13 Plane

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The Plane
OPTIONAL - I
Vectors and three
dimensional Geometry
34
Notes
THE PLANE
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Look closely at a room in your house. It has four walls, a roof and a floor. The floor and roof are
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parts of two parallel planes extending infinitely beyond the boundary. You will also see two pairs
of parallel walls which are also parts of parallel planes.
ing
Similarly, the tops of tables, doors of rooms etc. are examples
of parts of planes.
If we consider any two points in a plane, the line joining
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these points will lie entirely in the same plane. This is the
characteristic of a plane.
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Look at Fig.34.1.You know that it is a representation of a

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rectangular box. This has six faces, eight vertices and twelve
edges. Fig. 34.1
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The pairs of opposite and parallel faces are

(i) ABCD and FGHE
pic
(ii) AFED and BGHC

(iii) ABGF and DCHE
w.
and the sets of parallel edges are given below :

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(i) AB, DC EH and FG

(ii) AD, BC, GH and FE
(iii) AF, BG, CH and DE
Each of the six faces given above forms a part of the plane, and there are three pairs of parallel
planes, denoted by the opposite faces.
In this lesson, we shall establish the general equation of a plane, the equation of a plane passing
through three given points, the intercept form of the equation of a plane and the normal form of
the equation of a plane. We shall show that a homogeneous equation of second degree in three
variables x,y and z represents a pair of planes. We shall also find the equation of a plane bisecting
the angle between two planes and area of a triangle in space.
MATHEMATICS 47
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The Plane
OPTIONAL - I
Vectors and three OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to :
identify a plane;
establish the general equation of a plane;
Notes find the general equation of a plane passing through a given point;
find the equation of a plane passing through three given points;
find the equation of a plane in the intercept form and normal form;
find the angle between two given planes;
find the equation of a plane bisecting the angle between two given planes; and

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show that the homogeneous equation of second degree in three variables represents a
pair of planes.
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EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
Basic knowledge of three dimensional geometry.

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Direction cosines and direction ratio of a line.
Projection of a line segment on another line.
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Condition of perpendicularity and parallelism of two lines in space.
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34.1 GENERAL EQUA

EQUATION
TION OF A PLANE
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Recall that a plane is a surface such that if any two points be taken on it, the line joining these two
points lies wholly in the plane.
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Consider the general equation of first degree in x,y and z

ax + byby + cczz +d = 0 .....(i)
If points P ( x1, y1, z1 ) and Q ( x 2 , y2, z 2 ) satisfy the equation (i), then
pic
aaxx1 + bby1 + cz1 +d =

0 .....(ii)
w.
and aaxx 2 + by2 + cz2 +d =

0 .....(iii)
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Multiplying (ii) by n and (iii) by m and adding the results,
we get, a ( mx 2 + nx1 ) + b ( my2 +ny1 ) +c ( mz 2 nz1 )

+ d+( m n+) 0=
mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1 mz 2 +nz1

a + b + c +d =
0 ....(iv)
m +n m +n m +n
The result (iv) shows that the co-ordinates of the point dividing PQ in the ratio m : n satisfy the
equation (i).
All points lying on the line through P and Q lie on the surface represented by (i)
The equation (i) represents the general equation of a plane.
48 MATHEMATICS
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I
34.2 GENERAL EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING Vectors and three
THROUGH A GIVEN POINT dimensional Geometry
Let P ( x1, y1, z 1 ) be a given point and ax + by + cz +d =

0 be the given equation of the
plane.
Since the plane ax + by + cz +d = 0 .....(i) Notes
passes through the point ( x1 , y1, z 1 ) , it implies that
ax1 + by1 + cz1 +d =
0 .....(ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
a ( x x1 ) + b ( y y1 ) + c ( z z1 ) =
0 ....(iii)
which is the required equation of a plane passing through the point ( x1, y1, z 1 )
m
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Remark : Can you say, how many planes are represented by (iii) ?
As a,b and c can take any real value, there are infinitely many planes passing through a given
ing
point.
Note : In equation (i), there are four constants a,b,c and d. When d 0 , we can divide (i)
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by d to get
a b c
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x + y + z +1 =
0
d d d
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or, Ax + By + C
Czz +1 =
0 ....(iv)
a b c
=A = B and C =
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where
d d d
You may note that in (iv), A,B and C are three independent constants.
pic
Example 34.1 Find the equation of a plane passing through the point ( 1, 3 , 2 ) .
w.
Solution : Here x1 = 1,, y1 = 3 and z1 = 2

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The required equation of the plane is

a ( x 1 ) + b ( y + 3 ) +c ( z 2 ) =
0
or ax + by + cz + ( a + 3b 2c ) =
0
Example 34.2 Find the equation of a plane passing through the point ( 3,0, 2 )
Solution : Here=x1 3,= y1 0 and z1 = 2

a ( x 3) + b( y 0 ) + c( z + 2) =
0
or ax + by + cz +( 3a
+2c ) =
0
MATHEMATICS 49
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I Example 34.3 Find the equation of a plane passing through a point which divides the line
Vectors and three
dimensional Geometry joining the points (2,2,4) and (5,2,1) in the ratio of 1:2 internally.
Solution :
Fig. 34.2
Notes The co-ordinates of P, which divides the join of A and B in the ratio of 1:2 internally are
2 2 + 1 5 2 2 +1 2 2 4 1+ 1
, ,
2 +1 2 +1 2 +1
or (3, 2, 3)
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a ( x 3) + b( y 2 ) + c ( z 3 ) =
0
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or ax + by + cz ( 3a + 2bb + 3c
3c ) =
0
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 34.1 ing

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1. Find the equation of a plane passing through the origin.
Find the equation of a plane passing through the point ( 0,0, 2 ) .
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2.
3. Find the equation of a plane passing through the point ( 5, 7 , 3 ) .

