ECE 6640 Digital Communications

ECE 6640
Digital Communications
Dr. Bradley J. Bazuin

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Course/Lecture Overview
Syllabus
Personal Intro.
Textbook/Materials Used
Additional Reading
ID and Acknowledgment of Policies
Textbook
Chapter 1
ECE 6640 2
Syllabus
Everything useful for this class can be found on Dr. Bazuins web site!
http://homepages.wmich.edu/~bazuinb/
The class web site is at

http://homepages.wmich.edu/~bazuinb/ECE6640/ECE6640_Sp14.htm
The syllabus
http://homepages.wmich.edu/~bazuinb/ECE6640/Syl_6640.pdf
ECE 6640 3
Who am I?
Dr. Bradley J. Bazuin

Born and raised in Grand Rapids Michigan
Undergraduate BS in Engineering and Applied Sciences, Extensive
Electrical Engineering from Yale University in 1980
Graduate MS and PhD in Electrical Engineering from Stanford
University in 1982 and 1989, respectively.
Industrial Experience Digital, ASIC, System Engineering
Part-time ARGOSystems, Inc. (purchased by Boeing) 1981-1989
Full-time ARGOSystems, Inc. 1989-1991
Full-time Radix Technologies 1991-2000
Academic Experience Electrical and Computer Engineering
Term-appointed Faculty, WMU ECE Dept. 2000-2001
Tenure track Assistant Professor, WMU ECE Dept. 2001-2007
ECE 6640 Tenured Associate Professor, WMU ECE Dept. 2007- present 4
Research Activities and Interests
Sunseeker
Adviser to solar car team
Electrical Systems: Li battery protection system, Controller Area Network (CAN)
based sensors and controllers, Solar Array Energy Collection and Conversion
Center for the Advancement of Printed Electronics (CAPE)
Printed electronic device design, fabrication and testing
Semiconductor Physics
Physical Layer Communication Signal Processing
Software Defined Radios (SDR)
Mulitrate Signal Processing (digital channel bank analysis and synthesis, filter-decimation and
interpolation-filter design methods)
Adaptive Filtering and Systems (channel equalization, smart-antenna spatial beamforming)
Communication-based Digital Signal Processing Algorithm Implementation
Xilinx programmable devices
Parallel processing, hosts including NVIDIA GPUs with CUDA and multithreaded applications
ECE 6640 5
Required Textbook/Materials
Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications, Fundamentals

and Applications, Prentice Hall PTR, Second Edition,
2001. ISBN: 0-13-084788-7.
SystemView by ELANIX CD with textbook
MATLAB, Student Edition

MATLAB Signal Processing Toolbox
The MATH Works,
MATLAB and Signal Processing Toolbox
http://www.mathworks.com/
ECE 6640 6
Supplemental Books and Materials
John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, Digital Communications, 5th
ed., McGraw Hill, Fifth Edition, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-07-295716-7.
John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, Communication Systems
Engineering, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 2002. ISBN: 0-13-061793-8.
A. Bruce Carlson, P.B. Crilly, Communication Systems, 5th ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 2010. ISBN: 978-0-07-338040-7.
Leon W. Couch II, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 7th
ed., Prentice Hall, 2007. ISBN: 0-13-142492-0.
Stephen G. Wilson, Digital Modulation and Coding, Prentice-Hall,
1996. ISBN: 0-13-210071-1.
Ezio Biglieri, D. Divsalar, P.J. McLane, M.K. Simon, Introduction
to Trellis-Coded Modulation with Applications, Macmillan, 1991.
ISBN: 0-02-309965-8.
ECE 6640 7
Identification and Acknowledgement
Identification for Grade Posting,

Course and University Policies, and
Acknowledgement
Please read, provide unique identification, sign and date,

and return to Dr. Bazuin.
ECE 6640 8
Course/Text Overview
1. Signals and Spectra.
Digital Communication Signal Processing. Classification of Signals.

Spectral Density. Autocorrelation. Random Signals. Signal
Transmission through Linear Systems. Bandwidth of Digital Data.
2. Formatting and Baseband Modulation.
Baseband Systems. Formatting Textual Data (Character Coding).

