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:


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+ : + :
hindawi@hindawi.org :
http://www.hindawi.org :

: .



.
Cover Artwork and Design Copyright 2014 Hindawi
Foundation for Education and Culture.
Copyright Mohamed Riad 1972.
All rights reserved.


7
9
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19
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97 :
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Pre- :Archaic

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) (

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) ( ) ( ).(

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) ( .


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Elwyn L. ) (2
Simons .

Hominoidea Dryopithecus
.
Aegyptopithecus

) Propliopithecus
(.

21


Wurm
Gunz

Mindel

Riss

Australopithecinia Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens
& earty Homo
Olduval Modjokero

et-Tabun es-Skul

)(Java

South Africa

Neanderthals
Swartkrana

Cromagnon
Choukoutlen
Swanscombe

Heidelberg
Steinheim

)(Peking
Africa
East

.After R. J. Wenke 1980, fig.3.5, P.74-75 with additions :1

) Ramapithecus (
.
.

) (2-1

Australopithecus

.

22


Les pongids
Les pongids sont connus depuis loligocne suprieur du
Fayoum avec le genre Aegyptopithecus dont un crne a t
Dcouvert par Simons. De la taille du gibbon et arboricole

Essai de reconstruction de la ligne humaine et de celle des grands singes

PLEISTONCENE

gorille
chimpanz homme
orang-outan
0
Homo erectus
Austratopisbecus
Afrique
5
PLIOCENE

10

Age en millions dannes

Ramapitbecus
Inde et Afrique
15

Dryopitbecus
MIOCENE

Sivapitbecus 20
Asic

?
Dryopithecus

Dryopitbecus
Europe
25

Dryopitbecus
(Proconsul)
Afrique 30
OLIGOCENE

Aegyptopitbecus
Afrique

Propliopitbecus
Fayoum 35

.244 Histoire naturelle de lhomme :2

.



Simon, E. L., 1967, The Earliest apes .
.Aegyptopithecus
(LANTHROPOLOGIE, Les dic-
tionnaires du savoir moderne, centre dEtude et de promotion de la Lecture,
.Paris 1972, p. 244)

23


Homo erectus

Peking

Olduvai
Bed IV
1
Homo erectus
Olduvai olduvai
Bed I, lower II Homo erectus
Swartkrans Java
zone
2

Homo Habilis
olduvai
Sterkfontein
Years

zone

Australopithecus
South Africa
Million

4
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

) (

:3 R. J. Wenke .

Paranthropus .
Antecessors

Homo Erectus

Pithicanthropus Archanthrpoien

24


Gehirngre Gehirngre
Neugeborenes Erwachsener

128 ccm 390 ccm

ca. 162 ccm 415 ccm

384 ccm 1350 ccm

. : )
( )(.

25


Homo Sapiens :

: :


. Palaeoanthropien

: Presapiens
Neanthropien
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.

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Totem

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.

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Chalcolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages
Internet,
.Informatics & Computing

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.



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) (1-2 : Australopithecus

1 )
(Australopithecus
.
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.


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Der Vormensch .
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( Ples
A. afarensis
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:Ernst Haeckel 18341919 1

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.Sahelanthropus tchadensis
.Orririn tugensis
.Ardipithecus Kadabba


.

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)( Homo Neandertalensis Paleanthropien

, Dicke beraugenwlste,
vorspringendendes Gesicht
. . Hirnvolumen 400 bis 500
Kubilkzentimeter

Homo erectus:
, . . beraugenwulst vor 3,9 bis 3
Hirnvolumen 800 bis 1000 Millionen Jahren
Kubikzentimeter
.

vor 100000 Jahren

bis heute
.

.
Homo sapiens:
. kein Brauenwulst,
hohe stirn fr gewachsens
. Grohirn, Hirnvolumen
. 1100 bis 1400
Kubikzentimeter
.
Das Gehirn dieser Wesen war Homo erectus
Gro wie das eines einjhrigen
Kindes, erklrt Alan Walker. Er Australopithecus Homo sapiens
War dabei, als man den Jungen afarensis
Von Turkana fand

.
Der Brustkorb glich dem Eines Homo sapiens
.
Die Hften waren schmaler als
Bei anderen Hominiden und
Machten den Homo erectus zu Einem schnellen Lufer

.
Mit krftigen Knochen
Konnte er ein anstrengendes
Leben durchstehen

.
Bei 1,80 Meter Greund
Schlankem Krperbau hatte der
Homo erectus eine groe Krperoberflche
Zum Schwitzenin den Tropen ein Vorteil

42


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Chauvet-Hhle Ca-Tal
Cro-Magnon Wadi Kubbaniya
Geienklsterle Hohlenstein Willandra Lakes
Blombos Hhle 16 Mgo Lake Stadel vogelherd
Meshyristsch

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 heute
Doln Vstonice Altamira
Tausend Jahre vor heute
Paviov Lascaux Niaux
Sungir Mas-dAzil Dschebel Sahaba
Abrigo do Lagar Velho

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Ellsworth Huntington
The Pulse of Asia
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.
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.
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.

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Homo erectus

15

59


Fundstellen frher
Hominiden in Afrika 2
1
2 Name der Fundsttte
Homo
Robuste Australopithecinen
Australopithecinen
Ardipithecus
3

(1) SIDI ABDERRAHMAN (8) KOOBI FORA

H. erectus H. erectus 4
5
(2) TIGHENIF H. habilis 7
H. erectus H. rudolfensis 6
(3) BAHR EL GHAZAL A. boisei 8
9
A. bahrelghazali A. afarensis (14) LAETOLI 10
(4) HADAR (9) ALLIA BAY 11
A. afarensis
Homo sp.? A. anamensis (15) MALEMA 12
A. afarensis (10) LOTHAGAM 13 14
A. boisei
(5) MITTLERER AWASH/ A. afarensis URAHA
ARAMIS KANAPOI H. rudolfensis
A. afarensis A. anamensis (16) MAKAPANSGAT
Ardipithecus ramidus (11) LAKE BARINGO A. africanus 15
(6) OMO H. erectus (17) KROMDRAAI
H. sapiens Homo sp.? A. robustus
H. habilis A. boisei STERKFONTEIN
H. rudolfensis (12) PENINJ H. habilis
A. boisei A. boisei A. africanus
A. aethiopicus (13) OLDUVAI- SWARTKRANS 16
A. afarensis SCHLUCHT H. habilis (km)
(7) WEST TURKANA H. erectus A. robustus 18 0 1000
H. erectus H. habilis 17
(18) TAUNG
A. aethiopicus A. boisei A. africanus
A. robustus KARTE: NG MAPS
A. boisei SATELLITENBILD: ROBERT STACEY,
WORLDSAT INTERNATIONAL INC.