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4. Find the equation of a plane which bisects the line segement joining the points
( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x 2 , y2 , z2 ) .
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5. Find the equation of a plane which divides the line joining the points ( 1,2, 3 ) and
pic
( 4,2,, 3 ) in the ratio of 1:2 internally..

w.
34.3 EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH

THREE GIVEN POINTS
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You may recall that the general equation of a plane contains only three independent constants.
Hence, a plane can be uniquely determined if it is given to pass through three given non-collinear
points.
Let ax + by + cz + d =0 be the equation of the plane and ( x1, y1, z1 ) , ( x 2 , y2, z 2 ) and
( x 3 , y3 , z 3 ) be three given points.
The equation of the plane passing through the point ( x1, y1, z 1 ) is
a ( x x1 ) + b ( y y1 ) + c ( z z1 ) =
0 ....(i)
If (i) passes through the points ( x 2, y 2, z 2 ) and ( x3, y3 , z3 ) , then
50 MATHEMATICS
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I
a ( x 2 x1 ) + b ( y2 y1 ) + c ( z 2 z1 ) =
0 ....(ii)
Vectors and three
and a ( x3 x1 ) + b ( y3 y1 ) + c ( z 3 z1 ) =
0 ....(iii)
Eliminating a,b and c from (i), (ii) and (iii), we get the required equation of the plane as
x x1 y y1 z z 1
x 2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 =
0 Notes
....(A)
x3 x1 y3 y1 z3 z1
34.4 EQUATION OF A PLANE IN THE INTERCEPT FORM

Let a, b,c be the lengths of the intercepts made by the plane on the x,y and z axes respectively.
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It implies that the plane passes through the points (a,0,0), (0,b,0) and (0,0,c)
Putting x1 = a y1 = 0 z1 = 0
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x2 = 0 y2 = b z2 = 0
x3 = 0 y3 = 0 z 3 = c in (A),
ing
and
we get the required equation of the plane as
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x a y z
a b 0 =
0
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a 0 c
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which on expanding gives bcx + acy + abz abc

abc =
0
x y z
+ + =
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or 1 .....(B)
a b c
Equation (B) is called the Intercept form of the equation of the plane.
pic
Example 34.4 Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (0,2,3), (2,0,3) and
w.
(2,3,0).
Solution : Using (A), we can write the equation of the plane as
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x0 y2 z3
2 0 02 33 =
0
2 0 32 03
x y2 z3
or 2 2 0 =
0
2 1 3
or x ( 6 0 ) ( y 2 ) ( 6 ) + ( z 3 )( 2 + 4 ) =
0
or 6x + 6 ( y 2 ) + 6 ( z 3 ) =
0
MATHEMATICS 51
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I or x + y 2 + z 3 =
0 or x + y +z =
5
Vectors and three
dimensional Geometry Example 34.5 Show that the equation of the plane passing through the points (2,2,0), (2,0,2)
and (4,3,1) is x = y + z.
Solution : Equation of the plane passing through the point (2,2,0) is
a ( x 2 ) + b ( y 2 ) +cz =
0 .....(i)
Notes
Q (i) passes through the point (2, 0, 2)

a ( 2 2 ) + b ( 0 2 ) +2c =
0
or c=b .....(ii)
Again (i) passes through the point (4, 3, 1)
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a (4 2 ) + b(3 2 ) +c =
0
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or 2a + b + c =
0 ....(iii)
From (ii) and (iii), we get 2a + 2b = 0 or a = b
(i) becomes
ing
b ( x 2 ) + b ( y 2 ) + bz
bz =
0
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or ( x 2)+ y 2 + z =
0
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or y+ z x =
0
or =
x y +z
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Example 34.6 Reduce the equation of the plane 4x 5y + 6z 60 =

0 to the intercept
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form. Find its intercepts on the co-ordinate axes.

Solution : The equation of the plane is
4x 5yy + 6z
6z 60
60 = 4x 5y + 6z =
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0 or 60 ....(i)
4x 5y 6z x y z
+ =
1 or + + =
1
15 ( 12 ) 10
The equation (i) can be written as
w.
60 60 60
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which is the interecept form of the equation of the plane and the intercepts on the co-ordinate
15, 12 and 10 respectively..
axes are 15
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 34.2

1. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points
(a) ( 2,2, 1 ) , ( 3, 4, 2 ) and ( 7, 0, 6 )

(b) ( 2,3, 3 ) , ( 1, 1, 2 ) and ( 1, 1, 4 )
(c) ( 2, 2, 2 ) , ( 3, 1 , 1 ) and ( 6, 4, 6 )
52 MATHEMATICS
The Plane
2. Show that the equation of the plane passing through the points (3,3,1) , ( 3,2 1) and OPTIONAL - I
Vectors and three
(8,6,3) is 4x + 2y 13z =
5 dimensional Geometry
3. Find the equation of a plane whose intercepts on the coordinate axes are 2,3 and 4
respectively.
4. Find the intercepts made by the plane 2x + 3y + 4z =

24 on the co-ordinate axes. Notes
5. Show that the points ( 1,4, 3 ) , ( 3,2, 5 ) , ( 3,8, 5 ) and ( 3,2,1) are coplanar..
34.5 EQUATION OF A PLANE IN THE NORMAL FORM

Let ON be perpendicular from the origin O to
the plane ABC and let P ( x , y , z ) be any point
m
on the plane. Let PL be drawn perpendicular
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to XY plane and LM be perpendicular to OX
so that OM = x, ML = y and PL = z. The sum
of the projections of OM, ML and LP on ON
is equal to the projection of OP on ON.
If l, m and n are the direction cosines of ON
ing
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and p is the length of the perpendicular ON,
then lx + my + nz = p .......(i)
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(i) is called the normal form of the equation of Fig. 34.3

the plane.
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We know that l = cos , = m cos and=n cos , where , and are angles made
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by ON with the positive directions of x, y and z axes respectively.

