Mr Muhammad Saleem

saleemdeny@gmail.com
 Pronoun Example Definitions
1- Personal Pronouns Refers to the person speaking A personal pronoun refers to
i- Subjective He, She, It, I, We, You, They the person speaking, the person
ii- Objective Him, her, it, me, us, you, them being spoken to, or the person
or thing being spoken about
2- Interrogative Pronouns Who, what, which, whom, Interrogative pronouns are
Ex1: whose are these whose pronouns that introduce a
books? = interrogative question
pronoun
Ex2: whose books are
these? = interrogative
adjective
3- Indefinite Pronouns All, anyone, both, each, Indefinite pronouns are those
Ex: everybody is anything, everybody, many, no pronouns that refers to an
welcome. one, someone, some etc. unspecified person, place, thing,
or idea
4- Relative Pronouns Who, whom, whose, which and A relative pronoun is used to
that introduce subordinate clause.
i- Independent
Clause
ii- Subordinate
Clause
Ex: that is the film
which has directed by
him.
5- Possessive Pronouns Mine, yours, his, sounds Possessive pronouns are
Ex: this is my car not repetitive pronouns that show the
your car, ownership
6- Reflexive Pronouns Himself, herself, itself, myself, Reflexive pronouns are pronoun
Ex: they have to do yourself, ourselves, themselves that are used to show that the
their tasks themselves subject of the sentence is
receiving the action of the verb
 7- Intensive Pronouns
Ex: we ourselves will
solve the problem
8- Demonstrative
Pronouns
Ex: This is my mother
ring.
9- Reciprocal Pronouns
Ex: we need to help
one another to survive.
10- Distributive Pronouns
Ex: each of the student
has done it.
Myself, yourself, himself,
herself, itself, ourselves,
themselves
This, that, these, those, none,
neither and such
Each other, each others, one
another, one anothers
Each, either and neither
These pronouns are used only
to place emphasis on the
subject
A demonstrative pronoun is a
pronoun that is used to point to
something specific within a
sentence
Reciprocal pronouns are
pronouns that are used to
refers a mutual set of people.
Distributive pronouns are those
pronouns that points to person
place or things one at a time.

Kinds of Adverbs
There are three kinds of adverbs Simple, Interrogative and Relative. The vast majority of adverbs belong to the
first group; there are very few adverbs of the second and third types.
Simple Adverbs

Simple adverbs are of very many kinds:

Adverbs of Time
These adverbs answer the question when. Examples are: tomorrow, today, yesterday, now, then, never, soon,
already, ago, formerly, lately etc.
We are late.
She died two years ago.
I wrote to him yesterday.
Have you seen him before?
May I leave now?
I will soon return.
He will come tomorrow.
I have warned him already.
I havent read anything lately.
Adverbs of Place
These adverbs answer the question where.
Examples are: here, there, upstairs, downstairs, everywhere, nowhere, in, out, inside, away.
We have been living here for several years.
I searched for him everywhere.
They went upstairs.
May I come in?
She came forward.
I decided to go there.
Adverbs of Frequency
These adverbs answer the question how often. Examples are: again, frequently, always, seldom, hardly, often,
once etc.
You are always welcome.
I have gone there only once.
We visit them frequently.
I often go there.
Adverbs of Number
These adverbs answer the question in what order.
Examples are: firstly, secondly, lastly, once, never, twice etc.
I have seen him only once.
Secondly, I cant afford to buy it.
Adverbs of Manner
These adverbs answer the question in what manner. Examples are: slowly, carefully, terribly, seriously, well,
pleasantly, really, thus etc.
The soldiers fought bravely.
Walk carefully.
I was terribly upset.
He is seriously ill.
She was pleasantly surprised.
She can speak English well.
Adverbs of Degree or Quantity
These adverbs answer the question how much or in what degree.
Examples are: much, very, fully, partly, little, enough, so, rather etc.
He is quite strong.
She is very beautiful.
I am fully prepared.
My work is almost finished.
This is good enough.
You are absolutely right.
He is entirely wrong.
He was rather busy.

