265 N/mm?) (b) Grade 43 steet (py, = 275 N/mm?) (c) Grade 50 steel (p, = 340 N/mm?) (4) Grade 50 steel (py = 355 N/mm?) Basie shear strength, a (in N/mm*) (a) Grade 43 steel (p, = 265 N/mm?) (0) Grade 43 steel (py ~ 275 N/mm?) {c) Grade 60 stool (py ~ 340 N/mm?) (d) Grade 60 steel (my, = 385 N/mm?) Flange dependent shear strenath factor. ay {in Némm?) {) Grade 43 steel (py = 260 N/mm?) (h) Grade 43 stool (ny, = 275 N/mm?) (c) Grade 50 steel (p, = 340 N/mm?) (a) Grade 50 steel (oy ~ 355 N/mm?) Nominal effective length, Le, for a strut Strut table selection Type of section obtained for table 25 Compressive strength, Pc, {in N/mm?) for struts Angle, channel and T-section strute Empirical values for purlins Empirical values tor side ralls 31 Minimum edge and end distances to fasteners Strength of bolts in clearance holes Bearing strength on connected parts for ordinary bolts in clearance Noles. Dox Bearing strength on parts connected by parallel shank friction grip Fasteners, Pog 7 18 19 22 23 3b Maximum dimensions of holes 36 Design strength, D. 37 Comparison of partial safety factors Limiting ) for box sections of uniform wall thickness, including RHS 39 Equivalent uniform moment factor, 1, Poge 24 25 F) 26 27 28 30 a1 » 33, 34 35 36 48 50 51 56 57 58 59 70 75 5 86 a7 97 7 MtBS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Figures 1 Staggered hotes 2 Angles with holes in both leas 3 Dimensions of sections 4 Effective she ‘of typical sections 55 End panel designed not using tention field action 6 End panel designed using tension tield action (ingle stiffener) 7. End panel designed using tension field action (double stiffener) 8 ‘Stitt bearing length 9 Dimensions of castellated sections 10 Heunch restraints 11 Subframes aMinimum edge and end distances 12 Joint lenath at splice 19 Pinended tension members 14 Welded ond connections 15 Symmetrical fillet welds 16 Dimensions for symmetrical plate girders 17 Side stanchion 18 Side stanchion with restraints 19 Simple side stanchion with crane gantry Page 16 16 20 28 20 2 22 2B 24 2 27 2B 29 30 31 32 ‘Compound side stanchion with crane gantry ‘Compound valley stanchion with erane gantry Restraint coefficients for limited frame Effective length ratio L/L for a column in a rigid jointed frame braced against sidesway for hase Effective length ratio Le/t for a column in a rigid jointed frame with unrestricted sidesway fork; Ettective length ratio Le/I far a calumn ina rigid-jointed frame with partial sway bracing of celative stiffness ky = 1 Effective length ratio L_/L for @ column in @ rigid jointed frame with partial sway bracing of Telative stittness k, = 2 Critical buckling mode of frame braced against sidesway Critical buckling mode of frame free to sway ‘Members restrained on tension flange ‘Typical naunch Value of fy Intermediate moments Page 101 102 103 104 104 105 105 106 108 108 110 MtForeword ‘This Part of BS 5950 has been prepared under the direction Of the Civil Engineering and Bullding Structures Standards Policy Committee. This Part of BS 5950 replaces BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1086 which is withdrawn. BS 6050 is a document ‘combining odes of practice to caver the design construc- tion and fire protection of steel structures and specifications for materials, workmanship and erection, “This edition introduces tachnical changes hut it does not reflect a full review or revision of the standard, which will tbe undertaken in due course. The changes introduced are indicated by a single side line in yin of the page. BS 5950 comprites the following Parte: Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections ‘Specification for materials, fabrication and. rection: hot rolled sections Design in composite construction Section 3.1 Code of practice for design of imple and continuous compotite beams *Seetion 3.2 Code of practice for design of ‘composite columns and frames Code of practice for design of floors with Profiled steel sheeting Cade of practice for design ot cold tormed sections Part 6* Code of practice for design in light gouge heating, decking and cladding Part 7° Specification for materials and workmanship: ‘old formed sections Part 8 Code of practice for fire resistant design Part 9* Code of practice for stressed skin design Part 2 Pants Part 4 Part 5 Part 1 gives recommendations for the design of structural steelwork in simple and continuous construction and its provisions apply to the majority of structures, although it is recognized that cases will arise when other proven methods. Cf design may be more appropriate. BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 This Part does not apply to other steel structures for which appropriate British Standards exist. Ithas been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard ‘that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people and that construction and supervision should be carried out by capable and experienced organizations. ‘The full list of organizations who have taken part in the work of the Technical Committee is given on the back ‘cover. The Chairman of the Committeo ie Mr P R Brett and the following people have made a particular contribution in the drafting of the code. Me PA Rutter Me PH Allen Mr B Auger