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Cartesian
System of
Chapter
Rectangular
1 Coordinates
m
.co
ing
ch
oa
yC
which includes the study the different curves and figures Coordinate System
by representing points in a plane by ordered pairs of real Distance Formula
number called cartesian coordinates representing lines Application of Distance Formula
pic
geometry. Since, to study geometrical figure, we deal all Some Standard Points of a Triangle
things with coordinate that's why it is called coordinate Locus
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Coordinate System
Cartesian Coordinates System
Let XOX' and YOY' be two perpendicular straight
lines drawn through any fix point O in the plane of the
paper. Then,
Y
X' O (0, 0) X
Y'
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Axis of x The horizontal line XOX' is called axis of x. Relation between Polar and Cartesian
Axis of y The vertical line YOY' is called axis of y. Coordinates System
Coordinate axes x-axis and y-axis together are called
Let P is any point in a plane whose cartesian
axes of coordinate or axes of reference.
coordinates are P (x, y) and let same point when polar
Origin The point O is called the Origin of ordinates
system is used have coordinates (r, ).
or the Origin.
OA = x = r cos ...(i)
Oblique axes If both the axes are not perpendicular,
OB = y = r sin ...(ii)
then they are called as Oblique axes as shown in the
figure Y
Y
B x P (x, y)
r
y
Q Q
X' X X' X
O (0, 0) O A
Y'
m
Cartesian coordinates The ordered pair of Y'
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perpendicular distance from both axes of a point P lying On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
in the plane is called
Cartesian coordinates of P. If the Cartesian OP = r = x 2 + y 2
coordinates of a point P are (x, y), then x is called the
ing
Again, on dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
abscissa or X-coordinate of point P and y is called the
ordinate or Y-coordinate of point P. y
= tan1
x
ch
Y
y P (x, y)
Illustration 1 The polar coordinates of points x = 3 and
oa
x
y = 1, are
X' X
O (0, 0) (a) 2, (b) 2,
3 6
yC
(c) 2, (d) 2,
Y' 3 6
kM
x y 6
= cos and = sin Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
r r
or x = r cos and y = r sin
Thus, to represent (x, y) in (r, ) is called polar Illustration 2 If polar coordinates of any point are
representation, as shown in the figure
2, , then its cartesian coordinates are
3
Y
(a) ( 3, 1) (b) (1, 3)
(c) (1, 3) (d) None of these
P (x, y)
Solution. Let x = 2 cos , y = 2 sin
r 3 3
y
x = 1, y = 3
Q
O x X Cartesian coordinates of P are (1, 3).
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
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Illustration 3 The polar coordinates of a point having Hence, the distance between P and Q will be given by
cartesian coordinates ( 1, 1) are
3 PQ = (diff. of abscissa)2 + (diff. of ordinate)2
(a) 2, (b) 2,
4 4
5 d = ( x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2
(c) 2, (d) 2,
4 4 (ii) When coordinate axes are inclined at an angle
Solution. The cartesian coordinates of P are ( 1, 1). If the coordinate system is oblique means if the
So, x = 1 = r cos coordinate axes are inclined at an angle . In this case
and y = 1 = r sin the distance between two points P and Q will be given
r = 1+ 1 = 2 by
1
= tan1 = tan1(1) P (x1, y1)
1
Since, the point lie in the third quadrant. Y
5 3 d
= or
m
4 4
5
The polar coordinate of P ( 1, 1) are P 2, . (x2, y2)
.co
4 180
W
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. W
Q
ing
is equivalent to O (0, 0)
(a) ( 5, 60) (b) (5, 240)
(c) (5, 420) (d) (5, 300)
Y'
Solution. Since, point having coordinates (r, ) is
ch
equivalent to (r, 2n + ) where n I.
Hence, (5, 60) = (5, 2n + 60) = (5, 420) [take n = 1] PQ = d = ( x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 + 2( x1 x2 ) (y1 y2 ) cos
oa
I.