16

.


.
.


.

. -

60


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.

.

Sahelanthropus
tchadensis (Toumai) TM
266

Orrorin
tugensis Bar 100000

Ardipithecus ramidus
)(Ardi

- KNM-LT 329
Australopithecus
anamensis

)
(
Laetoli footprints,
Bipedal hominid

- LH4 Australopithecus
afarensis

65


M. Brunet Australopithecus
)bahreghazali K 12 (Abel

)DIK-1 (Selam
Australopithecus
afarensis

AL 288
1Australopithecus
afarensis

Taung1
Australopithecus
africanus

KNM WT
Paranthropus aethiopicus

STS 14, 71 & 52

) (
Australopithecus
africanus

TM 1517

Paranthropus robustus

MH1
Australopithecus sediba

Homo Habilis
Homo Habilis

66


Zinj
Paranthropus boisei

Dmanisi D 2700
)( Homo erectus


Homo
rudolfensis

KNM ER 3733
) (
Homo erectus

Paranthropus boisei

KNM Er 992
Homo erectus

Homo
antecessor Atapuerca

Trinil 2 Homo erectus

Peking Man

H. Heidelberg
Homo erectus

67


Mauer, Homo
Heidelbrgensis

Saldanha Homo
rhoesiensis

Miguelon H.
heidelbergensis

Ndutu Homo
rhodesiensis

Steinheim skull Homo
Heidelbergensis

Ngandong 7
Homo erectus

Altamura Man

Broken Hill
1 Homo rhodesiensis

Homo Sapiens

Tabun C1

Krapina H.
Neandertalensis

Homo ) (
Sapiens

68


Skhul V & IX Homo
Sapiens

-
Teshik-Tash

Le
chapelle-aux-saints 1 H.
neandertalensis

H. Neandertalensis

Mungo man Homo

Sapiens

Sidron Cave

Kents Cavern

Amud 1

Mt. Circeo

?Denisova Hominin Homo

Yamashita-cho Man
Homo Sapiens

69


Le Moustier H.
Neandertalensis

Cro-Magnon 1
Homo Sapiens

Predmost H.
Sapiens

Wadjak 1 H.
Sapiens

Combe Capella
H. Sapiens

Afalou 13 H.
sapiens

W. Halfa
H. 25
Sapiens

W.
Kubanieh H.
Sapiens

70
 18
 :19 ) (

.
 20


) (1

:Augustine
1 .

.
Anthropos
Logia .

.


.

.Hoebel. E.A. Man in the Primitive World New York 1958, P. 1 1



.
.

.

.



.



.



.

) (
.



.

76


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.




.

.


.




.
.

.
.

77


Vlkerkunde, ethnologie 2 David
Hume

Democritus3 .

Descartes
.




.
R. Radclif
fe-Brown
:

.


.

.Koppers, W. Der Urmensch und sein Weltbild Wien 1949 2

Bidnev, D. The Ethnology of Religion and the Problem of Human Evolution, in 3
.American Anthropologist Feb. 1954, P. 2
Also: A. E. Heath, Scientific Thought in the Twentieth Century, London 1951, P.
.101

78


Ethnologie
.

.

.
.


.

.


. :

.
.
.
.

.


-

79


Celtic .

.
.
.
Gobineau Essei
sur linegalit des Races
des 19 jahrhundert Chamberlain
Grundlagen .

:
.

4 .

.

. Theodor Waitz
Anthropologie
der Naturvoelker

Agassiz
.

Heine-Geldern. R., One Hundred years of ethnological theory in the German-speaking 4

.countries, in Conference on the History of Anthropology, New York 1962

80


) ( .

:
Ueber die Einheit des Menschengeschlechtes und den Naturzustand des
.Menschen

) (3

.


.
:
:
.
:

) (1-3 Physical Anthropology

) ( :Fossil Man




.

.

81


Physical ) (
:Anthropology


.
.

.

.


.

.


.
.

.


.


.

82


Osteologie




.
Morphologie
.

.

.


:
.

.


.

) (2-3 (Ethnologie) Cultural Anthropology

:
) ( :Archeology-Prehistory

83


.

.

.
) ( :Linguistics



.

.
) ( ) ( Cultural An-
:thropology, Ethnologie
.

.
:
.


.



.

.

84


.
:

)(

) ( )
(

)(

) ( )
(

5

.
:

.

.Herskovits, M. J. Cultural Anthropology New York, 1964, P. 8 5

85


:
.


.

6 Hoebel
.


.

.

:

) (

:
:
:

.Hoebel E. A., Man in the Primitive World New York, 1949, P. 6 6

86


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.
.


.


.

.

.

) (4

.


. :



.
.

87


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:

.
)(
. )(
. )(
. )(

.






.


.


.

.

88


) (6
) (1-6
Biology

Palaeontologie

.
Ecology
:

:
Animal ecology
Plant ecology
Physical environement

.




.

89


Heredity, Human Genetics

) (2-6


.

:
.

. Emilio
7 Willems

.
:
) ( .

Willems, E., Ethnologie in Soziologie Fisher Lexikon ed. R., Koenig, Frankfurt, 1958. 7
.P. 53

90


) ( .
) ( .

() Herbert Spencer
() E. Taylor
.

.

.



.

.

.


.

.

91


.

.



:
) (

.
) ( .
) (

.

.

.
: Frederich
Ratzel .Eduard Hahn
Ratzel
Anthropogeographie

92


.
.


.

.
.

.



.

.

.
.


.


.

93


.


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.


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94


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.

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)(

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.
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.

95


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.


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.
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.





.

Amerind .


Sinanthropos Pekinensis
.
Franz Weidenreich :

.

100


1
Coon

:
) ( ) : (Austral

Papua
) (

.

.Tamili

) ( :
:
Ainu
.

.
) ( :
.
: )!(



.
) ( :Capoids

.

.Coon, C. S., The Origin of Races New York 1962 1

101


) ( :Congoids

.
2 .

) (2

.

.