(i) can alternatively be written as
pic
x cos + y cos + z cos

cos =p
Corollary 1 : By comparing the general equation of first degree in x, y, z, i.e., ax + by +

w.
cz +d =0 with lx + myy + nz
nz = p, we see the direction cosines of normal to the plane ax +
by + cz + d =0 are proportional to a, b and c and are equal to
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a b c
, , ,
a 2 + b2 + c2 a 2 + b2 + c2 a 2 + b2 + c2
the positive or negative sign to be taken according as d is positive or negative as p, by
convention, is taken to be positive.
d
Also, the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane is
a 2 + b 2 + c2
Corollary 2 : The general equation of a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is reduced to normal
form by dividing each term by a 2 + b2 + c2 or , a 2 + b2 + c 2 according as d is
positive or negative.
MATHEMATICS 53
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I Example 34.7 Reduce each of the following equations of the plane to the normal form :
Vectors and three
dimensional Geometry (i) 2x 3y + 4z 5 =0 (ii) 2x + 6y 3z + 5 =0
Find the length of perpendicular from origin upon the plane in both the cases.
Solution : (i) The equation of the plane is 2x 3y + 4z 5 =0 .......(A)
2 2 + ( 32 ) + 42 or , by
Notes
Dividing (A) by 29
2x 3y 4z 5
we get, + =
0
29 29 29 29
2x 3y 4z 5
or + =
29 29 29 29
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which is the equation of the plane in the normal form.
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5
Length of the perpendicular is
29
(ii) The equation of the plane is 2x + 6y 3z ing

3z + 5 =0 .....(B)
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Dividing (B) by 2 2 + 62 + ( 3 )2
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or by 7 we get, [ refer to corollary 2]

2x 6y 3z 3z 5 2x 6y 3z 5
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+ =0 or + =
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
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which is the required equation of the plane in the normal form.

5
Length of the perpendicular from the origin upon the plane is
pic
Example 34.8 The foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane is (4, 2, 5).
w.
Find the equation of the plane.

Solution : Let P be the foot of perpendicular drawn from origin O to the plane.
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Then P is the point ( 4, 2, 5 ) .

The equation of a plane through the point P ( 4, 2, 5 ) is
a ( x 4 ) + b( y + 2 ) + c ( z + 5 ) =
0 .....(i)
Now OP plane and direction cosines of OP are proportional to

4 0, 2 0, 5 0
i.e. 4, 2, 5 .
Substituting 4, 2 and 5 for a, b and c in (i), we get Fig. 34.4
54 MATHEMATICS
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I
4 ( x 4 ) 2 ( y + 2 ) 5 ( z +5 ) =
0
Vectors and three
or 4x 16 2y 4 5z 25 =
or 4x 2y 5z =
45
which is the required equation of the plane.

Notes

1. Reduce each of the following equations of the plane to the normal form :
(i) 4x + 12y 6z 28 =
0
m
(ii) 3y + 4z + 3 =0
(1,, 3,1) . Find
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2. The foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to a plane is the point (1
the equation of the plane.
The foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to a plane is the point (1, 2,1). Find
ing
3.
the equation of the plane.
4. A plane meets the co-ordinate axes in points A,B and C such that the centroid of the
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x y z
triangle ABC is the point (a,b,c). Prove that the equation of the plane is + + =3
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a b c
5. A plane meets the coordinate axes at the points P, Q and R and the centroid of PQR is
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the point ( 3,4, 6 ) . Find the equation of the plane.

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34.6 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

Let the two planes p1 and p 2 be given by
pic
a1x + b1 y + c1z +d1 =

0 ....(i)
w.
and a 2 x + b2 y + c2 z +d2 =
0 ....(ii)
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Let the two planes intersect in the line l and let n1 and n 2 be
normals to the two planes. Let be the angle between two
planes.
Fig. 34.5
The direction cosines of normals to the two planes are
a1 b1 c1

, ,
a12 + b12 +c12 a12 + b12 +c12 a12 + b12 +c12
a2 b2 c2
and , , ,
a 2 + b2
2 2
+c 2 2
a 2 2 + b 2 2 +c 2 2 a 2 2 + b 2 2 +c 2 2
MATHEMATICS 55
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I a1a 2 + b1b 2 + c1c2
Vectors and three cos is given by cos =
dimensional Geometry a12 + b12 + c12 a2 2 +b2 2 +c2 2
where the sign is so chosen that cos is positive

Corollary 1 :
Notes
When the two planes are perpendicular to each other then = 90 i.e., cos = 0
The condition for two planes a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1 =
0
and a 2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 =
0 to be perpendicular to each other is
a1a 2 + b1b2 + c1c2 =
0
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Corollary 2 :
If the two planes are parallel, then the normals to the two planes are also parallel
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a1 b1 c1
= =
a 2 b2 c2
ing
The condition of parallelism of two planes a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1 =
0 and
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a1 b1 c1
0 is a= b= c
a 2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 =
2 2 2
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This
his implies that the equations of two parallel planes differ only by a constant. Therefore, any plane
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parallel to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ax + by + cz + k = 0, where k is a constant.