On adding 180 (or any odd multiple of 180) to the vectorial Proof Here,OA = r1, OB = r2 and AB = d
angle and changing the sign of radius vector gives the same
point as before. Y B (r2, Q2)
pic
X' X
O
(i) When coordinates of two points are given in Q Q
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cartesian form
Let P ( x1, y1) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) be the two points.
Y By cosine law
Q (x2, y2) 2 2
d 2 = r1 + r2 2 r1r2 cos ( 1 2 )
2 2
y2
y1 | AB| = r1 + r2 2r1r2 co s ( 1 2 )
y 1)
( x 1,
P
x1
x2 M Illustration 5 The distance between points P (3, 2)
X' X and Q ( 6, 7), the axis being inclined at 60, is
(a) 3 7 (b) 7
Y'
(c) 2 7 (d) None of these
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m
2
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. Slope of AB = Slope of BC
.co
Illustration 7 The point whose abscissa is equal to (b) Slope formula If is the angle at which a straight
its ordinate and which is equidistant from A (5, 0) and line is inclined to the positive direction of the x-axis and
B (0, 3) is 0 < 180, q 90,then the slope of the line, denoted
ing
(a) (1, 1) (b) (2, 2) by m and is defined by m = tan . If is 90, m does not
(c) (3, 3) (d) (4, 4)
exist, but the line is parallel to the y-axis.
Solution. Let the point be P(h, h). Given that, PA = PB If = 0, then m = 0 and the line is parallel to the
ch
(h 5)2 + h2 = h2 + (h 3)2 -axis. If A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2), x1 x2, are points on a
xx-axis.
4h = 16 straight line, then the slope m of the line is given by
oa
h=4 (y y ) y2 y1
m= 1 2 or
Coordinates of P be (4, 4). ( x1 x2 ) x2 x1
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
yC
(b) (x2 + y2 = a2(x2 y2)2 (ii) isosceles triangle, when any two sides are equal.
(c) (x2 + y2)2 = a2(x2 y2)
(iii) right angle triangle, when sum of square of any
(d) None of the above two sides is equal to square of the third side.
pic
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m
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
d1d2
Area = where d1 and d2 Illustration 11 The points A (2a, 4a), B (2a, 6a) and
2
.co
are the length of diagonals C (2a + 3 a, 5a) ((when
when a > 0) are vertices of
Square Area = d2/2 (where d is the length (a) an obtuse angled triangle
(b) an equilateral triangle
of diagonal)
ing
(c) an isosceles obtuse angled triangle
Trapezium Exactly one pair of parallel sides.
d) a right angled triangle
d)
(d)
AB = ( 2 1)2 + (7 1)2 RQ = PR
Hence, PQR is an isosceles.
= 9 + 36 = 3 5
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
ww
BC = (3 + 2)2 + ( 3 7)2
= 25 + 100 = 5 5
Section Formulae
AC = (3 1)2 + ( 3 1)2 = 4 + 16 = 2 5
Coordinates of a point which divides the line segment
Clearly, BC = AB + AC
A, B, C are collinear.
joining two points P(x1, y1)and Q(x2, y2) in the ratio
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. m1 : m2 are
m x + m2x1 m1y2 + m2y1
Illustration 10 The points (k , 2 2k ), ( k + 1, 2k ) and (i) 1 2 , (internal division)
( 4 k , 6 2k ) are collinear for m1 + m2 m1 + m2
1
(a) all value of k (b) k = 1 or m x m2x1 m1y2 m2y1
2 (ii) 1 2 , (external division)
(c) k = 1 (d) no value of k m1 m2 m1 m2
Solution. The given points are collinear, if When m1, m2 are of opposite sign, the division is
Area of = 0 external.