Messages, Characters, and Symbols. Formatting Analog
Information. Sources of Corruption. Pulse Code Modulation. Uniform
and Nonuniform Quantization. Baseband Modulation. Correlative
Coding.
ECE 6640 9
Course/Text Overview (2)
3. Baseband Demodulation/Detection.
Signals and Noise. Detection of Binary Signals in Gaussian Noise.

Intersymbol Interference. Equalization.
4. Bandpass Modulation and Demodulation/Detection.
Why Modulate? Digital Bandpass Modulation Techniques. Detection

of Signals in Gaussian Noise. Coherent Detection. Noncoherent
Detection. Complex Envelope. Error Performance for Binary
Systems. M-ary Signaling and Performance. Symbol Error
Performance for M-ary Systems (M>>2).
Exam #1
ECE 6640 10
5. Communications Link Analysis.
What the System Link Budget Tells the System Engineer. The
Channel. Received Signal Power and Noise Power. Link Budget
Analysis. Noise Figure, Noise Temperature, and System
Temperature. Sample Link Analysis. Satellite Repeaters. System
Trade-Offs.
ECE 6640 11
6. Channel Coding: Part 1.
Waveform Coding. Types of Error Control. Structured Sequences.

Linear Block Codes. Error-Detecting and Correcting Capability.
Usefulness of the Standard Array. Cyclic Codes. Well-Known Block
Codes.
Convolutional Encoding. Convolutional Encoder Representation.

Formulation of the Convolutional Decoding Problem. Properties of
Convolutional Codes. Other Convolutional Decoding Algorithms.
Exam #2
ECE 6640 12
Reed-Solomon Codes. Interleaving and Concatenated Codes. Coding

and Interleaving Applied to the Compact Disc Digital Audio System.
Turbo Codes.
Appendix 8A. The Sum of Log-Likelihood Ratios.
9. Modulation and Coding Trade-Offs.
Goals of the Communications System Designer. Error Probability

Plane. Nyquist Minimum Bandwidth. Shannon-Hartley Capacity
Theorem. Bandwidth Efficiency Plane. Modulation and Coding
Trade-Offs. Defining, Designing, and Evaluating Systems.
Bandwidth-Efficient Modulations. Modulation and Coding for
Bandlimited Channels. Trellis-Coded Modulation.
Final Exam
ECE 6640 13
Advanced Topics (as time permits)
11. Multiplexing and Multiple Access.
Allocation of the Communications Resource. Multiple Access

Communications System and Architecture. Access Algorithms.
Multiple Access Techniques Employed with INTELSAT. Multiple
Access Techniques for Local Area Networks.
12. Spread-Spectrum Techniques.
Spread-Spectrum Overview. Pseudonoise Sequences. Direct-

Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems. Frequency Hopping Systems.
Synchronization. Jamming Considerations. Commercial
Applications. Cellular Systems.
Final Exam
ECE 6640 14
Text Appendices
A. A Review of Fourier Techniques.
Signals, Spectra, and Linear Systems. Fourier Techniques for Linear

System Analysis. Fourier Transform Properties. Useful Functions.
Convolution. Tables of Fourier Transforms and Operations.
B. Fundamentals of Statistical Decision Theory.
Bayes' Theorem. Decision Theory. Signal Detection Example.
C. Response of a Correlator To White Noise.
D. Often-Used Identities.
E. s-Domain, z-Domain and Digital Filtering.
F. List of Symbols.
G. SystemView by ELANIX Guide to the CD.

ECE 6640 15
Comments from 2006 Offering
A strong focus on themes and critical results for each chapter covered
is needed. The text author provides his own list of critical elements,
they can be incorporated into the instructors set.
Matlab simulations of all significant concepts should be available.