2 () :
Vanishingly :
.Small
) ( :



() .

. :
(1) Dobzhansky, T. Possibility that Homo Sapiens evolved independently Five Times is
Vanishingly Small in Current Anthropology, Oct 1963, (2) Birdsell, I. B., The Origin
of Human Races in Quarterly Review of Biology June 1963, (3) Beals, R. & H. Hoijer,
.An Introduction to Anthropology 3d. ed. New York 1967

102


.

.

.

.


.




Buffon .

.

:



.


.




.

103


.
.
Pure
Race
. .

Secondary or Composite Races
.

.

.
:
.

.

.

) (
) ( ) (
.

104


.
.
3


)
(.




.

.



.

.
) ( ) (

.

.

.Shapiro, H. Migration and Environment New York., 1939 3

105


. Broca


.
Czekanowski Davenport
)
(.

. Quatrefages

) ( .
) ( Haddon


.
4



.


.

Coon, C. S., M. Garn, & J. B. Bridsell, Races, a study of Race Formation Springfield, 4
.1950

106


. :
Metamorphic
Synthetic types
.
() Vallois
Undifferentiated

.
.
() Fleure
: .

.

.

.

.
) (
.

) (

.

.

107


.
) :( .
() Saller
. () Martin

.


.
:
.

.


.
:

.



.

.


: .

108


.


5 .

:


.
Race

.


) (

: .

.


Riply : .

5



) ( .Boas, F., Race Language and Culture, New :
).York 1940, PP. 6088 (2. Ed. 1956

109


.
.

.
Vorobieff Mendes Correa
.Nesturkh

.


.



.

.

) (3

3-1 2-1 1-1

4-1
.
:

Living Races: Sub-Spieces :

Homo Sapiens: Spieces :

110


Homo: Genus :
Hominidae: Family :
Primates: Order :
Mamalia: Class :
Vertebrae: Phyla :
Animal: Kingdom :

.

Dinosauria
. :

) (
.Man Stands alone because he alone Stands

.


.

.

.

111


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112


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:
. : - :
) .( ) .( .ceboids
)( ) .cercopithecoid( .

6

.

6

.
.
Beals, R., & H. Hoijer An Introducation to Anthropology Macmillan, New York 1967,
.P. 58

113


.


.


.

.
.

: .

) Hominidae (4-1 3-1 2-1

114


:3-1 .
)( ) .( ) .( ) .( () . .
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() . () . . : =
.

Limnopithecus
)( .
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Propliopithecus
.
.

115


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)

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116


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Australopithecenia

117


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Homo Erectus .

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.

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118


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cladogenetic .



. anageletic
. 7 .

.

.

.

.

.

.
.
.

Dobzhansky, T., Manking Evolving: The Evolution of the Human species New Haven, 7
.1962

119


. Exogamy
incest taboo




.



.




.
.
: .
8 .

. :
.
Genes
.

.Nesturkh, M., The Origin of Races, Moscow 1966 8

120


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.

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.



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.
.

121


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.
9 :Washburn
. )
( .
. .

.

.

.Washburn, S. L., The Study of Man in American Anthropologist, 1963, P. 531 9

122


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199


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.Tylor, E. B., Primitive Culture, Boston 1874 3
Kroeber, A. L. & Clyde Kluckhon, Culture, A. Critical Review of Concepts and Defini- 4
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.1937
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213


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Hofmayer, W., Die Schilluk Wien 1925. :
Riad, M., The Divine Kingship of the Shilluk and its Origin Archiv fuer Voelk-
erkunde, wien 1960.
Seligman, C. G., Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan London 1932.

225


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W. G. Perry, The children of the Sun New York 1923.

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Parsons, T., Societies, Evolutionary and comparative prespectives :
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Frankfort, H., Kingship and the Gods :
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Herskovits, M., "Cultural Anthropology" N,Y. 1964, P 402

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Kroeber, A.L.,
Anthropology
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.Frobenius, L., Die Kulturformen Ozeaniens, Petermanns Mitteilungen, vol. 46, 1900 2

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.Urkultur
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255


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256


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Kluckhon, C., Patterning in Navaho Culture in Language, Culture and Personality 7

.ed. L. Spier, Menasha, Wisconsin, 1941

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Opler, M., Themes as Dynamic Forces in Culture Am. Journal of Sociology, Univer. 9
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263


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264


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. Diffusion

Evolution

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266


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Strabon .

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267


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268


() B. de Las Casas
S. Herberstein
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. () P. Kalb
G. Sagard
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-
M. Wied-Neuwied
.
J. Lafitau
) ( 1
.
.

.
Mutterecht-Matriarchate


.

) (
) (
.

J. Lafitau, Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquaines Compar aux Moeurs des Premiers 1
.Temps, Paris, 1724

269


. C. de Brosses
) ( Montesquieu
) (
.
J. J.
Rousseau ) (

.

.
) J. G. Herder
(
() G. Hugo
.
:
Furster
:



:
.

A. Smith
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270


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Humboldt
.
.

.


.


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.

.

.

C. Ritter :
H. Berghaus .

271


Cours de Philosophie A. Comte
positive .


W. Edward
.Thierry


2 .

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Hodgkin .
:
.
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.
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James Hunt
Boucher de Perthes
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272


T. Waitz

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:




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.

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273


.



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.

.
4

.


5 A. Bastian

.


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.Waitz, T. Anthropologie Der Naturvoelker Leipzig 18581872 4

.Bastian, A., Der Mensch in der Geschichte Leipzig 1860 5

274


.


.


.

.

.



.
Das Mutterrecht J. J. Bachofen

.
: Hetaerismus-Promiscuity
Matriarchate
) Amazonentum
( . :

.
) ( .
.Patriarchate

275


.

.


.
.
)
(

.
F. Ratzel

.() Voelkerkunde

.
: H. Schurtz
.L. Frobenius


.
() L. Morgan

.
League of the Ho-D-No-
Sau-Nee or Iroquois
.
.

276


.
.
Systems
of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family
Ancient Society .

Classificatory system
:

.

) (


)

(.
Exogamy
.


:
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( ) (
.

. Savagery

277


Barbarism

Civilisation .


.

.


) ( )
(
.

6 F. Engels
.
() E. Tylor


.

.

)

6 :
) F. Engels, Origin of Family, .(
.Private Property and State

278


(.

.

Researchs into the Early History of Mankind and the Development
.of Civilisation

Primitive Culture .