Example 34.9 Find the angle between the planes
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3x + 2y
2 y 6z
6z + 7 =0 ......(i)
and 22xx + 3y
3 y + 2z
2 5=0 ......(ii)
pic
Solution : Here=
a1 3,3=
b1 2,c1 = 6
w.
and = =
a 2 2, =
b2 3,c 2 2
If is the angle between the planes (i) and (ii), then
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3.2 + 2.3 + ( 6 ) .2
=cos = 0
32 + 2 2 + (
6 )2 2 2 +3 2 +2 2
= 90
Thus the two planes given by (i) and (ii) are perpendicular to each other.
Example 34.10 Find the equation of the plane parallel to the plane x 3y + 4z 1 =0 and
passing through the point ( 3,1, 2 ) .
Solution : Let the equation of the plane parallel to the plane
56 MATHEMATICS
10
The Plane
x 3y + 4z 1 =0 be x 3y + 4z + k =0 ..... (i) OPTIONAL - I
Vectors and three
Since (i) passes through the point ( 3,1, 2 ) , it should satisfy it dimensional Geometry
3 =
3 8 + k 0=
or k 8
The required equation of the plane is x 3y + 4z + 8 =0

Notes
Example 34.11 Find the equation of the plane passing through the points ( 1,2,3) and
( 2, 3, 4 ) and which is perpendicular to the plane 3x + y z + 5 =0
Solution : The equation of any plane passing through the point ( 1,2,3) is
a ( x + 1) + b ( y 2 ) + c ( z 3 ) =
0 .....(i)
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Since the point ( 2, 3, 4 ) lies on the plane (i)
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3a 5b + c =0 ....(ii)
Again the plane (i) is perpendicular to the plane 3xx + y z +5 =
0
3a + b c = 0
From (ii) and (iii), by cross multiplication method, we get,
ing ....(iii)
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a b c a b c
= = or = =
oa
4 6 18 2 3 9
Hence the required equation of the plane is
yC
2(x + 1) + 3(y 2) +9(z 3)

3) =
0 ....[ From (i)]
or 2x + 3y
3 y + 9z
9z =
31
kM
Example 34.12 Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (2, 1,5) and
pic
perpendicular to each of the planes

x + 2y
2y z =
1 and 3x 4y + z =5
w.
Solution : Equation of a plane passing through the point (2, 1,5) is

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a ( x 2 ) + b( y + 1) + c ( z 5 ) =
0 .....(i)
As this plane is perpendicular to each of the planes
x + 2y z =
1 and 3x 4y + z =5
We have a.1 + b.2 + c.( 1) =0
and a.3 + b.( 4) + c.(1) =
0
or a + 2b c =0 .........(ii)
3a 4b + c =0 ........(iii)
From (ii) and (iii), we get
MATHEMATICS 57
11
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I a b c
Vectors and three = =
dimensional Geometry 24 3 1 4 6
a b c a b c
or = = or = = = (say)
2 4 10 1 2 5
a = , b = 2 and c= 5
Notes
Substituting for a, b and c in (i), we get
( x 2 ) + 2 ( y +1 ) +5 ( z 5 ) =
0
or x 2 + 2y + 2 +5z 25 =
0
or x + 2y + 5z 25 =
0
m
which is the required equation of the plane.
.co
1. Find the angle between the planes
(i) 2x y + z =6 and x + y + 2z
2z =
3
ing
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(ii) 3x 2y + z + 17 =
0 and 44xx + 3y
3 y 6z + 25 =
0
oa
2. Prove that the following planes are perpendicular to each other.

(i) x + 2y + 2z =
0 and 22xx + y 2z =
0
yC
(ii) 3x + 4y 5zz =
9 and 22xx + 6y + 6z =
7
kM
3. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point ( 2,3, 1 ) and parallel to the
plane 2x + 3y
3 y + 6z
6z + 7 =0
pic
4. Find the equation of the plane through the points ( 1,1,1) and ( 1, 1,1) and
perpendicular to the plane x + 2y + 2z =
5
w.
5. Find the equation of the plane which passes through the origin and is perpendicular to
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each of the planes x + 2y + 2z = 0 and 2x + y 2z = 0
34.7 DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A PLANE

Let the equation of the plane in normal form be
xcos + ycos + zcos =p where p>0 .......(i)
Case I : Let the point P ( x ' , y ' , z ') lie on the same side of the plane in which the origin lies.
Let us draw a plane through point P parallel to plane (i).Its equation is
xcos + ycos + zcos =p ' .....(ii)
where p' is the length of the perpendicular drawn from origin upon the plane given by (ii). Hence
the perpendicular distance of P from plane (i) is p p '
58 MATHEMATICS
12
The Plane
As the plane (ii) passes through the point (x',y',z'), OPTIONAL - I
Vectors and three
x'cos + y'cos + z ' cos =p ' dimensional Geometry
The distance of P from the given plane is

p p ' = p ( x'cos + y'cos + z'cos )
Case II : If the point P lies on the other side of the plane in which the origin lies, then the Notes
distance of P from the plane (i) is,
p ' p = x ' c o s + y ' cos + z'co s p
Note : If the equation of the plane be given as ax + by + cz + d = 0, we have to first

convert it into the normal form, as discussed before, and then use the above formula.
m
34.8 EQUATION OF A PLANE BISECTING THE ANGLE
BETWEEN TWO PLANES
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Let the equations of the planes be a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a 2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0
ing
If P ( x1, y1, z 1 ) be any point on the plane bisecting the angle between two given planes, then
the lengths of the perpendiculars drawn from P to them should be equal.
ch
a1 x1 + b1y1 + c1z1 +d1 a x +b2 y1 +c 2 z1 d+2
= 2 1
a12 + b12 + c12 a 2 2 +b 2 2 +c 2 2
oa
according as the two perpendiculars are of the same sign or of different sign.
yC
The equation
a1 x + b1 y + c1z + d1 a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 z + d 2
kM
=
......(i)
a12 + b12 + c12 a 2 2 + b2 2 + c2 2
pic
is satisfied by co-ordinates of any point on the planes bisecting the angles between the two given
planes.
w.
(i) represents the equations of the planes which bisect the angles between the two given
planes.
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Note : You may note that we get two planes bisecting the angles between the given planes.
Example 34.13 Find the distance of the point (1,2,3) from the plane 3x 2y + 5z + 17 =
0
3.1 2.2 + 5.3 + 17 31

