CHAPTER

27 Quantum Theory
Practice Problems KE # "qV0
# "("1.60!10"19 C)(3.2 J/C)
27.1 A Particle Model # 5.1!10"19 J
of Waves
pages 723734
page 732
page 730
6. The threshold wavelength of zinc is 310 nm.
1. An electron has an energy of 2.3 eV. What is
Find the threshold frequency, in Hz, and
the energy of the electron in joules?
the work function, in eV, of zinc.
1.60!10"19 J
(2.3 eV)!!!" # 3.7!10"19 J c 3.00!108 m/s
1 eV f0 # !! # !! "9 # 9.7!1014 Hz
!0 310!10 m
2. What is the energy in eV of an electron with W # hf0
a velocity of 6.2"106 m/s?
1
# (6.63!10"34 J/Hz)
KE # ! mv 2
(9.7!1014 Hz)! !!
"19 "
2 1 eV
1.60!10 J
# ! ! "(9.11!10"31 kg)(6.2!106 m/s)2
1
2 # 4.0 eV
# (1.75!10"17 J)! !!
"19 "
1 eV
1.60!10 J
7. The work function for cesium is 1.96 eV.
# 1.1!102 eV What is the kinetic energy, in eV, of photo-
electrons ejected when 425-nm violet light
3. What is the velocity of the electron in falls on the cesium?
problem 1? 1240 eV$nm
KEmax # !! " hf0
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1 !
m # 9.11!10"31 kg, KE # ! mv 2
2 1240 eV$nm
# !! " 1.96 eV
!" !""
2KE (2)(3.7!10"19 J) 425 nm
v# !! # !!
m 9.11!10"31 kg # 0.960 eV
# 9.0!105 m/s
8. When a metal is illuminated with 193-nm
4. The stopping potential for a photoelectric ultraviolet radiation, electrons with energies
cell is 5.7 V. Calculate the maximum kinetic of 3.5 eV are emitted. What is the work
energy of the emitted photoelectrons in eV. function of the metal?

KE # "qV0 KE # hf " hf0

hc
# "("1.60!10"19 C)(5.7 J/C) hf0 # hf " KE # !! " KE
!

! !!
1 eV
1.60!10"19 J " 1240 eV$nm
# !! " KE
!
# 5.7 eV 1240 eV$nm
# !! " 3.5 eV
193 nm
5. The stopping potential required to prevent # 2.9 eV
current through a photocell is 3.2 V.
Calculate the maximum kinetic energy in
joules of the photoelectrons as they are
emitted.

Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 531

Chapter 27 continued
9. A metal has a work function of 4.50 eV.
What is the longest-wavelength radiation
that will cause it to emit photoelectrons?
hc
hf0 # 4.50 eV, so !! # 4.50 eV
!0
1240 eV$nm
Thus, !0 # !! # 276 nm
4.50 eV
Section Review
27.1 A Particle Model
of Waves
pages 723734
page 734
10. Photoelectric Effect Why is high-intensity,
low-frequency light unable to eject electrons
from a metal, whereas low-intensity, high-
frequency light can? Explain.
Light, a form of electromagnetic radia-
tion, is quantized and massless, yet it
does have kinetic energy. Each incident
photon interacts with a single electron. If
the incident photon does not have suffi-
cient energy, it cannot eject an electron.
Because energy is directly related to fre-
quency, low frequency light does not
have sufficient energy to eject an elec-
tron, whereas high frequency light does.
11. Frequency and Energy of Hot-Body
Radiation As the temperature of a body is
increased, how does the frequency of peak
intensity change? How does the total
amount of radiated energy change?
Both frequency of peak intensity and
total energy radiated increase. The peak
frequency increases as T, whereas the
total energy increases as T 4.
12. Photoelectric and Compton Effects An
experimenter sends an X ray into a target.
An electron, but no other radiation,
emerges from the target. Explain whether
this event is a result of the photoelectric
effect or the Compton effect.
It is a result of the photoelectric effect,
which is the capture of a photon by an
electron in matter and the transfer of
the photons energy to the electron.
532 Solutions Manual
13. Photoelectric and Compton Effects
Distinguish the photoelectric effect from
the Compton effect.
The Compton effect is the scattering of
a photon by matter, resulting in a pho-
ton of lower energy and momentum. The
photoelectric effect is the emission of
electrons from a metal sample when radi-
ation of sufficient energy is incident on it.
14. Photoelectric Effect Green light
(! # 532 nm) strikes an unknown metal,
causing electrons to be ejected. The ejected
electrons can be stopped by a potential of
1.44 V. What is the work function, in eV, of
the metal?
hc 1240 eV$nm
Egreen light # !! # !! # 2.33 eV
! 532 nm
KEejected electron # "qV
# "("1.60!10"19 C)
(1.44 J/C)
! !!
1.60!10"19 J "
1 eV
# 1.44 eV
W # Egreen light " KEejected electron
# 2.33 eV " 1.44 eV
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
# 0.89 eV
15. Energy of a Photon What is the energy, in
eV, of the photons produced by a laser
pointer having a 650-nm wavelength?
hc 1240 eV$nm
E # !! # !! # 1.9 eV
! 650 nm
16. Photoelectric Effect An X ray is absorbed in
a bone and releases an electron. If the X ray
has a wavelength of approximately 0.02 nm,
estimate the energy, in eV, of the electron.
hc 1240 eV$nm
E # !! # !! # 6!104 eV
! 0.02 nm
17. Compton Effect An X ray strikes a bone,
collides with an electron, and is scattered.
How does the wavelength of the scattered
X ray compare to the wavelength of the
incoming X ray?
Physics: Principles and Problems
 Chapter 27 continued
The scattered X ray has a longer wave- 21. What voltage is needed to accelerate an
length than the incoming X ray. electron so it has a 0.125-nm wavelength?
h h
18. Critical Thinking Imagine that the colli- ! # !!, so p # !!
p !
sion of two billiard balls models the inter- h 2
action of a photon and an electron during 1 p2 !!" !!
KE # !!mv 2 # ! # %
the Compton effect. Suppose the electron is 2 2m 2m
replaced by a much more massive proton. "34
Would this proton gain as much energy !!
0.125!10"9 m "
6.63!10
!
J$s

from the collision as the electron does?

# %%
(2)(9.11!10"31 kg)
Would the photon lose as much energy as it
# (1.544!10"17 J)! !!
1.60!10"19 J "
1 eV
does when it collides with the electron?
The answer to both questions is no. A # 96.5 eV, so it would have to be
tennis ball can transfer more kinetic accelerated through 96.5 V.
energy to a softball than it can to a
bowling ball. 22. The electron in Example Problem 3 has a
de Broglie wavelength of 0.14 nm. What
is the kinetic energy, in eV, of a proton
Practice Problems (m # 1.67"10$27 kg) with the same
wavelength?
27.2 Matter Waves The de Broglie wavelength is ! # !!
h
pages 735737 h
mv
so the velocity is v # !!
page 736 m!
19. A 7.0-kg bowling ball rolls with a velocity The kinetic energy, then, is
of 8.5 m/s. 2 2
KE # !!mv 2 # !!m!!!" # !
1 1 h h
a. What is the de Broglie wavelength of the 2 2 2m! 2m!
bowling ball? (6.63!10 J$s) "34 2
# !!!!!"27 "9 2
h 6.63!10"34 J$s (2)(1.67!10 kg)(0.14!10 m)
! # ! # !!
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

mv (7.0 kg)(8.5 m/s)

! 1.60!10
!!
1 eV
"19 J "
# 1.1!10"35 m
b. Why does the bowling ball exhibit no # 4.2!10"2 eV
observable wave behavior?

Section Review
The wavelength is too small to show
observable effects.
27.2 Matter Waves
20. What is the de Broglie wavelength and
speed of an electron accelerated by a poten-
pages 735737
tial difference of 250 V? page 737
23. Wavelike Properties Describe the experi-
1
!!mv 2 # qV, so ment that confirmed that particles have
2
wavelike properties.
!!" ! # !""
2qV (2)(1.60!10 "19
C)(250 J/C)
v# !!!! "31 When a beam of electrons was aimed at a
m 9.11!10 kg
crystal, the crystal acted like a diffraction
# 9.4!106 m/s grating, causing the electrons to form a
h diffraction pattern. The diffraction of the
! # !!
mv
electrons (particles) is similar to the dif-
6.63!10 J$s "34
# !!!! fraction of light (waves) through a grating.
"31
(9.11!10 6 kg)(9.4!10 m/s)
# 7.7!10"11 m

Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 533

Chapter 27 continued
24. Wave Nature Explain why the wave nature
of matter is not obvious.
The wavelengths of most objects are
much too small to be detected.
25. De Broglie Wavelength What is the
de Broglie wavelength of an electron
accelerated through a potential difference
of 125 V?
!!
"
"2qV
v# !
m de Broglie wavelength of the atoms?
# !""
"2("1.60!10 "19
C)(125 V)
!!!! "31
9.11!10 kg
# 6.63!106 m/s
p # mv # (9.11!10"31 kg)(6.63!106 m/s)
# 6.04!10"24 kg$m/s
h 6.63!10 J$s "34
! # ! # !!! "24
p 6.04!10 kg$m/s
# 1.10!10"10 m
# 0.110 nm
26. Wavelengths of Matter and Radiation
When an electron collides with a massive
particle, the electrons velocity and wave-
length decrease. How is it possible to
increase the wavelength of a photon?
If the photon undergoes Compton scat-
tering with a fixed target, the wave-
length of the photon will increase. Note,
however, that the photons speed is not
changed. The photon still travels at c.
27. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle When
light or a beam of atoms passes through a dou-
ble slit, an interference pattern forms. Both
results occur even when atoms or photons pass
through the slits one at a time. How does the
Heisenberg uncertainty principle explain this?
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle
states that you cannot simultaneously
know the precise position and momen-
tum of a particle. Thus, if you know the
precise position of a photon or an
atom as it passes through the slit, you
cannot know its precise momentum.
Because of the unknown momentum,
you cannot be sure which of the slits
534 Solutions Manual
the beam passed through, resulting in
the distribution of photons or atoms
seen in the interference pattern.
28. Critical Thinking Physicists recently made
a diffraction grating of standing waves of
light. Atoms passing through the grating
produce an interference pattern. If the
1
spacing of the slits in the grating were !!!
2
(about 250 nm), what was the approximate
For diffraction gratings, ! # d sin ",
where d is the spacing of the slits, and
" is the angular separation between
consecutive peaks. The de Broglie
wavelength, then, is ! # (250 nm) sin ".
If we assume sin " is around 0.1, then
the de Broglie wavelength is a few tens
of nanometers.
Chapter Assessment
Concept Mapping
page 742
29. Complete the following concept map using
these terms: dual nature, mass, wave proper-
ties, momentum, diffraction.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
dual nature
particle
wave properties
properties
interference diffraction mass momentum
Mastering Concepts
page 742
30. Incandescent Light An incandescent light-
bulb is controlled by a dimmer. What happens
to the color of the light given off by the bulb as
the dimmer control is turned down? (27.1)
The light becomes redder.
Physics: Principles and Problems
 Chapter 27 continued
31. Explain the concept of quantized energy.
(27.1)
Quantized energy means that energy
can exist only in multiples of some min-
imum value.
32. What is quantized in Max Plancks interpre-
tation of the radiation of incandescent
bodies? (27.1)
The vibrational energy of the incandes-
cent atoms is quantized.
33. What is a quantum of light called? (27.1)
a photon
34. Light above the threshold frequency shines
on the metal cathode in a photocell. How
does Einsteins photoelectric effect theory
explain the fact that as the light intensity
increases, the current of photoelectrons
increases? (27.1)
Each photon ejects a photoelectron.
Light with greater intensity contains
more photons per second; thus, it
causes the ejection of more photo-
electrons per second.
35. Explain how Einsteins theory accounts for
the fact that light below the threshold fre-
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
quency of a metal produces no photoelec-
trons, regardless of the intensity of the
light. (27.1)
Photons below the threshold frequency
do not have sufficient energy to eject
an electron. If the intensity of the light
increases, the number of photons
increases but their energy does not;
the photons are still unable to eject an
electron.
36. Photographic Film Because certain types
of black-and-white film are not sensitive
to red light, they can be developed in a
darkroom that is illuminated by red light.
Explain this on the basis of the photon
theory of light. (27.1)
Red photons do not have enough energy
to cause the chemical reaction that
exposes film.
Physics: Principles and Problems
37. How does the Compton effect demonstrate
that photons have momentum as well as
energy? (27.1)
Elastic collisions transfer both momen-
tum and energy. Only if photons have
momentum can the equations be
satisfied.