.
)
(
. :
.
.



.
.




.

.

.
Uxorilocal
.Virilocal
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279


Adhesion

:

.
:
7


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.
Survival .





.
: )
( Animisim
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.

() H. J. S. Maine
Ancient Law

7
.

280


.
() J. F. Mclenan


Totemism
. H. Spencer
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:
.

) (1-2 Evolution

Cultural Evolution
.

.



.

281


.
.


Survivals
.



.

.
.

.





Culturology 8 .

) .

.White, L., The Science of Culture: a Study of Man and Civilization New York 1949 8
White, L., Kroebers Configurations of Culture Growth, Am. Anthropologist, 1946,
.pp. 7893
White, L., Diffusion vs. Evolution: An Anti-Evolutionist Fallacy Am. Anthropologist
.1945, pp 84
White, L., Energy and the Evolution of Culture Am. Anthropologist, 1943, pp 33
.348

282


(
. ) (





.

. :
.



.
.


.


.
:


.

9 .

White, L. A., Energy and the Evolution of Culture Am. Anthropologist, 1943, pp. 9
.347-348

283


.
.


.





.




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: !

!
.

284


! :

.

10 .



:
11 .

) (2-2

S. Freud
Roheim

.

10
:
.
.

.Herskovits, M., :
.Cultural Anthropology, New York 1964, pp 441-2
.Gordon V. Childe, Social Evolution London 1951 11

285


.
Totem and Taboo





.

.
.

12
.

) (.


.

.



)( Autobiography
.

.Malinowski, B., The Father in Primitive Psychology. New York 1927 12

286


. -- Li-An-Chi

) Zoni
( 13 .

) ( :Cultural Configuration

. :
R. Benedict M. Mead .E. Sapir

.
) ( :Modal Personality

.
.
) (
.

.Herskovits, M., Cultural Anthropology. New York 1964. Pp. 339-400 13

287


) (3-2 Functionalism

.
) W. H. Rivers (
) .(
.

B. Malinowski
14 .
15 .A. R. Radcliffe-Brown


.

. :
: .

. :

.

Malinowski, B., A Scientific Theory of Culture and Other Essays Univ. North Carolina 14
.Press, 1944
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., On the Concept of Function in Social Science 1936. 15
Structure and Function in Primitive :
.Society London 1952

288


.


. :
.

.
.
.
() :
() .

.

: ) (
. :

.

16 .

:

.

Fortes, M., Social Anthropology in A. E. Heath Scientific Thought in the Twentieth 16

.Century London 1951, p. 340

289


17 .
.


.


.


.

. 18
.
. 19

.Fortes, M, Ibid, P. 340 17

18 : :
.
. :

.
.Radcliffe-Brown, A., Social Anthropology: Past and :
.Present in Man, Vol. LII jan. 1952
Murdock, G. P., British Social Anthropology in, American Anthropologist, Vol. 53, 19
.No. 4,1951, pp. 465473

290


.




.


R. Firth

. ) (




20 .

21
) (
22 .

Firht, R., Function in Current Anthropology-Supplement to Anthropology Today 20

.ed. W. L. Thomas, Univ. Chicago Press, 1956, p. 255
Frer-Haimendorf, C. von, Culture History and Cultural Development in Current 21
.Anthropology ed. W. L. Thomas, Univ. Chicago Press. 1956, p. 158
Shapera, I., The Ethnic Composition of Tswana Tribes, Monographs, Lon. Shc. 22
.Economics, London 1952

291


) (4-2 Diffusion

.

.





.


.

:
) (
.
) (
.
) ( .

:
Heliolithic School
G. Elliot Smith


.

292


Ethnographic Parallels

.

.
Migration of Culture .
W. J. Perry
Children Of
The Sun

.
:
23
) Megalthic
(.


.

:
.

23


.


.

293


) ( .


24 .

1-4

25 )
(

.Childe, G., V., Social Evolution London 1951 pp. 24-25 24

25
.
.

294


.

!terra incongnita :
) ( 26 .
)(
) (


.


.

Palenque .
. :


27 .

Braidwood, R. J., The Near East and the Foundations for Civilization Oregon .
.State system of Higher Education, Eugene, Ore., 1952
26 How Came Civilization
.-
Ekholm, G. F., News World Culture History in Current Anthropology ed. 27
.W. L. Thomas, Uni. Chicago Press 1956, p. 104

295


.
.

.

.
)

(28 .

)

(
:

.

: :

.
E. Hahn

:
.

Haury, E. W., Archeological Theories and Interpretations in Current Anthropology, 28

.ed. W. L. Thomas, Univ. Chicago Press, 1956, p. 119

296


.

.

H. Schurtz
.




.
Alterklassen und Mnnerbnde

.
L. Frobenius

: .
Der Ursprung der Afrikanischen Kulturen,
.Berlin 1894
Kulturkreise


.



.

297


.



Kulturmorphologie Ad. e. Jensen
-
.
Wiener
Kulturkreise Schule
.Kulturhistorisch
F. Graebner

)
.(
)

( .




29 .

29 B. Ankermann


.
.

298


)
( .
30

.
:



:
31


) (
32 .

W. Foy
J. Lips P. Leser
. W. Schmidt
.
)

.Graebner, F. Methode der Ethnologie, Heidelberg 1911 30

31
: Quellenkritik
Qualitatives-Quantitaskriterium Kontinuittskriterium
Graebner, F., Ethnology in Die Kultur der Gegenwart Teil III, 5, pp. 435587, 32
.Leipzig-Berlin 1923

299


( ) (
33

) .(
)
(34 .

35 W. Koppers
Urkulturen
)!(
: )( ) Senoi(
) Kubu( ) Toala( .

) ( !
.


)
(

Lowie, R. H. The History of Ethnological Theory New York, 1937. And, Heine- 33
Geldern, R. One Hundred Years of Ethnological Theory in the German Speaking Coun-
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: 34
Moiety

.
.Schmidt, W., & W. Koppers, voelker und Kulturen Re-geusburg, 1924 35

300


36 .

)
( 37

)
38 .(

:
.
.
:

.

