3/29/2017

Arthropoda II:
Crustaceans, Hexapods
and allied taxa

ZOO 3
Prof. Eleanor Aurellado

Subphylum Crustacea
2 pairs of antennae
Biramous appendages
Mandibles
Tagmata = cephalothorax
and abdomen

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Mainly aquatic
although some are
terrestrial
Cuticle hardened by
calcium salts (a) Ghost crab

(b) Krill (c) Barnacles

Muscular System
Striated muscles make up a major portion of
a crustaceans body

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Respiration
Smaller crustaceans may exchange gases in
thinner parts of the cuticle
Gills

Excretion
Antennal
gland or
maxillary
gland
Also called
green gland
in decapods

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Metamorphosis
Usually have nauplius larva

Major groups of crustaceans

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Class Branchiopoda
Phyllopodia legs used for respiration,
feeding and locomotion
Important zooplankton (food source of fishes
and other animals

Mostly freshwater

Artemia (brine shrimp)

O. Anostraca no carapace
Daphnia (water flea)
O. Cladocera carapace encloses only body

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Class Maxillopoda
Reduced abdomen
5 cephalic, 6 thoracic and 4 abdominal
segments with telson

Barnacles

Subclass Copepoda
(copepods)
Probably the most abundant animal
Important zooplankton
Retained nauplius eye
Lack carapace

Cyclops

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Subclass Thecostraca
Infraclass Cirripedia (barnacles)
Sessile suspension
feeders
Use their long legs
(cirri)
Cuticle hardened into
calcareous plates
Found encrusting on
rocks, boat hulls, and
other animals

Class Malacostraca
Largest and most diverse class of Crustacea
with over 20,000 species

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Class Malacostraca
Caridoid facies
Head 5 fused
segments
Thorax 8
segments
Abdomen 6
Anterior rostrum
Posterior telson

Order Isopoda (pill bugs)

Truly terrestrial
crustaceans although
some forms are
aquatic
Dorsoventrally
flattened, no carapace

Parasitic isopod

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Order Amphipoda
Include beach fleas
Laterally compressed
No carapace

Order Decapoda
Shrimps, crabs and
lobsters
5 pairs of walking
legs
One pair modified
into pincers (chelae)
Carapace covering
cephalothorax

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Top left: Portunus (alimasag)

Top right: Penaeus (prawn)
Bottom right: Panulirus (spiny lobster)

Important crustacean food sources to

humans

Order Stomatopoda
Mantis shrimps
Marine ambush predators with powerful
boxing claws

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Order Euphausiacea (krill)

Form a major
component of the diet
of baleen whales and
of many fishes
Bioluminescent with
photophores

Subphylum Hexapoda
3 pairs of legs
3 Tagmata
Head sensory
Thorax locomotion
Abdomen

1 pair of antennae
Uniramous
appendages
Mandibles

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Hexapod Classes
Entognatha
Insecta

Class Entognatha
Bases of mouthparts
enclosed within the
head capsule
Wingless
Includes springtails
(Collembola)

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Class Insecta
More species than
all other forms of life
combined
Live in almost every
terrestrial habitat
and in fresh water
Ectognathous
Bases of mouthparts
lie outside the head
capsule

Why are insects so successful on

land?
Ability to withstand
desiccation on land
Co-evolution with
flowering plants
Flight
Escape from
predators
Find food easier
Disperse to new
habitats

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Wings
Usually 2 pairs; some w/ only 1 pair or none
Outgrowths of cuticle of dorsal part of 2nd & 3rd
thoracic segments
Not homologous to wings of birds and bats

How do insects minimize

desiccation?
Waxy epicuticle
Tracheal system
Spiracles with valves

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Excretion
Malpighian tubules
and rectum
Excrete uric acid
(insoluble in water)

Metamorphosis
Complete (holometabolous) metamorphosis - larval
stages that look entirely different from adults

(a) Larva (caterpillar)

(b) Pupa
(c) Later-stage
pupa (d) Emerging
adult

(e) Adult

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Metamorphosis
Incomplete (hemimetabolous) metamorphosis -
young, called nymphs resemble adults but are
smaller and go through a series of molts until they
reach full size.

Complex behaviors

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Insects and Humans

Beneficial Harmful
Pollinators of crops Parasites (fleas, lice)
(bees, butterflies, Vectors of diseases
beetles) (mosquitos, flies, fleas,
Source of honey (bees) cockroaches)
Silk from silkworms Agricultural pests
Prey on harmful insects (locusts, aphids, weevils)

Diversity in form
Antennae can act
as tactile organs,
olfactory organs,
and sometimes
auditory organs.

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Specialized mouthparts
Chewing, piercing, sucking, sponging

Fig. 33-37a

Mantodea 2,200

Praying mantis

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Fig. 33-37b

Fig. 33-37c

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Fig. 33-37d

Fig. 33-37e

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Clade Panarthropoda
Segmented
body
Ventro-lateral
appendages
Ventral nervous
system
Hemocoel

Phylum Onychophora
(velvet worms)
Soft body with velvety chitin with tubercles
Lobe-like appendages with claws
Pair of antenna

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Squirt glue-like
liquid produced by
slime glands
Tracheal system
Cannot close
spiracles
Restricted to moist
habitats

Phylum Tardigrada
(water bears)
< 1.5 mm 100 m
Live in freshwater
films on mosses or
between sand
grains in beaches
8 stubby legs with
claws
Mouth armed with
stylets and leading
to a muscular
pharynx

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Thin chitinous cuticle

Ornate eggs are laid during molting
No circulatory or respiratory systems
Can withstand desiccation and ionizing
radiation (cryptobiosis)

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