38. The momentum, p, of a particle of matter is
given by p # mv. Can you calculate the
momentum of a photon using the same
equation? Explain. (27.2)
No, using the equation yields a photon
momentum of zero because photons
are massless. This result is incorrect
because massless photons have non-
zero momenta.
39. Explain how each of the following electron
properties could be measured. (27.2)
a. charge
Balance the force of gravity against
the force of an electric field on the
charge.
b. mass
Balance the force of an electric field
against that of a magnetic field to
find m/q, then use the measured
value of q.
c. wavelength
Scatter electrons off a crystal and
measure the angles of diffraction.
40. Explain how each of the following photon
properties could be measured. (27.2)
a. energy
Measure the KE of the electrons
ejected from a metal for at least two
different wavelengths, or measure the
KE of the electrons ejected from a
known metal at only one wavelength.
b. momentum
Measure the change in wavelength
of X rays scattered by matter.
c. wavelength
Measure the angle of diffraction
when light passes through two slits
Solutions Manual 535
Chapter 27 continued
or a diffraction grating, measure the
width of a single-slit diffraction pat-
tern, or measure the angle the light is
bent when it passes through a prism.
Applying Concepts
page 742
41. Use the emission spectrum of an incandes-
cent body at three different temperatures
shown in Figure 27-1 on page 724 to
answer the following questions.
a. At what frequency does the peak emis-
sion intensity occur for each of the three
temperatures?
4000 K: ~2.5!1014 Hz, 5800 K:
~3.5!1014 Hz, 8000 K: ~4.6!1014 Hz
b. What can you conclude about the rela-
tionship between the frequency of peak
radiation emission intensity and tem-
perature for an incandescent body?
The frequency of the peak intensity
increases with increasing
temperature.
c. By what factor does the intensity of the
red light given off change as the bodys
temperature increases from 4000 K to
8000 K?
The intensity in the red portion of
the spectrum increases from approx-
imately 0.5 to 9.2, an increase by a
factor of slightly greater than 18.
42. Two iron bars are held in a fire. One glows
dark red, while the other glows bright
orange.
a. Which bar is hotter?
the rod glowing bright orange
b. Which bar is radiating more energy?
the rod glowing bright orange
43. Will high-frequency light eject a greater
number of electrons from a photosensitive
surface than low-frequency light, assuming
that both frequencies are above the thresh-
old frequency?
Not necessarily; the number of ejected
electrons is proportional to the number
536 Solutions Manual
of incident photons or the brightness of
the light, not the frequency of the light.
44. Potassium emits photoelectrons when
struck by blue light, whereas tungsten emits
photoelectrons when struck by ultraviolet
radiation.
a. Which metal has a higher threshold
frequency?
Blue light has a lower frequency and
energy than UV light. Thus, tungsten
has the higher threshold frequency.
b. Which metal has a larger work function?
tungsten
45. Compare the de Broglie wavelength of the
baseball shown in Figure 27-11 with the
diameter of the baseball.
21 m/s
0.10 m
Figure 27-11
The diameter of the baseball is about
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
0.10 m, whereas the de Broglie wave-
length is 1034 m; the baseball is about
1033 times larger than the wavelength.
Mastering Problems
27.1 A Particle Model of Waves
page 742743
Level 1
46. According to Plancks theory, how does the
frequency of vibration of an atom change if
it gives off 5.44"10$19 J while changing its
value of n by 1?
E # nhf , so
E 5.44!10 J "19
f # !! # !!!
nh "34
(1)(6.63!10 J$s)
# 8.21!1014 Hz
47. What potential difference is needed to stop
electrons with a maximum kinetic energy of
4.8"10$19 J?
Physics: Principles and Problems
 Chapter 27 continued
KE # "qV0, so 51. The threshold frequency of sodium is
"19
4.4"1014 Hz. How much work must be
KE 4.8!10 C
V0 # !! # !!!
"q "19 # 3.0 V
"("1.60!10 C)
done to free an electron from the surface
of sodium?
48. What is the momentum of a photon of violet Work # hf0
light that has a wavelength of 4.0"102 nm?
# (6.63!10"34 J/Hz)(4.4!1014 Hz)
h 6.63!10"34 J$s
p # !! # !! # 2.9!10"19 J
! 4.0!10"7 m
# 1.7!10"27 kg$m/s
52. If light with a frequency of 1.00"1015 Hz
falls on the sodium in the previous prob-
Level 2
lem, what is the maximum kinetic energy of
49. The stopping potential of a certain metal is
the photoelectrons?
shown in Figure 27-12. What is the maxi-
mum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons KE # hf " hf0
in the following units? # h(f " f0)
Cathode Anode # (6.63!10"34 J/Hz)
(1.00!1015 Hz " 4.4!1014 Hz)
# 3.7!10"19 J