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m
Ax + By1 + C
= 1
Illustration 16 The ratio in which the line segment joining
Ax 2 + By 2 + C the points (3,, 4) and ((5,
5, 6) is divided by the x-axis, is
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If is positive it divides internally and if is negative, then (a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2
it divides externally. (c) 6 : 4 (d) None of these
Solution. Let P is the point on x-axis which divides the
Illustration 13 The coordinates of point which divides
ing
line segment joining points in the ratio : 1.
the line segment joining points A (0, 0) and B (9, 12) in the 5 + 3 6 4
ratio 1 : 2, are Then, x= , y=
+1 +1
(a) ( 3, 4) (b) (3, 4)
ch
But as it is know for point on x axis, then its y-coordinate = 0
(c) (3, 4) (d) None of these
6 4 2
Solution. Since, P divides the line segment joining points =0 =
+1 3
oa
A (0, 0) and B (9, 12) internally in 1 : 2 ratio. Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
9 1+ 0 2 9
x= = =3
3 3
yC
12 1 + 2 0 12 Area of Triangle
y= = =4
3 3 Let (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) respectively be the
The coordinates of point P are (3, 4).
kM
divides the segment joining the points (1 (1,, 3) and (2, 7), is 2
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 4 : 3
x1 y1 1
(c) 3 : 4 (d) None of these 1
w.
2k + 1 7k + 3
C, then the coordinates of C are , . While using formula (i) or (ii), order of the points
k + 1 k + 1
(x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) has not been taken into
C lie on line 3x + y 9 = 0, so it satisfies the equation
account. If we plot the points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and
of line.
2k + 1 7k + 3 C(x3, y3), then the area of the triangle as obtained by using
3 + 9 = 0
k + 1 k + 1 formula (i) or (ii) will be positive or negative as the point
3 A, B, C are in anti-clockwise or clockwise directions.
k=
4
C B
So, the required ratio is 3 : 4 (internally).
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
Aliter A B A C
( Ax1 + By1 + C ) (3 + 3 9) 3 (Anti-clockwise) (Clockwise)
Required ratio = = =
( Ax2 + By2 + C ) (6 + 7 9) 4
So, while finding the area of ABC, we take
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
modulus.
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Important ! 2 1 1
1 1
If area of triangle is zero. Then, the points will be collinear. 3 2 1 = |4x 4| = |2x 2|
2 2
x1 y1 1 x x +3 1
Area of triangle = 0 or x 2 y2 1 = 0
Accordingly to the given condition 2x 2 = 5
x3 y3 1
3 7
In case of polygon with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2),....... x= ,
2 2
(xn, yn) in order, then area of polygon is given by
Thus, the coordinates of the third vertex can be
1
|(x1y2 y1x2) + (x2y3 y2x3) + ....+ (xn 1 yn yn 1 xn) 3 3 7 13
2 , or ,
2 2 2 2
+ (xn y1 yn x1)| Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
Illustration 17 If the vertices of a triangle are (1, 2), Illustration 20 If the points (a, 1), (2, 1) and (4, 5) are
(4, 6) and (3, 5), then its area is collinear. Then, the value of a is
23 (a) 1 (b) 2
m
25
(a) sq unit (b) sq unit (c) 3 (d) 4
2 2
Solution. The essential condition of collinearity is =0
.co
(c) 12 sq unit (d) None of these
Solution. Area of triangle whose vertices are given a 1 1
1 2 1 1 =0
= [ x1(y2 y3 ) + x2 (y3 y1) + x3 (y1 y2 )]
ing
2 4 5 1
1 aa((1 5) + 1(2 4) + 1(10 4) = 0
= [1( 6 5) + 4(5 2) + 3(2 + 6)]
2 a=1
ch
25 Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
= sq unit
2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
oa
Area of Quadrilateral
Illustration 18 If A (6, 3), B (3, 5), C (4, 2) and D ( x, 3x))
3x
3x)
If ( x1, y1), ( x2 , y2 ), ( x3 , y3 ) and (x4, y4) are vertices of
yC
ar ( DBC )
are four points, if = 1: 2, then x is equal to a quadrilateral, then its area will be given by
ar ( ABC )
11 8 y
kM
(a) (b)
8 11
(c) 3 (d) None of these D C
ar ( DBC ) 1
pic
Solution. Since, = B
ar ( ABC ) 2
A
2 ar ( DBC) = ar ( ABC
ABC))
w.