Hancar, F., Stand und Historische Bedeutung der Pferdezucht Mittelasiens im I. 36

Jahrtausend v. Chr. Wiener Beitraege zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik, vol. I/x, Wien
.1952 pp. 466511
Jettmar, K., Die Anfaenge der Rentierzucht, anthropos, vol. 48, pp. 737759, Fri-
.bourg 1952
Jettmar, K., Les plus anciennes civilizations dleveurs des steppes dAsie centrale
.Cahiers dHistoire Mondiale, vol. I. No. 4, pp. 760783, Paris 1954
Zeuner. F. E., Domestication of Animals pp. 327352 in C. Singer et al. History of
.Technology, vol. I, From Early Times to the Fall of Ancient Empires, Oxford 1954
.Schmidt, W., Handbuch der Kulturhistorishen Ethnologie Muenster 1936 37
S. A. Sieber The Culture Historical Method of Ethnology
.
Koppers, W., Grundsaetziliches und Geschichtliches zur ethnologischen Kul- 38
turkreislechre in Beitraege Oesterreichs zur Erforschung der Vergangenheit Wein,
.Horn 1959, pp. 110126

301


.
)(39

.
:

40 .

.


.

.

.


.

)
( .
41 .

.Schmidt, W., The Culture Historical Method of Ethnology, New York 1939, p. 176 39
.Ibid, p. 179 40
41
.

.

302


.
.

R. von Heine-Geldern


42 J. Haekel
43 . W. Hirschberg
44 Ethnohistorisch


.

.
Der Ursprung
der Gottesidee


) . .Koppers, W., Der Urmensch und Sein Weltbild, Wien, 1949 .(
Heine-Geldern, R. Die asiatische Herkunft der Sued-Amerikanischen Metalltechnik, 42
.Paideuma, Frankfurt/M, vol. 5, 1954, pp. 347423
Haekel, J., Neue Beitraege zur Kulturschichtung Brasiliens Anthropos, vol. 47, 43
pp. 963991, vol. 47, pp. 105157, 1952-1953. Haekel, J., Zum Problem des Mut-
terrechtes, Paideuma, Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Frankfurt/M, vol. v. No. 6, pp.
.298322, No. 7/8 pp. 481508., 1953-1954
44
.Wiener Ethnohistorischen Blaetter

303


45

:

) ( ) (
.
) (
.
) (

.
) (
) (
.

.
.
) (



.
) (

Koppers, W. Diffusion: Transmission and Acceptance, in Current Anthropology 45

.ed. W. L. Thomas Chicago Univ. Press 1956, pp. 169181

304


.
) (
.
) (
.

.

.

46

.

.



.

46
.

. .Herskovits, M., Cultural Anthropology New York 1964, p. 462 :

305


K. Birket-Smith
.
:

.

47
.G. Gyessing
Levi-Strauss

.

.

.
48 .

E. Meyerowitz

49 . E. Leach 50

- .

Frer-Haimendorf, C. von, Culture History and Cultural Development in Current 47

.Anthropology, ed. W. L. Thomas, Univ. Chicago Press 1956, p. 151
.Ibid, pp. 150-151 48
Meyerowitz, E. The Sacred State of the Akan, London 1951, and Akan Traditions 49
.of Origin, London 1952
.Fuerer-Haimendorf, G. von, Ibid, p. 159 50

306


: .
F. Boas

) .(
) (
: .

.

)
( .
51 .
:
:
:

.

52 .


53 .

51 .
Goldenweiser, A., Recent Trends in American Anthropology, Am. Anthropologist, 52
.vol. 43, No. 2. 1941, p. 156
Beals, R. & H. Hoijer, An Introduction to Anthropology. 3 ed. New York 1967, pp. 53
.713715

307


C. Wissler
.


.
54

. A. Kroeber



. ] Age area :
[


.

Sehmidt, W, The Culture Historical Method of Ethnology tran. S. A. Seiber, New 54

.York 1939, pp. 189

308


.
.

)

( .

.

) (5-2 Accultration

:
Accultration Cultural Integration
encultration
)
(.

culture change


.


.

309


.


.
) (
.

.



.



55 .

C. C. Seligman
E. Evans-Pritchard
S. F. Nadel

.

Kim 55

.
. ) (
.

310


) (



.
:
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) (.
) (
) (
) (.
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)(
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.


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311


.




.



.

.

) (
.

.



.
The Chrysanthemum and
.the Sword; Patterns of Japanese culture


.

312


) (3


.

.

.
.




.

.


.

.


56

56 :

..Lowie, R. The History of Ethnological Theory New York, 1937, p. 27 :

313


. )(

.





.




.






.

:
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. :
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314


.




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.

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315


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.

.Ethnolinguistics 1


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.
:H. Sweet
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. :Jevons :
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.
O. Jespersen
.



3 .
:

4 . :

2
) ( Hoijer, H, The Relation of :
.Language to Culture in Anthropology Today, ed. A. Kroeber, Chicago 1953
3 : :
- .
4 .

318


5 .

.


.
6 .

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(

7 .


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5 .
6 F. Bopp
J. Grimm A. F. Pott R. K. Rask
A. Schleicher M. Mller H Paul W. Wundt
) W. D. Whitney( H. Sweet
)( ) F. de Saussure( . : :
.

. 7

319


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.
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320


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321


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322


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323


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324


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325


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326


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327


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328


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.P., Eternal Egypt, English trans., Mentor, New York, 1968, p. 237

334


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Cottrell, L., The Concise Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Hutchinson, London, 1970, 10

.p. 299

335


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336


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341


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clan .

.

498


.



.



.



.



.
Tribe

.
) moiety
= moiti( .
phratries

. )
(

.

499


Totemism
. )(


:
.




.
.

) (3-8


. :

Rank

. :
.

.

.

500


Classes

.

) (

.

) (
.


.

) (

.




14 .

14

) (

.

501


.



.


.
.


.


.

.

) (4-8


.

.



: .

502


.


.
)( )
(
: ) ( + )
(

.


: .

: .
) (




.

.

.

.

503


.

.

) (5-8
Age grades
:
.



.
)(.



.
.

.
.
Clubs Secret Societies
.

.

504


.

. :
.

.
.
.

.

.



.

) (9
) (1-9


.
)( .

.

505


.
) (
) (

.

.


.

.
)( .
.

.



.
: .

.


.

.

506


)
( .


.

.

.

.


.

.

.

)( .

.

) Ordeal
( . Oath


.


.

507


.


.
.

.

.
.

. : .


.

.

) (2-9
: .

Gerontocracy

.


.


.

508


.
)
(
.

) (

) (
.
.