Solution : Required distance = =
32 + ( 2) 2 + 52 38 units.
Example 34.14 Find the distance between the planes

x 2y + 3z 6 =0
and 2x 4y + 6z + 17 =
0
MATHEMATICS 59
13
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I Solution : The equations of the planes are
Vectors and three x 2y + 3z 6 = 0 ....(i)
2x 4y + 6z + 17 =
0 ....(ii)
1 ( 2 ) 3
Here = =
2 ( 4 ) 6
Notes
Planes (i) and (ii) are parallel
Any point on plane (i) is (6, 0, 0)
Distance between planes (i) and (ii) = Distance of point (6,0,0) from (ii)
2 6 4.0 + 6.0 + 17
=
m
( 2 )2 + ( 4 ) 2 + 62
.co
29 29
= units = units
56 2 14
3x 2y + 6z + 8 =0 and 2x y + 2zz + 3 =0
ing
Example 34.15 Find the equation of the planes which bisect the angles between the planes
ch
Solution : The required equations of the bisector planes are
oa
3x 2y + 6z + 8 2x y +2z +3
=
32 + ( 2 )2 + ( 6 )2 22 +( 1)
2
+2 2
yC
3x 2yy + 6z
6z + 8 2x y +2z +3
=
kM
or
7 3
or 9xx 66yy + 18z ( 14x
18 + 24 = +
7y +
14z +)
21
pic
or ( 14x
99xx 66yy + 18z + 24 = 7y +
14z + )
21
55xx y 4z = 23x 13y + 32z + 45 =

w.
3 or 0
ww

1. Find the distance of the point
(i) ( 2, 3,1 ) from the plane 5x 2y + 3z +11 =
0
(ii) ( 3, 4, 5 ) from the plane 2x 3y + 3z + 27 =

0
2. Find the distance between planes
3x + y z 7 =
0 and 6x + 2y 2z +11 =
0
3. Find the equations of the planes bisecting the angles between the planes
(i) 2x + y 2z =
4 and 2x 3y + 6z + 2 =
0
60 MATHEMATICS
14
The Plane
(ii) 3x 4y + 12z =
26 and x + 2y 2z =
9 OPTIONAL - I
Vectors and three
(iii) x + 2y + 2z 9 =
0 and 4x 3y + 12z +13 =
34.9 HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION OF SECOND DEGREE

REPRESENTING TWO PLANES
Let the equations of two planes be Notes
A a1x + b1 y + c1z +d1 =

0 ....(i)
and B a 2 x + b2 y + c2 z +d2 =
0 ....(ii)
Consider the equation AB = 0
i.e, ( a1x + b1 y + c1 z +d1 ) ( a 2 x +b2 y c+2 z d+2 ) 0= ....(iii)
m
The co-ordinates of all points satisfying (i) or (ii) satisfy the equation (iii)
.co
i.e., all points of A = 0 or, B = 0 lie on the surface represented by the equation AB = 0
ing
Again AB = 0 is a second degree equation in x, y and z.
A second degree equation in x, y and z represents a pair of planes only if it can be resolved
into two linear factors (each factor equated to zero representing a plane)
ch
Note : We give below an important result regarding the factorisation of a general homogeneous
oa
equation of second degree in x, y and z.
viz. ax 2 + by2 + cz2 + 2hxy + 2fyz + 2gxz

2gxz =
0 ....(A)
yC
(A) is factorisable into two linear factors if and only if

kM
abc + 2fgh af 2 bg
bg2 ch
ch 2 =
0
Also, the angle between the two planes is given by
pic
2 f 2 + g 2 +h 2 ab bc ca
tan =
a + b +c
w.
The proofs of these results are beyond the scope of this lesson.
ww
Example 34.16 Prove that the equation

8x 2 33yy2 10z 2 + 10xy + 17yz +2xz =
0
represents a pair of planes through the origin. Also find the angle between the two planes.
17
Solution : Here a = 8, b =
3,c = 10,
h =5, f = and g = 1
2
abc + 2fgh af 2 bg2 ch 2
2
= 8 ( 3 ) ( 10 ) + 2 ( 1 ) ( 5 ) 8
17 17
+3 ( 1 )2 +10 ( 5 )2
2 2
MATHEMATICS 61
15
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I = 240 +85 578 +3 +250
Vectors and three
dimensional Geometry = 578 578 =
0
The given equation
8x 2 3y2 10z 2 + 10xy + 17yz +2xz =
0 represent a pair of planes through the origin.
Notes Also, angle between the planes is given by
2 f 2 + g 2 +h 2 ab bc ca
tan =
a + b +c
289
2 + 1 + 25 +24 30 +80
4 2 689
tan = =
m
5 5 4
.co
2 689
=
5 4
=
2 689
tan 1
5 4

ing
ch
oa

yC
1. Prove that the equation 22xx 2 66y2 12z 2 + 18yz + 2xz + xy =

0 represents a pair
of planes. Find also the angle between the planes.
kM
2. Show that the equation 66x 2 + 4y2 10z 2 + 3yz +4xz