x 3x 1 6 3 1
11
2 3 5 1 = 3 5 1 x= x'
O L N R M
x
8
ww
4 2 1 4 2 1
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. y'
Illustration 19 The area of a triangle is 5 sq unit. Two of Area of quadrilateral = Area of trapezium ALND
its vertices are (2, 1) and (3, 2). The third vertex lying on + Area of trapezium DNRC + Area of trapezium CRMB
y = x + 3. The coordinates of the third vertex are given by Area of trapezium ALBM
3 3 7 13 1 1 3 3 On substituting the value of area of trapezium
(a) , , , (b) , , ,
4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 1
= (sum of parallel sides) distance between them
2 2 7 3 3 3 7 13 2
(c) , , , (d) , , ,
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 Area of quadrilateral
Solution. As the vertex lies on the line y = x + 3, its 1
= [( x1y2 x2y1) + ( x2y3 x3y2 ) + ( x3y 4 x4y3 )
coordinates are of the form (x, x + 3). The area of the triangle 2
those vertices are (2, 1), (3, 2) and (x, x + 3), is + ( x4y1 x1y 4 )]
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m
G
1
= {( x1 y 2 + x 2 y 3 + ...... + x n y1 ) ( y1 x 2 + y 2 x 3 + .... + y n x1 )}
2
.co
If the two opposite vertex of a square are A ( x1 , y1 ) and
B (x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)
C ( x 2 , y 2 ) , then its area
1 1 a
= AC 2 = [( x 2 x1 )2 + ( y 2 y1 )2 ]
ing
2 2
x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
,
3 3
Collinearity of Three Given Points
ch
(ii) Incentre The point of intersection of the internal
Three given points A, B, C are collinear, if any one of bisectors of the angles of a triangle is called its incentre.
the following conditions is satisfied: If A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3) are the vertices of
oa
(i) Area of ABC is zero. a ABC such that BC = a, CA = b and AB = c, then the
(ii) Slope of AB = Slope of BC = Slope of AC coordinates of the incentre are
yC
of the line, then three points are collinear. (iii) Circumcentre The circumcentre of a triangle is
Illustration 21 The area of quadrilateral whose vertices
the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors
are (1, 1), (3, 4), (5, 2) and (4, 7),, is of its sides.
pic
41 A (x1, y1)
(a) 41 sq unit (b) sq unit
2
31
(c) sq unit (d)) 7 sq unit
w.
2 O
Solution. Area of quadrilateral
B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)
1
ww
= |[(1 4) (3 1) + (3 ( 2)) (5 4)
2
+ (5 ( 7)) (4 ( 2)) + (4 1) (1 ( 7))]|
It is the centre of the circle passing through the
41 41
= = sq unit vertices of a triangle and so it is equidistant from the
2 2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. vertices of the triangle.
Thus, if O is the circumcentre of a ABC, then
Illustration 22 If the coordinates of two opposite vertices OA = OB = OC
of a square are (6, 3) and (2, 3), then area of square is
Let A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3) be the vertices
(a) 50 sq unit (b) 25 sq unit
of ABC and let O (x, y) be its circumcentre. Then, the
(c) 35 sq unit (d) None of these
1 coordinates of O are obtained by solving
Solution. Area of square = d 2 OA2 = OB2 = OC2
2
1 1 ie, ( x x1) + (y y1)2 = ( x x2 )2 + (y y2 )2
2
= {(6 + 2)2 + ( 3 3)2} = (64 + 36) = 50 sq unit
2 2 = ( x x3 )2 + (y y3 )2
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
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The coordinates of the circumcentre are also given on the opposite sides, H, I, J are the mid points of the
by sides BC, CA and AB respectively and K, L, M are the mid
x1 sin2A + x2 sin2B + x3 sin2C points of the line segments joining the orthocentre O' to
,
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C the angular points A, B, C. These nine points (D, E, F, H,
y1 sin2A + y2 sin2B + y3 sin2C I, J, K, L, M) are concyclic and the circle passing through
these nine points is called the nine point circle. Its centre
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C
is know as the nine point centre.