Mr RJ Campion Mr E F Hole Me BL Hurst Mr JC Kalra Me EG Lovejoy Dr D B Moore Prot. D A Nethercot Dr MH Ogle Mr P R Salter Dr JE Spindet ‘Mr R Taggart Mr J.C Taylor Mr AD Weller Dr F J Whitbread Compliance with a British Standard doee not of itself confer immunity fram legal obligations. Viee ChairmanBS 5950 : Part 1 Section one 1990 Section one. General 1.0 Introduction 1.0.1. Aime of economical structural design ‘Tho aim of structural design is to provide, with due rogard to economy, a structure capable of fulfilling its intended funetion and sustaining the desian loads for its intended life, The design should facilitate fabrication, erection and future maintenance. The structure should behave as one three-dimensional entity. Tho layout of its constituent parte, euch a: foundations, steelwork, connections and other structural components should constitute a robust and stable structure under normal loading to ensure that in the event of misuse or ‘accident, damage will not be disproportionate to the cause. To achieve this itis necessary to define clearly the basic structural anatomy by which the loads are transmitted to ‘the foundations. Any features of the structure which have a critical influence on its overall stability can then be identified and taken account of in design. Each part of the structure should be sufficiently robust and insensitive to the effects of minor incidental losds applied during torvice thatthe safety of other parts is not prejudiced. Reterence should be made to 2.4.5, While the ultimate strength requirements within this standard are to be regarded as limiting values, the purpose in design should be to reach these limits in as many parts of the structure az postibla, to adopt a layout such that maximum structural efficiency is attained and to rationalize the steel member sizes and details in order to obtain the ‘optimum combination of material and fabrication, 1.0.2 Overall stability ‘The designer responsible for the overall stability of the structure should ensure the compatibility of desian and etal uf parts and components. There should be no doubt of this responsibility for overall stability when some or all lf the design and details ara nat made by the came designer 1.0.3 Accuracy of calculation For the purpose of deciding whether a particular rule of the standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, oxprassing the result of a tart or analysis should be rounded off. The number of significant places retained In the rounded off value should be the same as the value given in thie standard, 1.1 Scope ‘This Part of BS 5960 giues racommendatione for the design of structural steelwork with hot rolled steel sections, flats, plates and hollow sections in buildings and allied stevctures ‘ot specifically covered by other standards sterials and construction are ay spectied in BS SOBO "Part 2. [NOTE 2. The publications reterred to inthis standard are listed on For the purposes of this Part of BS 5950, the following definitions apply, 1.2.1. beam. A member predominately subject to bending. 1.2.2 brittle fracture, Brittle failure of steel at low temperature, 1.2.3 budkding resistanos. Limit of force or moment which a member can withstand without buckling 1.2.4 builtup. Constructed by interconnecting more than ‘one plate to form a single member 41.25 cantilever. A beam which ie fixed at one end and it {ree to deflect at the other. 1.2.6 capacity. Limit of force or moment which may be applied without causing failure due to yielding or rupture. 1.2.7 column. A vertical member of a structure carrying axial load and possibly moments. 1.2.8 compset cross section. A cross section which can develop the plastic moment capacity of the section but in \which local buckling prevents rotation at constant moment. 1.2.8 compound section. Constructed by interconnecting cone oF more sections oF plates and sections to form a single member 1.2.10 dead load, All loads of constant magnitude and position that act permanently, ineluding self weight. 1.2.11 design strength, The yield strangth of the material multiplied by the appropriate partial factor. See 3.1.1. 1.2.12 dynamic load, Part of an imposed load resulting from motion, 1.2.13 edge distance. Distance trom the centre ot a tastener role to the nearest edge of an element, 1.2.14 offective length. Longth between points of effective restraint of a memher multiplied hy a factor ta take account of the end conditions and toagina, 1.2.15 elastic design. Design which essumes no redistribu: tion of moments due to plastic rotation of a section throughout the structure 1.2.16 empirical method. Simplified method of design justified by experience or testing 1.2.17 end distance. Distance trom the centre of a fastener hnole to the edge of an element parallel to the direction in which the fostener beers 1.2.18 factored load. Specitied load multiplied by the relevant partial factor. 1.2.19 fatigue. Damage to 2 structural member caused by repeated application of stresses that are insufficient to raise failure by a single application 1.2.20 foundation. Part of a structure which distributes led directly to the ground, 1.2.21 friction grip connection, A halted connection which relies on friction to transmit shear between components.