.

. .


.

) (3-9

. .


.




.

: .

509


.

.
.


.

.
.

.

510


.

.

.

)(
.


.


.



.

: () De Brosses ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( )(
)1 .(

Supernaturalism

.

.



.

.

Animism

) (.

1
.

512


.
.
)
(
)
( .
:
.

:
.
Duality .
: .


2 .
.

.

.


.
.

2
: . .

513


.

.













.

Animatism-Mana

.



.
.

.

514


Polytheism

.
:
: .


.

.

.

.

.

.

Monotheism

.

.
.
.

515


.

.



.
.



.

.

Atheism

.


.

516


Magic

.
.


.

.


) (
) (
.

.


.

.


.

.

517


.

.

.


.

. :
:
:

.

)
(.
:
. :
Black magic/sorcery
.


.
:
Imitatve magic homeopathic

518


3

. Sympathetic
.
contagious
.
) :
(
.




.


.

3


.

519


.
.

.


) ( .
Popular
Public
.

.

.
.

:



.

.

.

520


.

.

.

.
.

.

.


.
) Shaman (

.

.

)(
.

521


.
.

:Priest

witch doctor .Herb doctor

) (

.





.
.
.

.

. .




.

.

522


:

.




.


.


.

Fetish 4

.

.

4 )
.(

. Fetish Feitigo .

. ) (
Fetishism .
. ) ( .

523


.

. :
.
.




.
.


.

Art

:
.

.




.

.

524


:
) ( :
.
) (
.
) (
.
) (



.
.
.

.

) (
)
( ) (.

.
)
(
.

.

525


.


.
.

) (Basketry


.
.


.
( )
( . )

)

(.


.

: .

.

.

526
 1

: .
: .
:
.
:
.
:
.
: .
:
.
:
.

.Bibliography 1


: :
.
. :
:
.
:
.
. :

Selected Bibliography

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Ashley-Montagu, M. F., An Introduction to Physical Anthropology New
York 1945.
, Man: His First Million Years, World Pub. Co. New York 1957.
Awad, M., The Assimilation of Nomads in Egypt, the Geographical Re-
view Vol. XLIV No. 2, New York 1954.
, Settlement of Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribal Groups in the
Middle East in International Labor Review Vol. 79 No. 1., Geneva.
, Living Conditions of Nomadic, Semi-Nomadic and settled Tribal
Groups in Readings in Arab Middle Eastern Societies and Cultures
ed. A. Lutfiyya & C. Churchill, Mouton, The Hague 1970.
Bates, M., Man in Nature, Foundation of Modern Biology series, Prentice-
Hall, New Jersey 1964.
Batrawi, A., The Racial History of Egypt and Nubia J. R. A. I. London (not
dated).

528


Beals, R. & H. Hoijer, An Introduction to Anthropology, Collier-

Macmillan, New York 1965.
Benedict, R., Patterns of Culture, Houghton Co. New York 1934.
Bidney, D., The Ethnology of Religion and the Problem of Human Evolu-
tion, American Anthropologist, Feb. 1954.
Boas, F., General Anthropology Boston 1938.
, Race, Language and Culture Free Press, Macmillan, New York
1966 (1st. ed 1940).
, The Mind of Primitive Man, Free Press Macmillan, New York 1966
(1st. ed. 1938).
Bohannan P. & J. Middleton, Kinship and Social Organization Amr. Mu-
seum Source Books in Anthr., New York 1968.
Cassier, E., Language and Myth Dover Pub. Inc. New York 1946.
Childe, G. V., New Light on the most Ancient East Kegan Paul, London
1952.
, Social Evolution, Fontana-Collins, London 1963 (1st ed. 1951).
Cipolla, C., The Economic History of World Population Pelican, London
1962.
Clark, G. & S. Piggott, Prehistoric Societies, Pelican, London 1970.
Coe, M. D., The Maya Pelican, London 1971.
Cohen, R., & J. Middleton, Comparative Political Systems, Amr. Museum
Sourcebook in Anthr., New York 1967.
Coon, C. S., The Races of Europe, Macmillan, New York 1948.
, The Origin of Races, Knopf, New York 1962.
, & S. M. Garn & J. B. Birdsell, Races, A Study of the Problem of
Race Formation, Springfield 1950.
Cottrel, L., The Concise Encyclopedia of Archaeology Hutchinson, Lon-
don 1970.

529


Cottrell, Leonard, 1970, The Concise Encyclopedia of Archaeology,

Hutchinson of London.
Daryll Ford, C., Habitat, Economy and Society Methuen, London 1963.
De Brosses, Ch. R., Du Culte Des Dieux ftiches ou parallle de lancienne
religion de lEgypte avec la religion actuelle de la Nigritie, Paris 1760.
Die Welt, 2007, Die Bildgewaltigen irrtuemer der Kreationisten.
, Neue Theorie Ueber Ausrottung der Neandertahler.
Dobzhansky, T. Mankind Evolving: The Evolution of the Human Species,
Yale Univ. Press, 1962.
Dtv. Atlas Weltgeschichte, 2005, Deutsch Taschen Buch, Verlag; kg-
Muenchen (38 edition).
Dunn, L. C. & T. Dobzhasky, Heredity, Race and Society Mentor, New
York 1963.
Elliot-Smith, G., Migration of Culture London 1915.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., Witcheraft, Oracles and Magic among the
Azande, Oxford 1937.
, Nuer Religion, Oxford 1956. (1st ed. 1951).
, Social Anthropology Cohen & West, London 1967.
, Theories of Primitive Religion, Clarendon, Oxford 1965.
F. A. Z.Net (Frankfurter Algemeine Zeitung)
, 2006193, Was geschah wirklich im Neandertal?.
, 200693, Noch ein vorfahre des Homo Sapiens?.
, 200798, Homo Erectus: Verflixte Verwandschaft.
Firth, R., Essays on Social Organization and Values, Lond. Sch. Of Eco-
nomics Monographs on Social Anthr. Univ. London 1969.
Fortes, M., Social Anthropology in Scientific Thought in The Twentieth
Century ed., A. E. Heath. Watts, London 1951.
, Kinship and the Social Order (The Legacy of L. H. Morgan), Al-
dine, Chicago 1969.