Level 3
53. Light Meter A photographers light meter
uses a photocell to measure the light falling
on the subject to be photographed. What
! 5.0 V " should be the work function of the cathode
Figure 27-12
if the photocell is to be sensitive to red light
(! # 680 nm) as well as to the other colors
a. electron volts
of light?
KE # "qV0
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1240 eV$nm 1240 eV$nm

W # !! # !!
# "("1 elementary charge)(5.0 V) !0 680 nm
# 5.0 eV # 1.8 eV
b. joules
54. Solar Energy A home uses about 4"1011 J
!! 1 "!
! ! !"
5.0 eV 1.60!10 J "19
1 eV of energy each year. In many parts of the
United States, there are about 3000 h of
# 8.0!10 "19 J
sunlight each year.
50. The threshold frequency of a certain metal a. How much energy from the Sun falls on
is 3.00"1014 Hz. What is the maximum one square meter each year?
kinetic energy of an ejected photoelectron if Earth receives about 1000 J/m2 each
the metal is illuminated by light with a second, so
wavelength of 6.50"102 nm?
E # (1000 J/m2$s)! ! "! ! "
3600 s 3000 h
KE # hf " hf0 h y

# h !!! " f0" # 1!1010 J/m2 per year

c
!
b. If this solar energy can be converted
# (6.63!10"34 J$s) to useful energy with an efficiency of
8 20 percent, how large an area of
! !!
3.00!10 m/s
6.50!10"7 m
" 3.00!1014 Hz"
converters would produce the energy
# 1.07!10"19 J needed by the home?

Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 537

Chapter 27 continued
4!10 J 11 6.63!10 J/Hz "34
Area # !!! 10 2 # !!!!
"31 7
(0.2)(1!10 J/m ) (9.11!10 kg)(4.2!10 m/s)
# 2!102 m2 # 1.7!10"11 m # 0.017 nm

58. A neutron is held in a trap with a kinetic

27.2 Matter Waves
energy of only 0.025 eV.
page 743
a. What is the velocity of the neutron?
Level 1
1.60!10"19 J
55. What is the de Broglie wavelength of an KE # (0.025 eV)! !! "
eV
electron moving at 3.0"106 m/s?
# 4.0!10"21 J
h
!# ! 1
mv # ! mv 2
2
6.63!10"34 J$s
!""
# !!!!
!!
" (2)(4.0!10 J) "21
(9.11!10"31 kg)(3.0!106 m/s) v# 2KE
!# !!
m 1.67!10 kg "27
# 2.4!10"10 m
# 2.2!103 m/s
# 0.24 nm
b. Find the de Broglie wavelength of the
56. What velocity would an electron need to neutron.
have a de Broglie wavelength of h
!# !
3.0"10$10 m? mv
6.63!10 J$s "34
h # !!!!
! # !! "27
(1.67!10 3 kg)(2.2!10 m/s)
mv
h
v # !! # 1.8!10"10 m
m!
6.63!10 J/Hz "34 59. The kinetic energy of a hydrogen atoms
# !!!!
"31 "10 electron is 13.65 eV.
(9.11!10 kg)(3.0!10 m)
# 2.4!106 m/s a. Find the velocity of the electron.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1
KE # ! mv 2
Level 2 2
57. A cathode-ray tube accelerates an electron
from rest across a potential difference of
v# !!
"
2KE
m
!