They allow the students to perform theoretical computations and then
observe what the computations mean, particularly as it relates to bit-
error rate performance, digital modulation and coherent and non-
coherent demodulation, and channel encoding and decoding.
The software that comes with the text provides demonstrations, but it
is not user friendly and the software is very out-of-data (no longer
supported).
ECE 6640 16
Chapter 1
1. Signals and Spectra.
1.1 Digital Communication Signal Processing.
1.2 Classification of Signals.
1.3 Spectral Density.
1.4 Autocorrelation.
1.5 Random Signals.
1.6 Signal Transmission through Linear Systems.
1.7 Bandwidth of Digital Data.
A review of prerequisite material that is critically important

when studying digital communication systems.
ECE 6640 17
Sklars Communications System
Notes and figures are based on or taken from materials in the course textbook:
ECE 6640 Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications, Fundamentals and Applications, 18
Prentice Hall PTR, Second Edition, 2001.
Simplified Communications System
Format: making the message compatible with digital processing
Source Coding: efficient descriptions of information sources
Channel Coding: signal transformation enabling improved reception
performance after expected channel impairments
Modulation: formation of the baseband waveform
RF Mixing: frequency domain translation of baseband signal
Transmit/Receive: RF Amplifiers and Filters
Information Source Channel Mod- Antenna

Format RF Mixing Transmitter
Message Encode Encode ulation
RF Signal
Noise
Bits Symbols Signals

Interference
Information Source Channel Demod- Antenna

Reformat RF Mixing Receiver
Message Decode Decode ulation
ECE 6640 19
Communication Channel
Linear Nonlinear Atten-

Filtering Distortion uation
Noise
Interference
Transmitting Receiving
Antenna Antenna
RF Communication Channel
The channel greatly effects received RF signals

Frequencey, Bandwidth, Transmitted Signal Power, RF Propagation
Attenuation, Nonlinear Distortion, Multipath, Range, Direction
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR)

ECE 6640 Minimum Detectable Signal Level (MDS), Noise Floor 20
Received Signal
r t s t hc t s2 t h2 t s N t hN t nt
The receiver must extract the original message as best

possible!
Multiple signals with similar channel characteristics may be
present
The RF channel(s) must be allocated and efficiently utilized.
Frequency band assignments and regulations (power, direction, etc.)
Signal modulation structures have different characteristics
ECE 6640 21
Why Digital?
1. Noise, Interference, Path Loss, and Channel Impairments
(signal environment)
2. Cost
3. Inherent Availability
4. Reliability and Reconfigurability
Terminology
Information Source
Textual Message
Character
Binary Digit (Bit)
Bit Stream
Symbol
Digital Waveform
Data Rate
Signal Processing Functions
Classification of Signals
Deterministic and Random
Periodic and Non-periodic
Analog and Discrete/Digital
Energy and Power Signals
ECE 6640 25
SKLAR DSP Tutorial
The CD that comes with the text includes a

Concise DSP Tutorial in pdf format
Table of Contents:
Frequency Domain Analysis critical importance
General Digital Filters important
Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters critical importance
Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filters useful but
Filter Design Techniques will be discussed and provided
Adaptive Filters saved for Dr. Bazuins ECE6950 course
Also see Appendix B: Fundamentals of Statistical Decision
Theory
Specific material from probability and statistics is required.
ECE 6640 (ECE 3800 or ECE5820 material) 26
Spectral Density
Energy Spectral Density

EX x t dt
2
X f X f X f
*
Power Spectral Density

T0
2
x t dt
1
PX
2
T0 T0

2
1 *
G X f lim X T f X T f

T T

ECE 6640 27
Autocorrelation
of an Energy Signal

R XX xt x t dt

Properties:
1. Energy
R XX 0 E X 2 X 2
2. Symmetry R XX R XX
3. Maximum R XX R XX 0
4. Transform Pair R XX XX f
ECE 6640 28
Autocorrelation
of a Power Signal
T
1 2
XX lim x t x t dt
T T
T
2
Properties: T0
2
XX 0 x t
1
dt
2
1. Energy T0

T0
2
2. Symmetry XX XX
3. Maximum XX XX 0
4. Transform Pair XX G XX f
ECE 6640 29
Random Signals
1 Distribution Functions
Probability Distribution Function (PDF) or
Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) [preferred]
0 FX x 1, for x
FX 0 and FX 1
FX is non-decreasing as x increases
Pr x1 X x 2 FX x 2 FX x1
For discrete events
For continuous events
ECE 6640 30
Random Signals
2. Density Functions
Probability Density Function (pdf) Probability Mass Function (pmf)
f X x 0, for x f X x 0, for x

f x dx 1
X f x dx 1
X
x x
FX
f X u du FX
f X u du

x2
Pr x1 X x 2 f x dx
x2
Pr x1 X x 2 f x dx
X
X
x1 x1
Functions of random variables

f Y y f X x
dx
dy
ECE 6640 31
Random Signals
Mean Values and Moments
1st, general, nth Moments