530


Fox News; Climate Change may have helped wipe out Neanderthals.
Fox, R., Kinship and Marriage Pelican London 1969.
Frankfort, H., Kingship and the Gods, Chicago 1948.
Frazer, J., The Golden Bough London 1922 (1st. ed 1890).
, Totemism and Exogamy London 1910.
Freud, S., Totem and Taboo New York 1938 (1st. Pub. In German 1913).
Fuerer-Haimendorf, C. von, Culture History and Cultural Development
in Current Anthropology, ed. W. L. Thomas. Chicago Univ. Press
1956.
Garn, S. M., Human Races Springfield, III., 1961.
Goldman, I., & H. Goldman, First Men, Collier New York 1962.
Goode, W., The Family, Foundation of Modern Sociology series,
Prentice-Hall, New Jersey 1964.
Graebner, F., Methode der Ethnologie. Heidelberg 1911.
Haddon, A. C., Magic and Fetishism, London 1906.
, Evolution in Art, London 1914 (1st. Pub. 1895).
Heberer, G., Anthropologie Fischer, Frankfort/M 1959.
Heine-Geldern, R. von, Das Problem vorkolumbischer Beziehungen
Zwischen Alter und Neuer Welt und Seine Bedeutung fuer die All-
gemeine Kulturgeschichte in Anzeiger Der Oesterreichischen
Akademie der Wissenschaft, Vol. 91, Wien 1954.
, One Hundred Years of Ethnological Theory in the German-
speaking countries, Lecture, Conference on the History of Anthro-
pology, New York 1962.
Herskovits, M. J., Man and His Works, Knopf, New York 1948.
, Economic Anthropology Knopf, New York 1952.
, Cultural Anthropology Knopf, New York 1964.
Hocart, A. M., Kingship, Oxford 1927.

531


, Kings and Councillors, Faculty of Arts Egyptian Univ., Cairo

1936.
Hoebel, E. A., Man in the Primitive World, Me Graw-Hill, New York 1958.
Hofmayr, W., Die Schilluk, Anthropos, Wien 1925.
Hoijer, H., The Relation of Language to Culture, in Anthropology To-
day ed. A. Kroeber, Chicago 1953.
Hooten, E. A., Up from the Ape New York 1946.
Hsu, F. L. K., Kinship & Culture, Adline, Chicago 1971.
Jacobs, M., & B. J. Stern, General Anthropology Barnes & Noble, New
York 1963.
Koppers, W., Der Urmensch und sein Weltbild, Herold Wien 1949 (Eng-
lish Trans. Primitive Man and His World Picture, Sheed & Ward, Lon-
don 1952).
, Diffusion: Transmission and Acceptance, in Current Anthropol-
ogy, ed. W. L. Thomas, Chicago 1956.
, Grundsaetziliches und Geschichtliches zur ethnologischen Kul-
turkreislehre, In Beitraege Oesterreichs zur Erforschung der Vergan-
genheit, Horn, Wien 1959.
, & W. Schmidt, Voelker und Kulturen, Regensburg 1924.
Kroeber, A. L., Anthropology, Harrap, London 1948 (1st ed. New York
1923).
Kuper, Rudolph, 1999, Auf den spuren der fruehen Hirten.
, Egyptian Archaeology: Khufus Mefat expeditions into the Libyan
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went west.
Leach, E., Levi-Strauss, Fontana Modern Masters, Collins, London 1970.
Levi-Strauss, C., Les Structures Elmentaires de la Parent, Paris 1949.

532


, Le Totemisme Aujourdhui Paris 1962.

, Mythologiques (3 vols.) Paris 1964, 1966, 1968.
Lewis, I. M., History and Social Anthropology, Tavistok Pub., London
1968.
Linton, R., The Tree of Culture, Knopf, New York 1955.
Lowie, R. L., primitive Society New York 1920.
, The History of Ethnological Theory New York 1937.
, Social Organization, Routledge, London 1950.
Mair, Lucy, Primitive Government Pelican, London 1970.
Malinowski, B., Argonauts of the Western Pacific London 1922.
, Magic, Science and Religion in Science, Religion & Reality ed.
J. A. Needham, London 1925.
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Press, 1944.
Marett, R. R. The Threshold of Religion, London 1909.
, Anthropology, London 1912.
Marett, R. R. Magic in hastings Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics,
London 1915.
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Marwick, M., Witchcraft and Sorcery, Penguin Sociology, London 1970.
McEvedy, C., The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History Penguin, London
1970.
Mead, M., Cultural Patterns and Technical Change, Mentor, New York
1965.
, Male and Female, Pelican, London, 1967.
Montet, P., Eternal Egypt, Mentor, New York 1964.
Morgan, L., Ancient Society New York 1878.
, System of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family,
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533


Murdock, G. P., Social Structure, Free Press, Macmillan, New York 1965
(2nd ed).
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1951.
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1950.
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534


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535


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logical and Ethnological Research. Ed. R. von. Heine-Geldern & Anna
Hohenwart-Gerlachstein. Wien.
Vallois, H. V., Race in Anthropology Today ed. A. Kroeber, Chicago
1953.
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Wenke. R. J., 1980, Patterns in Prehistory Mankinds First three Million
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Westermarck, E., The History of Human Marriage (3 Vols), London 1925.
White, L. A., Energy and the Evolution of Culture Am. Anthropologist,
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, The Science of Culture New York 1949.
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536


Abbville


.

)ABO (A B O AB

Accultration

Accultration, antagonistic

Adhesion )(

Adobe

Adoption

Adultery ) (

Affinity

Africanthropus
njarasensis

Age area ) (

Age grades ) (

Agnates ) (

Alpine Race ) (

537


Amazon
)
(

Amazonentum )(

Amerind :
) (

Amitat

Amulet (= charm,
)talisman

Anagenetic

)Animatism (= Mana

Animism )(

Ancestor worship

Anthropogeographie,
Anthropology,
Anthropologie

Anthropometry

=( Anthropophagy
)cannibalism

Anthropos ) (

Ape )
(

Archaeology :

538


Aryan
:

Assimilation

Athletic :

Australopithecania )
(

Austronesian

Avoidance ) (

Avunculate

Avunculocal

Ax, hand

Barbarism )
(

Bark cloth

Barter

Basketry ) (

Belief )(

Bellows

Biolocal

539


Biology

Blood groups

Blow gun )
(

Boomerang :

Brachycephalic

Bride price, wealth :

Bronze Age ) (

Canoe :

)Carbon 14 (C. 14 :