(iv) Orthocentre The orthocentre of a triangle is the The nine point centre of a triangle is collinear with
point of intersection of its altitudes. the circumcentre O and the orthocentre O' and bisects
In order to find the coordinates of the orthocentre of the segment joining them. The radius of nine point circle
a triangle, we first find the equations of its altitudes and of a triangle is half the radius of the circumcircle.
then we find the coordinates of the point of intersection
of any two of them. Important !
If A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3) are the vertices of a The orthocentre, nine point centre, centroid and circumcentre
ABC, then the coordinates of its orthocentre are are collinear.
m
x1 tan A + x2 tan B + x3 tan C y1 tan A + y2 tan B + y3 tan C
, Illustration 23 Centroid of the triangle whose vertices
.co
tan A + tan B + tan C tan A + tan B + tan C
are (0, 0), (2
(2,, 5) and (7
(7, 4), is
(a) (3, 3) (b) (2, 3)
Important ! (c) (3, 2) (d) (2, 2)
ing
The orthocentre of a right angled triangle is at the vertex Solution. The centroid of a triangle are
forming the right angle.
0 + 2+7 0 +5+ 4
The orthocentre O, circumcentre O and centroid G of a
, = (3, 3)
3 3
ch
triangle are collinear and G, divides O, O in the ratio 2 : 1
ie, OG : OG = 2 : 1. Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
The circumcentre of a right angled triangle is the mid point
Illustration 24
oa
ab+c
ab+c 25 ( 36) + 39(20) + 56(0) 25(7) + 39(7) + 56( 8)
I= ,
25 + 39 + 56 25 + 39 + 56
A
w.
c I = ( 1, 0)
b Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
L
B C
ww
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Solution. Let A ( x1, y1), B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) vertices Solution. Let ABC be the triangle such that the equations
of a triangle, then a a
of its sides BC, CA and AB are y = m1x + , y = m2x +
x1 + x2 = 0, x2 + x3 = 2, x3 + x1 = 2 a m1 m2
and y = m3x + respectively.
y1 + y2 = 2, y2 + y3 = 2, y3 + y1 = 0 m3
Solving these equations, we get A
A (0, 0), B (0, 2) and C (2, 0)
Now, a = BC = 2 2, b = CA = 2, c = AB = 2
Thus, incentre of ABC is (2 2, 2 2). a
y m3 x a y m2 x
m2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. m3
m
Solution. We have, a a ( m2 + m3 )
2x 2 xy 6y 2 = 0 the vertices A , ,
m2m3
.co
m2m3
(2x + 3y ) ( x 2y ) = 0
a a ( m1 + m3 ) a a ( m1 + m2 )
B , and C ,
m1 m3 m1 m2
Y
m1 m3 m1 m2
ing
B (3, 2) The equation of the altitude through the vertex A is
2x + 3y =0
m + m3 1 a
ya 2
ch
= x m m
m2 m3 m1 2 3
X' X
x a
oa
is
x a
Y' y+ = (1 + m1m2 + m3m2 ) ...(ii)
m2 m1 m2 m3
kM
2x + 3y = 0 and x 2y = 0 Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we obtain that the coordinates of the
Thus, the equations of the sides of the triangle are orthocentre which are
2x + 3y = 0, x 2y = 0 and x + y + 1 = 0
a
The equation of the altitude through the vertex O (0, 0) is a, m m m (1 + m1 m2 + m2 m3 + m3m1)
pic
y 0 = 1 (x 0) 1 2 3
or y=x ...(i) It is given that m1, m2, m3 are the roots of the equation
The equation of the altitude through vertex B (3, 2) is x3 3x 2 + 2 = 0
w.