Adverbs of reason
These adverbs answer the question why.
Examples are: therefore, hence, thus, consequently etc.
He did not work hard, therefore, he failed.
Consequently he refused to come.
Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation
Examples are: surely, yes, no, certainly etc.
I will not come.
We will certainly help you.
Note that when used alone yes or no represents a whole sentence.
Will you come? Yes. (= Yes, I will come.)
Have you finished the work? No. (= No, I havent finished the work.

Kinds of conjunctions

Conjunctions are divided into two classes: coordinating conjunctions and

subordinating conjunctions.

Read the following sentence:

Birds fly and fish swim.

This sentence contains two independent statements or two statements of equal rank or
importance. The conjunction that joins together two clauses of equal rank is called
a coordinating conjunction.

Notes

Coordinating conjunctions generally connect sentence elements of the same

grammatical class. Examples: nouns with nouns, adverbs with adverbs, phrases with
phrases and clauses with clauses.

Jack and Jill went up the hill. (Here the coordinating conjunction and connects two
nouns.)
He worked diligently and patiently. (Here the coordinating conjunction and connects two
adverbs.)

The chief coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, for, or, nor, also, eitheror,
neithernor.

Kinds of coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions are of four kinds.

1. Cumulative or copulative conjunctions

2. Adversative conjunctions
3. Disjunctive or alternative conjunctions
4. Illative conjunctions

Cumulative conjunctions

Cumulative conjunctions merely add one statement to another. Examples are: and,
bothand, as well as, not onlybut also.

Alice wrote the letters and Peter posted them.

The cow got up and walked away slowly.

Adversative conjunctions

Adversative conjunctions express contrast between two statements. Examples are: but,
still, yet, whereas, while, nevertheless etc.

The rope was thin but it was strong.

She is poor but she is happy.
He is hardworking whereas his brother is quite the reverse.
Disjunctive or alternative conjunctions

Conjunctions which present two alternatives are called disjunctive or

alternative conjunctions. Examples are: or, eitheror, neithernor, neither, nor,
otherwise, else etc.

She must weep, or she will die.

Either he is mad, or he feigns madness.
They toil not, neither do they spin.
Neither a borrower, nor a lender be.

Illative conjunctions

Some coordinating conjunctions express something inferred from another statement or

fact. These are called illative conjunctions. Examples are: for and so.

Somebody came, for I heard a knock at the door.

He must be asleep, for there is no light in his room.
He has been working hard, so he will pass.

Interjections: Definition and Examples

Lets learn the definition and few examples of interjections

Definition of Interjections
Interjections can be defined as

The words which are used to express a strong or sudden feeling or emotion are called as
interjections.

These words have fixed meanings, so whenever they are used; the listener automatically
understands the emotion of the speaker. They usually come at the beginning of a sentence and do
not have a direct grammatical relation with the rest of the sentence.

Examples of Interjections
Hurrah! We won the match.
Hush! Stop making noises.
In the above sentences, Hurrah and Hush are interjections.
Read More: Definition of verb, types and classes
Types of Interjections

As much as there are feelings and emotions, as much as there are

interjections in languages. Here are the basic kinds of interjections:

1. Interjections for Greeting

These interjections are used to indicate emotion of warmth towards the other person when they
meet. These include: Hello! , Hey! , Hi! Etc

Examples of Interjections for Greeting

o Hey! Good to see you today.
o Hello! I am Jane.

2. Interjections for Joy

These interjections are used to indicate immediate emotion of happiness on a sudden happy event
that occurred. These include: Hurrah! , Hurray! , Wow! Etc

Examples of Injections for Joy

o Hurray! My team won the game.
o Wow! I passed the exam.

3. Interjections for Approval

These interjections are used by the speaker when he expresses a strong sense of approval and
agreement on something that happened. These include: Bravo! , Brilliant! , Well done!

Examples of Injections for Approval:

o Well done! You got the job.
o Bravo! He made the goal.