5.0"103 V.
!"""
(2)(13.65 eV)(1.60!10 "19
J&eV)
# !!!! "31
a. What is the velocity of the electron? 9.11!10 kg
1 # 2.19!106 m/s
!!mv 2 # qV
2
b. Calculate the electrons de Broglie

!"
qV wavelength.
v# % 1
! !m h
2 !# !
mv

!""
(1.60!10"19 C)(5.0!103 V)
v# % % %% 6.63!10
# !!!!
kg$m/s "34

! " 1
!! (9.11!10"31 kg)
2
"31
(9.11!10 6
kg)(2.19!10 m/s)
# 0.332 nm
# 4.2!107 m/s
c. Given that a hydrogen atoms radius is
b. What is the wavelength associated with 0.519 nm, calculate the circumference of
the electron? a hydrogen atom and compare it with
h
!# ! the de Broglie wavelength for the atoms
mv electron.
C # 2!r

538 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems

 Chapter 27 continued
# (2!)(0.519 nm) # 3.26 nm
The circumference is approximately equal to ten complete wavelengths.

Level 3
60. An electron has a de Broglie wavelength of 0.18 nm.
a. How large a potential difference did it experience if it started from rest?
h
The de Broglie wavelength is ! # ! ,
mv
h
which gives a velocity of v # ! .
m!
The kinetic energy, then, is
1
KE # ! mv 2
2
2
# ! m!!!"
1 h
2 m!
h 2
# ! 2
2m!
In terms of voltage, the kinetic energy is KE # qV.
Combining these and solving for voltage,
h 2
V# ! 22mq!
(6.63!10 J$s) "34 2
# !!!!!!
"31 "19 "9
(2)(9.11!10 kg)(1.60!10 C)(0.18!10
# 47 V
b. If a proton has a de Broglie wavelength of 0.18 nm, how large is the potential
difference that it experienced if it started from rest?
Using the same derivation as before, the voltage is
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

h 2
V# % 22mq!
(6.63!10 J$s) "34 2
# !!!!!!
"27 "19 "9 2
(2)(1.67!10 kg)(1.60!10 C)(0.18!10 m)
# 0.025 V

Mixed Review
page 743744
Level 1
61. What is the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons ejected from a metal that
has a stopping potential of 3.8 V?
KE # "qV0 # "("1 elementary charge)(3.8 V) # 3.8 eV

62. The threshold frequency of a certain metal is 8.0"1014 Hz. What is the work
function of the metal?
W # hf0
# (6.63!10"34 J/Hz)(8.0!1014 Hz)
# 5.3!10"19 J

Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 539

Chapter 27 continued
63. If light with a frequency of 1.6"1015 Hz (6.63!10"34 J$s)(3.00!108 m/s)
falls on the metal in the previous problem, # %%%
what is the maximum kinetic energy of the (2.48 eV)!% %"
1.60!10"19 J
1 eV
photoelectrons?
# 5.01!10"7 m
KE # hf " hf0
# 501 nm
# (6.63!10"34 J/Hz)(1.6!1015 Hz) "
5.3!10"19 J 67. An electron has a de Broglie wavelength of
400.0 nm, the shortest wavelength of visible
# 5.3!10"19 J light.

64. Find the de Broglie wavelength of a a. Find the velocity of the electron.
deuteron (nucleus of 2H isotope) of mass ! # !!
h
3.3"10$27 kg that moves with a speed of mv
2.5"104 m/s. h
v # !!
m!
h
!# !
mv 6.63!10 J/Hz "34
# !!!!
"31 "9
"34 (9.11!10 kg)(400.0!10 m)
6.63!10 J$s
# !!!!
"27 4
(3.3!10 kg)(2.5!10 m/s) # 1.82!103 m/s
# 8.0!10"12 m b. Calculate the energy of the electron in eV.
1
Level 2 KE # !!mv 2
2
65. The work function of iron is 4.7 eV.
# !!!"(9.11!10"31 kg)(1.82!103 m/s)2
1
a. What is the threshold wavelength of 2
iron?
! !!
1.60!10"19 J "
eV
hc 1240 eV$nm
W # !! # !!
!0 !0 # 9.43!10"6 eV
1240 eV$nm 1240 eV$nm
!0 # !! # !! 68. Electron Microscope An electron micro-
W 4.7 eV