y 2 = 2 (x
(x + 3) m1 + m2 + m3 = 3
or 2x + y + 4 = 0 ...(ii) m1m2 + m2m3 + m3m1 = 0
ww
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m
h= and k =
Solution. Let P (h, k) be any position of the moving point 2 2
.co
and let A (a, 0) and B ( a, 0) be the given points. Then, a b
h= and k = ...(i)
PA2 + PB2 = (given) 2 2
(h a)2 + (k 0)2 + (h + a)2 + (k 0)2 = From OAB
OAB,, we have
h2 2ah + a2 + k 2 + h2 + 2ah + a2 + k 2 =
ing
AB2 = OA2 + OB2
a2 + b2 = l 2
Locus of (h, k) is x 2 + y 2 = C a2 , where C =
2 (2h) + (2k )2 = l 2
2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
ch
4h2 + 4k 2 = l 2
Illustration 30 The locus of a point such that the sum of l2
its distances from the points (0, 2) and (0, 2) is 6, is h2 + x 2 =
oa
4
(a) 9x 2 + 5y 2 = 32 2 2 l
2
(b) 9x 2 5y 2 = 45 The equation of locus is + y =x
4
(c) 9x 2 5y 2 = 45 Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
yC
(d) 9x 2 + 5y 2 = 45
Illustration 32 A (a, 0) and B (a, 0) are two xed points in
Solution. Let P (h, k)) be any given point on the locus and
a ABC. If its vertex C moves in such a way that cot A + cot B = ,
kM
9h2 + 5k 2 = 45
ww
C (h, k)
Locus of (h, k) is 9x 2 + 5y 2 = 45
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
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11
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m
a point (a, b) by moving the x-axis and y-axis parallel to by changing the origin If If P ((x, y) and the axes are shifted
themselves. If the coordinates of point P with reference parallel to the original axis so that new origin is ((, ) and
.co
to old axis are ( x1, y1) , then coordinates of this point with then the axes are rotated about the new origin ((, ) by
respect to new axis will be ( x1 a, y1 b) . angle in the anti-clockwise ((x', y' ), then the coordinates
of P will be given by
ing
Y
Y'
Y
P (x1, y1) Y' X'
ch
)
,y
X'
(x
(a, b)O'
P
F
oa
O
X
O
yC
X
O
kM
old OX and OY through an angle ,, then the coordinates where x, y are old coordinates and x', y' are new
of P (x, y)) with respect to new coordinate axes will be coordinates.
given by
Important !
w.
x = ON NL
= x' cos y' sin If P (x, y) and two mutually perpendicular lines ax + by + c = 0
and bx ay + d = 0 are taken as new axes such that new
y = PQ + QL
ww
0
X' c=
+
y
by
a
a
M x+
bx
O' a
Q
Q X' X
O
L N X
O
Y'
bx ay + d ax + by + c
x = and y =
Thus, if the axes are rotated through an angle . b2 + a2 a2 + b2
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eg, If the axes are shifted to the point (1, 2) without rotation. Illustration 36 If (x, y) and (X, Y ) be the coordinate of the
What do the following equation becomes? same point referred to two sets of rectangular axes with the
(i) 2x 2 + y 2 4x + 4y = 0 (ii) y 2 4x + 4y + 8 = 0 same origin and if ux + vy, where u and v are independent of
Solution. (i) Substituting x = X + 1, y = Y + ( 2) = Y 2 in x and y, becomes VX + UY, show that u2 + v 2 = U2 + V 2.
the equation 2x 2 + y 2 4x + 4y = 0, we get Solution. Let the axes rotate an angle , and if (x, y) be the
2( X + 1)2 + (Y 2)2 4( X + 1) + 4(Y 2) = 0 point with respect to old axes and (X, Y ) be the coordinates
2X 2 + Y 2 = 6, where X , Y new coordinates with respect to new axes, then
x, y old coordinates. x = X cos Y sin
(ii) Substituting x = X + 1, y = Y 2 in the equation we get .