4. Interjections for Surprise

These interjections are used by the speaker when he expresses a strong sense of surprise on
something that happened. These include: Ha! , Hey! , What! , Oh! , Ah! , Eh! Etc

Examples of Injections for Surprise:

o What! His mother died!
o Ah! I got promoted.
5. Interjections for Grief/Pain
These interjections are used by the speaker when he expresses a strong emotion of grief on
something unfortunate that happened. These include: Alas! , Ah! , Oh! , Ouch! Etc

Examples of Injections for Grief/Pain

o Alas! He is dead.
o Ouch! I hurt my foot.
Read More: Apostrophe with definition and guided uses

TYPES OF VERB
DEFINITIN: Verb is the word which is used to tell about the action or movement of person, thing and animal. There
are many kinds of verb as follow:

1) Transitive Verb 2) Intransitive Verb

3) Linking Verb 4) Auxiliary Verb

5) Modal Verb

1) TRANSITIVE VERB

Transitive Verb is the verb that needs object and usually followed by noun.

These transitive verbs include arrest, avoid, do, enjoy, find, force, get, give, grab, hit, like, pull , report,
shock, take, tell, touch, want, warn

Formula:

Sub + T.V + Obj

Example:

- She takes a book.

- I need a chair.

- They speak English.

2) INTRANSITIVE VERB

Intransitive Verb is the verb which does not need object, but it needs adverbial modifier. These
intransitive verbs include appear, come, fall, go, happen, matter, sleep, swim, wait

Formula:

Sub + I.V + (Adv)

Example:

- He cries.
- They dance well.

- She sings beautifully.

3) LINKING VERB

Linking Verb refers to verb that needs subjective complement rather than object and that subjective
complement describes the subject.

These Linking Verbs include:

be, smell, feel, taste, prove, look, become, appear, stay,

remain, get, sound, seem, grow, turn, go

a) Subjective Complement can be Adjective

Example:

- Your face grows red.

- He looks tired.

- Her voice sounds pretty.

b) Subjective Complement can be Noun or Pronoun

Example:

- He becomes a district governor.

- The robber is you.

4) AUXILIARY VERB

Auxiliary Verbs are used to form question and negative sentence, and they are usually used with main
verb to form many different kinds of tenses.

Be is used to form Continuous Tense and Passive Voice.

Example:

- The dog is biting a child.

- A child is bitten by the dog.

Have/Has is used to form Perfect Tense.

Example:

- They have known me for 3 years.

- She has had dinner already.

Do/Does is used to form Question and Negative Sentence in the Present Simple when the sentence
doesnt have a special verb. Moreover, we can also use them to show the emphasis sentence.
Example:

- He doesnt eat meat.

- Do you love her?

- I do live here. (emphasis form)

Will is used to form Future Tense.

Example:

- People will be difficult to live because of the climate change.

- The environment will become terrible in the a few decades.

5) MODAL VERB

Modal Verbs are the verbs that are used to talk about ability, permission, obligation and necessity,
obligation and advice, possibility, probability, request, offer, suggestion, habit and promise. Most Modal
Verbs can form question and negative sentence by themselves. There are many Modal Verbs as
following.

a) Ability

We use can, could and be able to to talk about the ability.

Can: is used in the present.

Example: He can play the guitar.

Could: is used in the past.

Example: My sister could speak when she was 15 years old.

Be able to: can be used both in present and past.

Example: Last year I wasnt able to speak at all, but now I am able to speak smoothly.

b) Permission

We use can, could, may and might to ask to a permission.

Example:

- Can I use your pen for a moment?

-Could I ask you a personal question?

- May I make a suggestion?

c) Obligation and necessity

We use must and have to/ have got to to express obligation or necessity.

Example:
- I have got a trouble pain in my back, so I must go to the doctor now.

- We have to drive on the left in Britain.

d) Obligation and Advice

We use should, ought to, had better, and shall to talk about the obligation and advice.

Should and Ought to is used talk about the obligation and duty, to ask for and give advice and in
general, to say what is right or good.