11xy =
0 represents a pair
of planes and find the angle between the planes.
pic
w.
ww
62 MATHEMATICS
16
The Plane
APPENDIX OPTIONAL - I
Vectors and three
A special method for factorising a general homogeneous polynomial of second degree dimensional Geometry
in x,y and z.
For example, let us consider the polynomial
8x 2 3y2 10z 2 + 10xy + 17yz +2xz ...(i)
Notes
Putting z = 0 in (i), we have 8x 2 3y2 + 10xy
or 8x 2 + 12xy 2xy 3y 2
or 4x ( 2x + 3y ) y ( 2x + 3y )
or ( 4x y ) ( 2x + 3y ) ...........(A)
m
Putting y = 0 in (i)
.co
we have 8x 2 + 2xz 10z 2
or 8x 2 + 10xz 8xz 10z 2
or 2x ( 4x + 5z ) 2z ( 4x + 5z )
( 2x 2z ) ( 4x + 5z )
ing
ch
or ...........(B)
Let x = 0 in (i), we get
oa
3y 2 10z2 + 17yz
yC
or 3y 2 17yz + 10z2
or 3y 2 2yz 15yz + 10z 2

kM
or y ( 3y 2z ) 5z ( 3y
3y 2z )
pic
or ( 3y 2z ) ( y 5z ) .........(C)
Combining (A), (B), (C), we get the factors of (i) as
w.
( 4xx y + 5z ) and ( 2x + 3y 2z )
ww
8x 2 3y 2 10 10xy +17yz +2xz ( 4x y

10zz 2 + 10x +5z )( 2x +
3y )
2z
This method is applicable for all such homogeneous polynomials of second degree in x,y and z.
Note :
(i) Look at the factor (2x+3y) in (A) and the factor ( 2x 2z ) in (B). As 2x is common
between the two, the complete factor is ( 2x + 3y 2z ) . Similarly, looking at ( 4x y )
in (A) and ( 4x + 5z ) in (B), we get the complete factor as ( 4x y + 5z ) .
(ii) The equations of the two planes represented by the equation

8x 2 3y2 10z 2 + 10xy + 17yz +2xz = 0 are
MATHEMATICS 63
17
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I 4x y + 5z =
0 and 2x + 3y 2z =
0.
Vectors and three
dimensional Geometry (iii) You are advised to find the equations of the pairs of planes in Check Your Progress
34.6 using the method as shown in the appendix.
34.10 AREA OF A TRIANGLE

Notes Let cos , cos and cos be the direction cosines of the normal to the plane whose area is
A. Then the
(i) projection of the area A, say A1, on yz-plane is A cos
i.e., =
A1 Acos
(ii) Similarly A 2 , the projection of the area A on xz-plane and A3 , the projection of A on
m
xy-plane are given by
= A 2 Acos and = A3 Acos
.co
A12 + A22 + A33 =A2 co
coss2 +
A2 cos 2 A+2 cos 2
= A2
ing
= A2 ( co
coss 2 +cos2 +cos2
( since
sinc cos 2
)
+cos2 +cos2 1=)
ch
We shall use this result in finding the area of a triangle.
oa
Let the vertices of the triangle ABC be A ( x1, y1, z1 ) , B ( x 2 , y2, z 2 ) and C ( x 3 , y3, z 3 )
respectively and let the area of the triangle be . Let the projections of on the co-ordinates
yC
planes be xy , yz and zx respectively..

kM
The projection of A, B and C on xy-plane are

( x1, y 1, 0 ) , ( x 2, y2 , 0 ) and ( x3, y 3, 0 )
pic
1
xy = [ x1 ( y 2 y3 ) + x 2 ( y3 y1 ) +x 3 ( y1 y 2 ) ]
2
w.
x1 y 1 1
1
=
ww
x2 y 2 1
2 ...........(A)
x3 y 3 1
[Recall that you have found the area of a triangle with vertices ( x1, y1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) and
( x3 , y3 ) as given in (A) in two dimensional co-ordinate geometry]
y1 z 1 1 z1 x 1 1
1 1
Similarly, yz = y2 z 2 1 and zx = z2 x 2 1
2 2
y3 z 3 1 z3 x 3 1
( xy ) + ( yz
2 =
2
)2 +(
xz )
2
64 MATHEMATICS
18
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I
x1 y1 1 2 y1 z 1 1 2
z1 x 1 1 2 Vectors and three
= x 2 y 2 1 + y2 z 2 1 + z2 x 2 1
4
x y 1 y3 z 3 1 z3 x 3 1
3 3
which gives required area of the triangle in space.
Notes
Example 34.17 Find the area of the triangle with vertices (1,5,2), (1, 2 , 3) and (3,2, 1)
Solution : Here
2
1 5 1
1 1
2 xy = 1 2 1 = [1 ( 2 2 ) 5 ( 1 3 ) +1 ( 2 6 ) ]
2
4 4
3 2 1
m
1
= ( 10 4 )2 =
9
.co
4
2
5 2 1
1 1
[ 5 ( 3 +1 ) 2 ( 2
ing
2 ) +1 ( 2 6+) ]
2
2 yz = 2 3 1 =
4 4
2 1 1
ch
1
= ( 10 + 4 )2 =
9
4
oa
2
2 1 1
1 1
2 zx =3 1 1 =[ 2 ( 1 3 ) 11 ( 3 +1 ) 1+ ( 9 1+) ]2
yC
4 4
1 3 1
1
( 4 +2 8 )2 =
kM
= 25
4
2= 9 + 9 +25
25 =43
pic
= 43 sq. units.
w.