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

scope is useful because the de Broglie wave-
# 2.6!102 nm
lengths of electrons can be made smaller than
b. Iron is exposed to radiation of wave- the wavelength of visible light. What energy
length 150 nm. What is the maximum in eV has to be given to an electron for it to
kinetic energy of the ejected electrons have a de Broglie wavelength of 20.0 nm?
in eV? h
The de Broglie wavelength is ! # !!,
hc hc 1240 eV$nm mv
KE # !! " !! # !! " 4.7 eV h
! !0 150 nm which gives a velocity of v # !!.
m!
# 3.6 eV The kinetic energy, then, is
1
66. Barium has a work function of 2.48 eV. KE # !!mv 2
2
What is the longest wavelength of light
h 2
# !!m!!!"
1
that will cause electrons to be emitted 2 m!
from barium? 2
h
hc # ! 2
Work function # 2.48 eV # hf0 # !!, so 2m!
!0
(6.63!10"34 J$s)2
!0 # !
hc # ! !!!!!
"31 "9 2"
2.48 eV (2)(9.11!10 kg)(20.0!10 m)

! !!
1.60!10"19 J "
1 eV

# 3.77!10"3 eV

540 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems

 Chapter 27 continued
Level 3 Thinking Critically
69. Incident radiation falls on tin, as shown in
page 744
Figure 27-13. The threshold frequency of
70. Apply Concepts A helium-neon laser emits
tin is 1.2"1015 Hz.
photons with a wavelength of 632.8 nm.
Cathode Anode
a. Find the energy, in joules, of each
photon emitted by the laser.
Each photon has energy
hc
E # !!
!
! # 167 nm (6.63!10 "34
J$s)(3.00!10 m/s) 8
# !!!! "9
632.8!10 m

! " # 3.14!10"19 J
Figure 27-13 b. A typical small laser has a power of
a. What is the threshold wavelength of tin? 0.5 mW (equivalent to 5"10$4 J/s).
c # !f How many photons are emitted each
second by the laser?
c 3.00!108 m/s
! # !! # !! # 2.5!10"7 m P 5!10 J/s "4
f 15
1.2!10 Hz n # !! # !!!
E "19
3.14!10 J/photon
b. What is the work function of tin?
# 2!1015 photons/s
W # hf0

# (6.63!10"34 J/Hz)(1.2!1015 Hz) 71. Apply Concepts Just barely visible light
with an intensity of 1.5"10$11 W/m2
# 8.0!10"19 J
enters a persons eye, as shown in
c. The incident electromagnetic radiation Figure 27-14.
has a wavelength of 167 nm. What
is the kinetic energy of the ejected Cornea
electrons in eV?
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

hc ! # 550 nm Lens
KEmax # !! " hf0
!
(6.63!10 "34
J/Hz)(3.00!10 m/s) 8
# !!!! "9 "
167!10 m

8.0!10"19 J Pupil
# 3.9!10"19 J (diameter # 7.0 mm)
Figure 27-14
(3.9!10"19 J)! !!
"19 " # 2.4 eV
1 eV
1.60!10 J a. If this light shines into the persons eye
and passes through the persons pupil,
what is the power, in watts, that enters
the persons eye?
Power # (intensity)(area)
# (intensity)(!r 2)
# (1.5!10"11 W/m2)
(! (3.5!10"3 m)2)
# 5.8!10"16 W

Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 541

Chapter 27 continued
b. Use the given wavelength of the inci- From the graph, the threshold frequency
dent light and information provided in is f0 # 4.99!1014 Hz, which gives a
c
Figure 27-14 to calculate the number of threshold wavelength of !0 # ! ! #
f0
photons per second entering the eye. 3.00!108 m/s
!! # 601 nm and a work
4.99!1014 Hz
Energy per photon
function of
hc
E# ! W # hf0
!
(6.63!10 "34
J$s)(3.00!10 m/s) 8 # (6.63!10"34 J/Hz)(4.99!1014 Hz)
# !!!! "9
550!10 m # 3.31!10"19 J
# 3.62!10"19 J
Writing in Physics
P
n # ! # !!!
5.8!10"16 J/s page 744
E 3.62!10"19 J/photon 73. Research the most massive particle for
which interference effects have been seen.
# 1600 photons/s
Describe the experiment and how the inter-
72. Make and Use Graphs A student completed ference was created.
a photoelectric-effect experiment and recorded As of 2003, the largest is a buckyball, a
the stopping potential as a function of wave- C60 molecule. Nano-formed metallic
length, as shown in Table 27-1. The photo- grids were used as a diffraction grating.
cell had a sodium cathode. Plot the data
(stopping potential versus frequency) and use Cumulative Review
your calculator to draw the best-fit straight page 744
line (regression line). From the slope and 74. The spring in a pogo stick is compressed
intercept of the line, find the work function, 15 cm when a child who weighs 400.0 N
the threshold wavelength, and the value of stands on it. What is the spring constant of
h/q from this experiment. Compare the value the spring? (Chapter 14)
of h/q to the accepted value.
F # kx

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Table 27-1 F 400 N
k # ! ! # !!
Stopping Potential v. Wavelength x 0.15 m

! (nm) V0 (eV) # 3!103 N/m

200 4.20 75. A marching band sounds flat as it plays on
300 2.06 a very cold day. Why? (Chapter 15)
400 1.05 Answer: The pitch of a wind instrument
500 0.41 depends on the speed of sound in the
air within it. The colder the air, the lower
600 0.03
the speed of sound and the flatter the
pitch of the sound produced.
Convert wavelength to frequency and
plot. Determine the best straight line 76. A charge of 8.0"10$7 C experiences a force
through the data. of 9.0 N when placed 0.02 m from a second
Slope # 4.18!10"15 V/Hz charge. What is the magnitude of the sec-
# 4.18!10"15 J/Hz$C ond charge? (Chapter 20)
The accepted value is A B q q
F#K!2 d
h (6.63!10"34 J/Hz)
! # !!!
e (1.60!10"19 C) Fd 2
qB # !!
KqA
# 4.14!10"15 J/Hz$C

542 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems

 Chapter 27 continued
(9.0 N)(0.02 m) 2 1. Find the maximum kinetic energy of the
# !!!!
9 2 2 "7
(9.0!10 N$m &C )(8.0!10 C) vibrating object.
1
# 5!10"7 C KE # ! mv 2
2

# ! ! "(5.0!10"3 kg)(1.0!10"2 m/s)2

77. A homeowner buys a dozen identical 120-V 1
2
light sets. Each light set has 24 bulbs connect-
ed in series, and the resistance of each bulb is # 2.5!10"7 J
6.0 %. Calculate the total load in amperes if
the homeowner operates all the sets from a 2. The vibrating object emits energy in
single exterior outlet. (Chapter 23) the form of light with a frequency of
Itotal # 12Iset 5.0"1014 Hz. If the energy is emitted in
a single step, find the energy lost by the
# (12)! ! " object.
V
24R
E # hf
!
# (12) !!
120 V
(24)(6.0 ') " # (6.63!10"34 J/Hz)(5.0!1014 Hz)
# 1.0!101 A # 3.3!10"19 J

78. The force on a 1.2-m wire is 1.1"10$3 N. 3. Determine the number of equally sized
The wire is perpendicular to Earths magnetic energy-step reductions that the object
field. How much current is in the wire? would have to make in order to lose all
(Chapter 24) of its energy.
F # BIL 2.5!10"7 J
!!! # 7.6!1011 steps
3
3.3!10"19 J/step
F 1.1!10 N
I # !! # !!!"5 # 2!101 A
BL (5!10 T)(1.2 m)

Challenge Problem
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

page 731
Suppose a nickel with a mass of 5.0 g vibrates up
and down while it is connected to a spring. The
maximum velocity of the nickel during the oscil-
lations is 1.0 cm/s. Assume that the vibrating
nickel models the quantum vibrations of the
electrons within an atom, where the energy of
the vibrations is given by the equation E # nhf.

Mass # 5.0 g
Maximum velocity # 1.0 cm/s

Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 543