Example:

- You ought to learn to swim.

- I shouldnt tell a lie.

Had better: is used to express a strong recommendation in a particular situation.

Example: Its going to be cold tonight, so I had better turn on the heating.

Shall is used when we want to know someones opinion, or when we want advice or instruction.

Example:

- I have missed my last bus. What shall I do?

- Im not sure what to do. Shall I apply for a job or not?

- How long shall I cook this rice?

e) Possibility

We use may, might and could to talk about present or future possibility.

Example:

- There is someone at the door. It may be Sara.

- We arent sure what we are going to do tomorrow. We might go to the beach.

f) Probability

We use should and ought to to say that something is probable at the moment of speaking or in the
future.

Example:

- Sally should be at work by now. Shes normally there at this time.

- She ought to pass his driving easily. She hasnt got much to do.

g) Request

We use can, could, may, will and would to ask for something, to ask for permission or to ask someone
to do something.
Example:

- Can I ask you a pen?

- Could I ask you some questions?

- May I have some more coffee?

h) Offer

We use will, shall, could and would when we are willing to do something for someone.

Example:

- I will lend you some money.

- Shall I open the door for you?

- I can write this letter for you.

- I could help you to lift this box.

- Would you like me to help you?

i) Suggestion

We use shall, can and could to ask for and make a suggestion.

Example:

- Shall we stay at home?

- We can watch TV if you like.

- We could go to the cinema.

j) Habit

+ We use used to to talk about past habit which are now finished.

Example: Robert used to play football when he was young.

+ We use will and would to talk about the actions which are repeated again and again, and we use
will for present habits and would for past habits.

Example:

- Every day Jane will come home from school and ring up the friends shes just been talking to.

- In those days people would make their own entertainment.

k) Promise

We use will to express strong intention in promises and threats.

Example:
- I will be careful with the car, I promise.

- Stop making that noise or I will scream!

Articles

There are quite a few likely words that can connect together with a noun to create what is called a noun
phrase. An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives information about a noun in
the noun phrase. It is a type of determiner that leads a noun. If something in general is referred and the
nouns used are either plural or uncountable, an article is left out.

When to use 'an' instead of 'a'

An is used instead of a to make speaking easier. An is used when the first sound of the

next word is a vowel sound.

Note: Consonants can create a vowel sound, and vowels can create a consonant sound.

The use of an is determined by the sound not the letter.

Example: A house, An hour

[House starts with a consonant sound, however hour starts with a vowel sound.]

Noun phrases can also include demonstratives (this, these, that, those) or numbers or adjectives. There is
an option not to use an article in front of either plural nouns or uncountable nouns.
 What is an Article?
Back to Top

Articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun. An article is used to indicate the reference that
is made to a noun whether the noun refers to something specific or not. There are only three articles in
English: a, an and the. The word a which becomes an when the following word begins with a vowel
a, e, i, o, u is called the indefinite article because the noun it proceeds with is indefinite or general. The
word the is known as the definite article and indicates a specific thing. The difference between the
sentences I sat on a recliner and I sat on the recliner is that the second sentence refers to a particular,
specific recliner, not just any recliner.

The most important thing is to choose the right article in forming a sentence, and this is done by
categorizing the noun as count and uncount.

Count Noun - A count noun can have a number in front of it such as: 5 apples, 3 teachers, 10,00,000
people etc.

One must put an article in front of a singular count noun.

One can make a count noun plural and put a number in front of it.
One can put both a/an and the in front of a count noun.
One must use a plural count noun with no article if you mean all or any of that thing.
Use an (not a) when the next word (adverb, adjective, noun) starts with a vowel sound.
One must usually use a/an with a count noun the first time you say or write that noun.

Uncount Noun - An uncount noun cannot have a number in front of it such as: 1 luck, 4 perfumes, 57
facts.

One cannot put a number in front of an uncount noun and make it plural.
One cannot say a/an with an uncount noun.
Use an uncount noun with no article if that thing is meant in general.
Use the with an uncount noun when talking about a particular example of that thing.