X EX

x f X x dx or X E X x Pr X x
x

E g X
gX f

X x dx or E g X g X Pr X x
x

E X x E X x
f X x dx or X Pr X x
n n n n n n
X
x
Central Moments
x X

X X n
E XX
n n
f X x dx

x X

X X n
E XX
n n
Pr X x
x
Variance and Standard Deviation
x X

X X
2

2
E X X
2 2
f X x dx

x X

2 X X
2
E XX
2 2
Pr X x
x
ECE 6640 32
Random Signals
The Gaussian Random Variable
f X x
1
exp

x X 2
, for x

2 2
2

where X is the mean and is the variance
x

v X 2
FX x
exp dv
1
2 2 2
v
Unit Normal
x
u2
x

1
exp du
2 2
u
x 1 x
x X x X
FX x or FX x 1

The Q-function is the complement of the normal function, :
(Appendix B)

u2
Q x

1
exp du
2 2
ECE 6640
ux 33
Random Processes
5. Random Processes
5.1. Introduction
Ensemble
5.2. Continuous and Discrete Random Processes
5.3. Deterministic and Nondeterministic Random Processes
5.4. Stationary and Nonstationary Random Processes
5.5. Ergodic and Nonergodic Random Processes

A Process for Determining Stationarity and Ergodicity
a) Find the mean and the 2nd moment based on the probability
b) Find the time sample mean and time sample 2nd moment based on time
averaging.
c) If the means or 2nd moments are functions of time non-stationary
d) If the time average mean and moments are not equal to the probabilistic mean
and moments or if it is not stationary, then it is non ergodic.
From: George R. Cooper and Clare D. McGillem, Probabilistic Methods of Signal and
ECE 6640 System Analysis, 3rd ed.,Oxford University Press Inc., 1999. ISBN: 0-19-512354-9 34
Random Processes: Continuous,
Discrete and Mixed
Continuous and Discrete Random Processes
A continuous random process is one in which the random variables, such as X t1 , X t 2 , X t n ,
can assume any value within the specified range of possible values. A more precise definition for a
continuous random process also requires that the cumulative distribution function be continuous.
A discrete random process is one in which the random variables, such as X t1 , X t 2 , X t n ,

can assume any certain values (though possibly an infinite number of values). A more precise
definition for a discrete random process also requires that the cumulative distribution function
consist of numerous discontinuities or steps. Alternately, the probability density function is better
defined as a probability mass function the pdf is composed of delta functions.
A mixed random process consists of both continuous and discrete components. The probability
distribution function consists of both continuous regions and steps. The pdf has both continuous
regions and delta functions.
ECE 6640 From: George R. Cooper and Clare D. McGillem, Probabilistic Methods of Signal and 35
System Analysis, 3rd ed.,Oxford University Press Inc., 1999. ISBN: 0-19-512354-9
Random Processes: Deterministic and
Nondeterministic
Deterministic and Nondeterministic Random Processes
A nondeterministic random process is one where future values of the ensemble cannot be predicted
from previously observed values.
A deterministic random process is one where one or more observed samples allow all future values
of the sample function to be predicted (or pre-determined). For these processes, a single random
variable may exist for the entire ensemble. Once it is determined (one or more measurements) the
sample function is known for all t.
Random Processes: Stationary and
Nonstationary (1)
Stationary and Nonstationary Random Processes
The probability density function for random variables in time as been discussed, but what is the
dependence of the density function on the value of time, t, when it is taken?
If all marginal and joint density functions of a process do not depend upon the choice of the time
origin, the process is said to be stationary (that is it doesnt change with time). All the mean values
and moments are constants and not functions of time!
For nonstationary processes, the probability density functions change based on the time origin or in
time. For these processes, the mean values and moments are functions of time.
In general, we always attempt to deal with stationary processes or approximate stationary by