ww
1. Find the area of the triangles with vertices

(i) ( 2, 5,3 ) , ( 11, 7,4 ) , ( 2, 3,5 )
(ii) ( 3,0,1 ) , ( 4, 1, 1 ) , ( 3, 2, 2 )
(iii) ( a,0,0 ) , ( 0,b,0 ) , ( 0,0,c )
LET US SUM UP
LET US SUM UP
A plane is a surface such that if any two points are taken on it, the line joining these two
MATHEMATICS 65
19
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I points lies wholly in the plane.
Vectors and three
The general equation of a plane is ax + by + cz + d = 0
The equation of a plane passing through a given point ( x1, y1, z 1 ) is
a ( x x1 ) + b ( y y1 ) + c ( z z1 ) =
0
There are infinite number of planes passing through a given point.
Notes
The equation Ax + By + Cz +1 =0 of the plane, contains three independent constants.
The equation of a plane passing through three points
( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , ( x 2, y 2, z 2 ) and ( x3, y3 , z3 )
x x1 y y1 z z 1
x 2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 =
0
m
x3 x1 y3 y1 z3 z1
.co
x y z
Equation of a plane in the intercept from is + + =1
a b c

ing
where a,b and c are intercepts made by the plane on x,y and z axes respectively.
Equation of a plane in the normal form is lx
lx + my + nz = p
ch
where l,, m, n are the direction cosines of normal to the plane and p is the length of the
perpendicular from the origin to the plane.
oa
Angle between two planes a1x + b1 y + c1z +d1 =

0
yC
and a 2 x + b2 y + c2 z +d2 =
0 is given by
a1a 2 + b1 b2 + c1c 2
kM
cos =
a12 + b12 + c12 a 22 +b 22 +c 22
pic
Two planes are perpendicular to each other if and only if

a1a 2 + b1b2 + c1c2 =
0
w.
a1 b1 c
Two planes are parallel if and only if = = 1
ww
a 2 b2 c2
Distance of a point ( x ' , y ' , z ') from a plane

xcos + ycos + zcos =p is
p ( x'cos + y'cos + z'cos ) , where the point ( x ' , y ' , z ') lies on the same
side of the plane in which the origin lies.
Equations of the planes bisecting the angles between two planes
a1x + b1 y + c1z +d1 =
0 and a 2 x + b2 y + c2 z +d2 =
0 are given by
a1 x + b1 y + c1z +d1 a x +b2 y +c2 z d+2
= 2
a12 + b12 + c12 a 2 2 +b 2 2 +c 2 2
66 MATHEMATICS
20
The Plane
A homogeneous equation of second degree OPTIONAL - I
Vectors and three
ax 2 + by2 + cz2 + 2hxy + 2fyz + 2gxz =
represents a pair of planes if and only if abc + 2fgh af 2 bg2 ch 2 =

0
The square of the area of a triangle with vertices ( x1, y1, z1 ) , ( x 2 , y2, z 2 ) and
( x 3 , y3 , z 3 ) is Notes
x1 y1 1 2 y1 z 1 1 2
z1 x 1 1 2
1
= x 2 y 2 1 + y2 z 2 1 + z2 x 2 1
4
x y 1 y3 z 3 1 z3 x 3 1
3 3
m
.co
SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES
http:// www.wikipedia.org.
http:// mathworld.wolfram.com ing
ch
TERMINAL EXERCISE
oa
1. Find the equation of a plane passing through the point ( 2,5,4 )

yC
2. Find the equation of a plane which divides the line segment joining the points ( 2,1,4 ) and
kM
( 2 , 6 , 4 ) internally in the ratio of 2 : 3.

Find the equation of the plane through the points ( 1,1,0 ) , ( 1,2,1 ) and ( 2,2, 1 ) .
pic
3.
4. Show that the four points ( 00,, 11,, 1 ) , ( 4,5,1 ) , ( 3,9,4 ) and ( 4 , 4 , 4 ) are coplanar..
w.
Also find the equation of the palne in which they lie.

ww
5. The foot of the perpendicular drawn from ( 1, 2, 3 ) to a plane is ( 3,2, 1 ) . Find the
equation of the plane.
6. Find the angle between the planes x + y + 2z =
9 and 2x y + z =15
7. Prove that the planes 3x 5y + 8z 2 =0 and 12x 20y + 32z + 9 =0 are

parallel.
8. Determine the value of k for which the planes 3x 2y + kz 1 =
0 and
x + ky + 5z + 2 =0 may be perpendicular to each other..
9. Find the distance of the point ( 3,2, 5 ) from the plane 2x 3y 5z =

7
MATHEMATICS 67
21
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I 10. Find the equation of the planes that bisect angles between the planes
Vectors and three
dimensional Geometry 2x y + 2z + 3 =0 and 3x 2y + 6z + 8 =0
11. Prove that the equation 6x 2 12y2 + 4z 2 + xy + 13yz 14xz = 0 represents a pair
of planes through the origin. Find also the angle between the two planes and the equations
of the two planes.
Notes
12. Find the area of the triangle with vertices ( 1,2,1 ) , ( 3,4, 2 ) and ( 4,2, 1 )
m
.co
ing
ch
oa
yC
kM
pic
w.
ww
68 MATHEMATICS
22
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I
Vectors and three
ANSWERS dimensional Geometry

1. ax + by + cz =
0 2. ax + by + c ( z +2 ) =
0
Notes
3. a ( x 5 ) + b ( y + 7 ) +c ( z 3 ) =
0
x + x 2 y1 + y2 z1 +z 2
4. ax 1 + b y + c z =
0
2 2 2
5. a ( x 2 ) + b ( y 2 ) + c ( z +3 ) =
0
m
.co
1. (a) 5x + 2y 3z 17 =
0 (b) 3x y + z =
0
ing
(c) x + 2y z =
4
x y z
3. + + =
1
ch
2 3 4
4. Intercepts are 12, 8 and 6 on the co-ordinate axes x,y and z respectively.
oa

yC
4x 12y 6z 3 4 3
1. (i) + =
2 (ii) y z =
14 14 14 5 5 5
kM
2. x 3y + z 11 =
0 3. x 2y + z 6 =
0
pic
5. 4x + 3y 2z =
36

34.4SS 34.4
w.