The most important rules to be followed are:

You use an uncount noun with no article if you mean all or any of that thing.
 I need help!
I don't eat pizza.
Do you like football?

You use the with an uncount noun when you are talking about a particular example of that thing.

Thanks for the help you gave me yesterday.

I didn't eat the sandwich. It was green!
Did you like the music they played at the dance?

You usually use a/an with a count noun the first time you say or write that noun.

Can I borrow a pen, please?

There's a puppy in the garden!
Do you have an iPod player?

You use the with count nouns the subsequent times you use the noun, or when the listener
already knows what is being referred to.

Where's the pen I lent you yesterday?

I think the dog belongs to the new neighbors.
Please shut the door!

You use a plural count noun with no article if you mean all or any of that thing.

I don't like cats.

Do they have children?
I don't need questions. Give me answers!

The above rules apply whether there is or there is not an adjective in front of the noun.

Can I borrow a blue pencil, please?

There's an extremely large cat in the garden!
I don't like small, noisy children.

Examples of Articles
Back to Top

The examples of Articles in use are:

I need a paper.
I want an apple.
I want the red apple.
The car I bought broke down.
I've built a strong ship.
The lecturer assigned a book to read.
A good idea is all I need to start a new business.
I fell over the chair again.
I loved the apple pie after the meal.
 I'm not a troublemaker. I'm the troublemaker!
Lorraine wants to see a movie.
A man on the street stepped on my foot.
I remember the day we first met.
Do you remember the movie we watched together?
The feeling I got was very strange.
He has a son and a daughter. The daughter is a doctor.

Types of Articles
Back to Top

There are two types of Articles:

1. The Definite Article [the]

2. The Indefinite Article [a and an]

The Definite Article [the] - Definite articles imply that the noun is 'specifically identifiable', there is only one
definite article, and its "the." We use "the" for uncountable, singular and plural nouns. We use the when
the thing spoken about is already mentioned. or

when we refer backwards to something that we have already mentioned

when we refer forwards to something that we can take for granted will happen
when we refer to our common ground or shared knowledge

Example:

the Nile
the Atlantic
the North pole
the rain
the Tony Blair
the White house

The Indefinite Article [a and an] - Indefinite refers to 'identifiable in general.' The indefinite article a/an,
occurs when the listener is not expected to identify the object specifically. A and an are used before nouns
that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned before. If a word begins with a vowel sound,
use"an," and if it begins with a consonant sound use"a."

Example:

a blue bus
a swimming pool
a tiger
 an ugly hat
an elephant
an English Professor

Exercise
Back to Top

Choose the correct definite or indefinite article: "the", "a", "an" or leave the space blank if no
article is required.

She lives in England, which is part of _____UK.

She works for ______ FBI.
______ U.N. has its headquarters in New York.
Have you put ______ cat out?
We'll need to take a chopper to cut the trees.
We have _____ beautiful garden. ______ garden is full of roses.
I think _____ man over there is very unfriendly.
Kobe Bryant is __________ basketball player.
I read _______ amazing story yesterday.
My brother does not eat ______ chicken.
_____ love is such ______ beautiful thing.
This is __________ best Mexican restaurant in the country.
Someone call __________ policeman!
Gold is ______ precious metal.
Gregory is one of ___ strangest people I know.
Aladdin had _______ magic lantern.
Donna is ________English teacher.
Can you tell me how to get to ___ cinema from here?
I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's test!

Write the following paragraphs, inserting a, an, and the where needed.

Most people have fewer hours to give to time-consuming activities of clubs than they used

to have, but most people in small town belong to club or two. One of clubs is likely to be

social and benevolent organization, such as Rotary or Elks. Business people are likely to

belong, also to either Kiwanis Club or Lions. Such business people's organizations may meet as often as
once a week in one of private dining rooms of town's leading hotel for lunch. They have good lunch, hear
good program, and continue their fundraising program for

worthy organization, such as local hospital.