y = X sin + Y cos
y 2 4x + 4y + 8 = 0, we get Then,
(Y 2)2 4( X + 1) + 4(Y 2) + 8 = 0 ux + vy = u( X cos Y sin ) + v( X sin + Y cos )
Y 2 = 4X = (u cos + v sin ) X + (u sin + v cos ) Y
But given new curve VX + UY
Illustration 33 If the axes are transformed from origin to Then, VX + UY = (u cos + v sin ) X + (u sin + v cos ) Y
the point ( 2, 1), then new coordinates of (4, 5) are
On comparing the coefficients of X and Y, we get
(a) (2, 6) (b) (6, 4)
m
u cos + v sin = V (i)
(c) (6, 6) (d) (2, 4)
and u sin + v cos = U (ii)
Solution. Required coordinates are
.co
On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
[4 (2), (51)] = (6, 6)
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. u2 + v 2 = U 2 + V 2
ing
Illustration 34 Keeping the origin constant axes are
rotated at an angle 30 in negative direction, then new Points to Remember
coordinates of (2, 1) with respect to old axis are
1. Reection (Image) of a point
ch
2 3 +1 2 3 2 3 + 1 2 + 3
(a) , (b) , Let ((x, y) be any point, then its image with respect
2 2 2 2
to
oa
2 3 1
Solution. X = 2cos ( 30) + 1 sin ( 30) = (iv) line y = x is ( y, x)
2
2 + 3 2. A triangle is isosceles, if any two of its median are
Y = 2sin 30 + cos 30 =
kM
equal.
2
Hence, (d) is the correct answer. 3. Triangle having integral coordinates can never be
equilateral.
Illustration 35 If the axes be turned through an angle
pic
1
Solution. Here, tan = 2 a2 b2 c2
1 2 2 C1 C2 C3
a3 b3 c3
ww
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(ii) Whose length of perpendicular from one 7. Area of triangle formed by coordinate axes and
vertices to the opposite sides are P1 and P2 the line c2
and angle between sides is , is given by area ax + by + c is .
2ab
PP
of parallelogram ABCD = 1 2 . 8. Area of rhombus formed by|ax| + | by| + |c| = 0
sin
2c 2
is .
D C ab
P2 9. Three points ( x1, y1), ( x2 , y2 ), ( x3 , y3 ) are collinear,
y y y y
P1 if 2 1 = 3 2 .
x2 x1 x3 x2
Q
A B 10. To remove the term of xy in the equation
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0. The angle through which
6. A triangle having vertices ( at12 , 2at1), ( at22 , 2at2 ) the axis must be turned
and ( at32 , 2at3 ) , then area of triangle 1 2h
= tan1 .
m
= a2 [(t1 t2 ) (t2 t3 ) (t3 t1)] 2 a b
.co
Objective Exercise 1
ing
1. If the line segment joining (2, 3) and ( 1, 2) is divided 5. The coordinates of three consecutive vertices of a
internally in the ratio 3 : 4 by the line x + 2y = k, then k is parallelogram are (1, 3), (1, 2) and (2, 5). The coordinates
41 5 of the fourth vertex are
ch
(a) (b)
7 7 (a) (6, 4) (b) (4, 6)
36 31 (c) (2, 0) (d) None of these
(c) (d)
oa
6 2 point is
(a) right angled 9
(a) 18 sq unit (b) sq unit
(b) isosceles 2
kM
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11. The graph of the function cos x . cos ( x + 2) cos 2 ( x + 1) (a) (5, 4) (b) (5, 4)
is a (c) (4, 5) (d) None of these
(a) straight line passing through the point (0, sin 2 1) 14. If a vertex of an equilateral triangle is the origin and the
with slope 2 side opposite to it has the equation x + y = 1, then the
(b) straight line passing through the origin orthocentre of the triangle is
(c) parabola with vertex (1, sin 2 1) 1 1
(a) , (b) 2 , 2
3 3 3 3
(d) straight line passing through the point , sin 2 1
2 2 2
1 (c) , (d) None of these
3 3
12. If the points (2, 0), 1,
and (cos , sin ) are
3
15. Three vertices of a quadrilateral in order are (6, 1)
collinear, then the number of values of [0, 2 ] is (7, 2) and (1, 0). If the area of the quadrilateral is
(a) 0 4 sq unit, then the locus of the fourth vertex has the
(b) 1 equation
(c) 2 (a) x 7 y = 1
(d) innite (b) x 7 y + 15 = 0
13. The limiting position of the point of intersection of the
m
(c) ( x 7 y )2 + 14( x 7 y ) 15 = 0
lines 3 x + 4 y = 1 and (1 + c)x + 3c 2 y = 2 as c tends to 1, is (d) None of the above
.co
ing
ch
oa
yC
kM
pic
w.
ww
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15