assuming that the process probability distribution, means and moments do not change significantly
during the period of interest.
ECE 6640 37
Random Processes: Stationary and
Nonstationary (2)
Stationary and Nonstationary Random Processes
The requirement that all marginal and joint density functions be independent of the choice of time
origin is frequently more stringent (tighter) than is necessary for system analysis.
A more relaxed requirement is called stationary in the wide sense: where the mean value of any
random variable is independent of the choice of time, t, and that the correlation of two random
variables depends only upon the time difference between them.
That is
E X t X X and
E X t1 X t 2 E X 0 X t 2 t1 X 0 X R XX for t 2 t1
You will typically deal with Wide-Sense Stationary Signals.
ECE 6640 38
Random Processes: Ergodicity
Ergodic and Nonergodic Random Processes
Ergodicity deals with the problem of determining the statistics of an ensemble based on
measurements from a sample function of the ensemble.
For ergodic processes, all the statistics can be determined from a single function of the process.
This may also be stated based on the time averages. For an ergodic process, the time averages
(expected values) equal the ensemble averages (expected values).
That is to say,
T
x n f x dx lim
X t dt
1
Xn n
T 2T
T
Note that ergodicity cannot exist unless the process is stationary!
ECE 6640 System Analysis, 3rd ed.,Oxford University Press Inc., 1999. ISBN: 0-19-512354-9 39
Random Processes
The power spectral density is the Fourier Transform of the autocorrelation:

S XX w R XX
EX t X t exp iw d

For an ergodic process,
T
XX lim
xt xt dt xt xt
1
T 2T
T
T
XX E X t X t

xt xt dt exp iw d
1
lim
T 2T
T
T
XX lim

xt exp iwt xt exp iwt d dt
1
T 2T
T
T
XX lim
xt exp iwt X w dt
1
T 2T
T
T
XX X w lim
xt exp i wt dt
1
T 2T
T
XX X w X w X w
2
ECE 6640 40
From: George R. Cooper and Clare D. McGillem, Probabilistic Methods of Signal and System Analysis, 3rd ed.,Oxford
University Press Inc., 1999. ISBN: 0-19-512354-9
Binary Sequence, Low Bit Rate
Binary Autocorrelation and PSD
Bandwidth Consideration
The first spectral null occurs are 1/T. Therefore one

measure of bandwidth could be the null.
Are there others bandwidth measures?
3dB bandwidth
99% Power
If it were a rectangle with Gx(0) given, how wide would it be
(Noise Equivalent Bandwidth)
Etc.
Bandwidth Consideration
White Noise
Noise is inherently defined as a random process.
You may be familiar with thermal noise, based on the energy of an atom and the mean-free path
that it can travel.
As a random process, whenever white noise is measured, the values are uncorrelated with each
other, not matter how close together the samples are taken in time.
Further, we envision white noise as containing all spectral content, with no explicit peaks or
valleys in the power spectral density.
As a result, we define White Noise as

R XX S 0 t
S XX w S 0
This is an approximation or simplification because the area of the power spectral density is infinite!
Band Limited White Noise
Thermal noise at the input of a receiver is defined in terms of kT, Boltzmanns constant times
absolute temperature, in terms of Watts/Hz. Thus there is kT Watts of noise power in every Hz of
bandwidth.
For communications, this is equivalent to 174 dBm/Hz or 144 dBW/Hz.
For typical applications, we are interested in Band-Limited White Noise where

S 0 f W
S XX w
0 W f
The equivalent noise power is then:

W
E X 2 R XX 0
S 0 dw 2 W S 0
W
For communications, we use kTB.
How much noise power, in dBm, would I say that there is in a 1 MHz bandwidth?
dBkTB dBkT dBB 174 60 114 dBm
ECE 6640 46
White Noise in Comm.
From the text
Noise as A Gaussian Random Process
A Gaussian Random Variable
f X x
1
exp

x X 2
, for x
2 2 2

where X is the mean and is the variance
x

v X 2
FX x
exp dv
1
2 2 2
v
What is so special about a Gaussian Distribution?