1. (i) (ii)
ww
3 2
3. 2x + 3y + 6z
6z =
7
4. 2x + 2y 3z + 3 =
0
5. 2x 2y + z =
0

30 6
1. (i) units (ii) units.
38 22
25
2. units.
2 11
MATHEMATICS 69
23
The Plane
OPTIONAL - I 3. (i) 10x y + 2z 11 =
0 ; 4x + 8y 16z 17 =
0
Vectors and three
dimensional Geometry (ii) 4x + 38y 62z 39 =
0 ; 22x + 14y + 10z 195 =
0
(iii) 25x + 17y + 62z 78 =
0 ; x + 35y 10z 156 =
0
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 34.6S 34.6

Notes
16
1. cos 1 3.
21 2
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 34.7.7

14
1. (i) 11 sq. units (ii) sq. units
m
2
.co
1
(iii)
2
( a 2 b 2 + b2 c 2 + c2 a 2 ) sq. units.
TERMINAL EXERCISESE
1. a ( x + 2 ) + b ( y 5 ) +c ( z 4 ) =
0
ing
ch
2. a ( x 2 ) + b ( y 3 ) + c ( z 4 ) =
0
oa
3. 2x + 3y 3z 5 =
0
yC
4. 5x 7y + 11zz + 4 =
0 5. x + 2y + z =
6
18
kM
6. 8. k = 1 9.
3 38
5x y 4z
4z 3 =0 , 23x 13y + 32z + 45 =
pic
10. 0
1 2
3x 4y
4y z = 0 ; cos
0 ; 2x + 3y 4z =
w.
11.
26 29
ww
1
12. 77 sq units.
2
70 MATHEMATICS
24

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Look at Fig.34.1.You know that it is a representation of a

The pairs of opposite and parallel faces are

(ii) AFED and BGHC

and the sets of parallel edges are given below :

(i) AB, DC EH and FG

34.1 GENERAL EQUA

Consider the general equation of first degree in x,y and z

aaxx1 + bby1 + cz1 +d =

and aaxx 2 + by2 + cz2 +d =

Multiplying (ii) by n and (iii) by m and adding the results,

we get, a ( mx 2 + nx1 ) + b ( my2 +ny1 ) +c ( mz 2 nz1 )

mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1 mz 2 +nz1

Let P ( x1, y1, z 1 ) be a given point and ax + by + cz +d =

Solution : Here x1 = 1,, y1 = 3 and z1 = 2

The required equation of the plane is

Solution : Here=x1 3,= y1 0 and z1 = 2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 34.1 ing

3. Find the equation of a plane passing through the point ( 5, 7 , 3 ) .

( 4,2,, 3 ) in the ratio of 1:2 internally..

34.3 EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH

If (i) passes through the points ( x 2, y 2, z 2 ) and ( x3, y3 , z3 ) , then

34.4 EQUATION OF A PLANE IN THE INTERCEPT FORM

which on expanding gives bcx + acy + abz abc

Q (i) passes through the point (2, 0, 2)

Example 34.6 Reduce the equation of the plane 4x 5y + 6z 60 =

form. Find its intercepts on the co-ordinate axes.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 34.2

(a) ( 2,2, 1 ) , ( 3, 4, 2 ) and ( 7, 0, 6 )

4. Find the intercepts made by the plane 2x + 3y + 4z =

34.5 EQUATION OF A PLANE IN THE NORMAL FORM

(i) is called the normal form of the equation of Fig. 34.3

by ON with the positive directions of x, y and z axes respectively.

x cos + y cos + z cos

Corollary 1 : By comparing the general equation of first degree in x, y, z, i.e., ax + by +

Solution : (i) The equation of the plane is 2x 3y + 4z 5 =0 .......(A)

(ii) The equation of the plane is 2x + 6y 3z ing

or by 7 we get, [ refer to corollary 2]

which is the required equation of the plane in the normal form.

Find the equation of the plane.

Then P is the point ( 4, 2, 5 ) .

Now OP plane and direction cosines of OP are proportional to

Substituting 4, 2 and 5 for a, b and c in (i), we get Fig. 34.4

which is the required equation of the plane.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 34.3

the point ( 3,4, 6 ) . Find the equation of the plane.

34.6 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

a1x + b1 y + c1z +d1 =

where the sign is so chosen that cos is positive

parallel to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ax + by + cz + k = 0, where k is a constant.

Solution : Let the equation of the plane parallel to the plane

The required equation of the plane is x 3y + 4z + 8 =0

2(x + 1) + 3(y 2) +9(z 3)

perpendicular to each of the planes

Solution : Equation of a plane passing through the point (2, 1,5) is

2. Prove that the following planes are perpendicular to each other.

each of the planes x + 2y + 2z = 0 and 2x + y 2z = 0

34.7 DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A PLANE

The distance of P from the given plane is

Note : If the equation of the plane be given as ax + by + cz + d = 0, we have to first

3.1 2.2 + 5.3 + 17 31

Example 34.14 Find the distance between the planes

55xx y 4z = 23x 13y + 32z + 45 =