Result of summing a large number of random variables
Linear systems produce Gaussian Outputs
Well know/studied characteristics
Used to define the characteristics of numerous natural, real-world signals
ECE 6640 48
Linear Systems
Linear transformation of signals:
y t ht xt
Ys Hs Xs
Convolution Integrals

y t
xt h d
0
or
t
y t
ht x d

where for physical realizability and stability constraints we require

ht 0 for t 0

ECE 6640 ht dt 49

Transfer Function
Hf Hf exp j f
ImHf
f tan 1
ReHf
For linear systems: A sinusoidal input results in sinusoidal

output modified in magnitude and phase.
x t A cos2 f 0 t
yt h t x t
yt A Hf 0 cos2 f 0 t f 0
ECE 6640 50
Filtering a Random Process
The PSD of a filtered response is

0

RYY E xt 1 h1 d1 xt 2 h2 d2

0

RYY d1 d2 h1 h2 R XX 1 2

0 0

SYY w RYY d1 d2 h1 h2

R XX 1 2 exp iw d

0 0
SYY w R YY SXX w Hw H w
SYY w RYY S XX w H w
2
ECE 6640 51
Distortionless Transmission and
the Ideal Filter
To receive a signal without distortion, only changes in the
magnitude and/or a time delay is allowed.
yt K x t t 0
Yf K Xf exp 2 f t 0
The transfer function is

Hf K exp 2 f t 0
A constant gain with a linear phase

Hf K f 2 f t 0
ECE 6640 52
Ideal Filter (1)
For no distortion, the ideal filter should have the following

properties:
Hf Hf exp j f
1, for f f u 2 f t 0 , for f f u
Hf f
0, for f f u arbitrary, for f f u
The impulse response is

fu
h t 1 exp j2 f t 0 exp j2 f t df
f u
fu
h t exp j2 f t t 0 df
f u
ECE 6640 53
Ideal Filter (2)
Continuing
fu
h t exp j2 f t t 0 df
f u
exp j2 f t t 0
fu
h t
j2 t t 0 f u
exp j2 f u t t 0 exp j2 f u t t 0
h t
j2 t t 0 j2 t t 0
2 sin2 f u t t 0
h t
2 t t 0
h t 2 f u sinc2 f u t t 0
The sinc function

A non-causal filter
Ideal Filters in the Freq. Domain
Realizable Filters, RC Network
1st order
Butterworth
Filter
White Noise in an RC Filter
The noise PSD has been modified

The autocorrelation is spread in time
Signal Filtering in the Real World
Signal Filtering in the Real World (2)
Bandwidth Considerations, Easy
Bandwidth Considerations, Harder
If the spectrum extends to infinity, where do you assume

that it can be cut off?
Bandwidth Considerations
Note 1 that as soon as time is limited, the signal has been
multiplied by a rect function in the time domain.
A rect in the time domain creates an infinite sinc convolution in the
frequency domain!
Note 2 that a bandlimited frequency domain signal can be
generated by multiplying by a rect function in the
frequency domain.
A rect in the frequency domain results in a non-causal, infinite
time convolution in the time domain!
For mathematicians, a real signal can not be both time

limited and frequency band limited?!
ECE 6640 62
Bandwidths that are Used
Bandwidth Definitions
(a) Half-power bandwidth. This is the interval between frequencies at
which Gx(f ) has dropped to half-power, or 3 dB below the peak value.
(b) Equivalent rectangular or noise equivalent bandwidth. The noise
equivalent bandwidth was originally conceived to permit rapid
computation of output noise power from an amplifier with a wideband
noise input; the concept can similarly be applied to a signal bandwidth.
The noise equivalent bandwidth WN of a signal is defined by the
relationship WN = Px/Gx(fc), where Px is the total signal power over
all frequencies and Gx(fc) is the value of Gx(f ) at the band center
(assumed to be the maximum value over all frequencies).
(c) Null-to-null bandwidth. The most popular measure of bandwidth for
digital communications is the width of the main spectral lobe, where
most of the signal power is contained. This criterion lacks complete
generality since some modulation formats lack well-defined lobes.
ECE 6640 64
Bandwidth Definitions (2)
(d) Fractional power containment bandwidth. This bandwidth criterion
has been adopted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC
Rules and Regulations Section 2.202) and states that the occupied
bandwidth is the band that leaves exactly 0.5% of the signal power
above the upper band limit and exactly 0.5% of the signal power below
the lower band limit. Thus 99% of the signal power is inside the
occupied band.
(e) Bounded power spectral density. A popular method of specifying
bandwidth is to state that everywhere outside the specified band, Gx(f )
must have fallen at least to a certain stated level below that found at
the band center. Typical attenuation levels might be 35 or 50 dB.
(f) Absolute bandwidth. This is the interval between frequencies, outside
of which the spectrum is zero. This is a useful abstraction. However,
for all realizable waveforms, the absolute bandwidth is infinite.
ECE 6640 65
Spectrum and Time Domain of a
Band-limited Bandpass Signal
ECE 6640 Notes and figures are based on or taken from materials in the course textbook: 66
Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications, Fundamentals and Applications,
Summary
Communication must consider a number of aspects
Time and Frequency Domain Signals
Discrete and Continuous Time Signal Constructs
Deterministic and Random Signal Properties
Models of Signal Propagation
Simple time and amplitude changes
Complex channel impairments
Models of Other Signals in the Environment
Noise (white, Gaussian, or more complex)
Interference
Multipath
To successfully model and analyze modern communication
systems, there is a lot of prerequisite knowledge required.
ECE 6640 67

ECE 6640 Digital Communications

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ECE 6640

Dr. Bradley J. Bazuin

The class web site is at

Dr. Bradley J. Bazuin

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications, Fundamentals

MATLAB, Student Edition

Identification for Grade Posting,

Please read, provide unique identification, sign and date,

Digital Communication Signal Processing. Classification of Signals.

2. Formatting and Baseband Modulation.

Baseband Systems. Formatting Textual Data (Character Coding).

Signals and Noise. Detection of Binary Signals in Gaussian Noise.

4. Bandpass Modulation and Demodulation/Detection.

Why Modulate? Digital Bandpass Modulation Techniques. Detection

Waveform Coding. Types of Error Control. Structured Sequences.

7. Channel Coding: Part 2.

Convolutional Encoding. Convolutional Encoder Representation.

Reed-Solomon Codes. Interleaving and Concatenated Codes. Coding

Appendix 8A. The Sum of Log-Likelihood Ratios.

9. Modulation and Coding Trade-Offs.

Goals of the Communications System Designer. Error Probability

11. Multiplexing and Multiple Access.

Allocation of the Communications Resource. Multiple Access

12. Spread-Spectrum Techniques.

Spread-Spectrum Overview. Pseudonoise Sequences. Direct-

Signals, Spectra, and Linear Systems. Fourier Techniques for Linear

B. Fundamentals of Statistical Decision Theory.

Bayes' Theorem. Decision Theory. Signal Detection Example.

C. Response of a Correlator To White Noise.

E. s-Domain, z-Domain and Digital Filtering.

G. SystemView by ELANIX Guide to the CD.

Matlab simulations of all significant concepts should be available.

A review of prerequisite material that is critically important

Information Source Channel Mod- Antenna

Bits Symbols Signals

Information Source Channel Demod- Antenna

Linear Nonlinear Atten-

The channel greatly effects received RF signals

The receiver must extract the original message as best

Deterministic and Random

Periodic and Non-periodic

Analog and Discrete/Digital

Energy and Power Signals

The CD that comes with the text includes a

Energy Spectral Density

Power Spectral Density

Functions of random variables

5.2. Continuous and Discrete Random Processes

5.3. Deterministic and Nondeterministic Random Processes

5.4. Stationary and Nonstationary Random Processes

5.5. Ergodic and Nonergodic Random Processes

A discrete random process is one in which the random variables, such as X t1 , X t 2 , X t n ,

In general, we always attempt to deal with stationary processes or approximate stationary by

You will typically deal with Wide-Sense Stationary Signals.

Note that ergodicity cannot exist unless the process is stationary!

The first spectral null occurs are 1/T. Therefore one

As a result, we define White Noise as

For communications, this is equivalent to 174 dBm/Hz or 144 dBW/Hz.

For typical applications, we are interested in Band-Limited White Noise where

The equivalent noise power is then:

For communications, we use kTB.

From the text

What is so special about a Gaussian Distribution?