Caste

Caucasic Races

Ceboids

Cephalic index ) (

Cercopithicoid

Chalcolithic Age )

(

Chancelade ) (

540


Charm

Chellean ) (

Cholos :

Cicisbeism

Circumcision

Civilis, Civitat : )(

Civilization

Clactonian :

Cladogenetic

Clan :
)(

Class

Classification

Classificatory Kinship

Clubs :

Collective

Community

Concubinage

Conjugal family ) (

Consanguinity

541


Core Industry :

Cousins

Cousins, cross, parallel

Couvade :

Cowrie shells :

Cranial Index ) (

Cromagnon ) (

Cult )(

Cultural Anthropology

Culture ) (

Culture Area

Culture change

Culture circle ) (

Culture complex

Culture configuration )(

Culture contact

Culture diffusion

Culture integration

Culture norm

Culture pattern

542


Culture relativism

Culture traits

Cuniform ) (

Descent

Descent, bilateral :

Descent, double :

Descent, unilineal :

Digging stick ) (

Diffusion, Diffusionist

Diffusion of culture

Discrimination, racial

Divination

Divine

Divine kingship

Divorce

Dolicephalic

Domistication, animal, )(
plant

543


Dowry :

Driopithecus :

Dual organization :

Dualism

Dug out )(

Duolocal )
(

Ecology :

Economic Anthropology

Elementargedanken :
) (

Encultration )(

Endogamy :

Environment

Eolithic ) (

Epicanthic fold ) (

Epipalaeolithic

544


Ethno-centrism

Ethnography :

Ethnolinguistics

Ethnologie, Ethnology

Ethnos ) (

Eugenics

Evolution, Evolutionist

Exchange

Exogamy :

Facial Index ) (

Family

Family, compound

Family, Joint/extended

Family, nuclear

Felting

Fetish : : )
(

Fetishism :

Feuds

545


Flake Industry ) (

Food gathering

Folklore :

Fornication

Fossil :

Fossil Man

Functionalism

Genealogy

Genes

Genetics

Gens : )(

Gerontocracy

Ghetto

Giganthropos ) )( (

Gigantipithecus blacki ) (

Gravetti ) (

546


Grimaldi ) (

Gypsy )

Habitat

Head hunting ) (

Heliolithic school )
(

Heredity

Hetaerism

Hetaerismus

Hoch Kulturen

Hoe, hoe cultivation

Hominidae ) (

Homindiztion ) (

Homo ) -(

Homo erectus ) (

Homo faber ) (

Homo, Genus

547


Homo habilis ) (

Homo heidelberginensis ) (

Homo neandertalensis ) (

Homo sapiens

Homo soloensis ) (

Hunters ) (

Hybrid race

Idiograph

Igloo :

Implements

Incest :

Index

Indo-European

Infanticide

Inheritance :

Initiation :

548


Instinct

Institution )
(

Iron Age )
(

Ieddisch :

Judengasse ) (

Kayak :

Kell

Khoisan :

Kin

Kinship, classificatory

Kinship, descriptive

Kinship, fictive

Kinship systems

Kinship terminology
)(nomenclature

549


Kulturgeschichte )( ) (

Kulturkreislehre ) (

Ladinos :

Land ownership

Land tenure

Law

)Le (Lewis

Lemur :
)/(

Levallois ) (

Leptosome :

Levirate

Levirate, anticipatory =

Levirate, Junior

Limnopithecus ) (

Lineage ) ( )(

Lineage, matrilineal

550


Lineage, patrilineal

Loom

Lost wax : )
(

Magdalenian ) (

Magic

Magic, black

Magic, contagious

Magic, homeopathic

Magic, imitative

Magic, popular ) (

Magic, public ) (

Mamalia ) (

Mana :
)(

Marriage, adoptive

Marriage, capture

Marriage, elopement )(

Marriage, exchange

Marriage, fictive

551


Marriage, group

Marriage, preferential

Marriage, service

Material culture :

Matriarchate

Matrilocal

Mediterranean Races ) (

Megalithic ) (

Meganthropos
Palaeojavanicus

Mendelianism ) (

Mesocephalic ) (

Mesolithic :

Mestizos :

Metamorphosis :

)
(

Microlithic :

)MN(s

Moiety

552


Molato :

Monogamy ) (

Monotheism ) (

Mores

Morphology :

Mousterian ) (

Mutterrecht )(

Myth, Mythology )
(

Nasal Index ) (

Neandertal )(

Negro Races, negroid

)Negrillo (= pygmies

Negrito

Neolithic :

Neolocal

Nomadism ) (

553


Nordic Race

Norm

Oath

Ostaeology

Ordeal

Oracle

Outrigger )(

Paleolithic :

Palaeonthropos

Palaeontology :

Parallels, ethnographic

Parallels, origin ) (

=( Paranthropos ) (
Australopithecus
)robustus

Parapithecus ) (

Pastoralism

Patriarchate

554


Patrilineal ) (

Patrilocal

Pattern, cultural

Pattern, systematic )(

Pattern, universal )(

Pepercorn hair ) (

Peublo

Phratry :

Physical Anthropology

Pile dwelling

Pit house :

Pithicanthropos erectus
)(= javanensis

Pithicanthropos erectus
)(pekinensis

Plough cultivation

Polyandry

Polygamy

555


Polygyny

Polygyny, sororal

Polykoitie ) (

Polytheism

Potassium-argon - :

Potlatch :

Pottery, potters wheel )(

Prehistory

Pre-logical ) (

Primates ) (

Primitive culture

Primitive communism ) (

Proconsul )
(

Prognatism ) (

Promiscuity

Property

Propliopithecus :

556


Prosimian )(

Prostitution, temple or
sacred

Puberty, puberty rites

Pyknic :

Race . )(

Race, geographic ) (

Race, Regional ) (

)Radio Carbon (C. 14 ) (

Rain making, maker )(

Rank

Religion

)R. H. (Rhesus

Ritual )(

Sacred

Sacrifice )(

557


Saldanha :

)Sangre azul (blue blood )(

Savagery ) (

Scarification :

Secret societies :

Semantics

Serology

Sexual communism

Shaman :

Shanidar :

Sib, sibling ) (

Silent trade

Sinanthropos pekinensis

Sled

Snow shoe ) (

Social Anthropology ) (

Social Institutions

Social Organization

558


Society

Solo man ) (

Sorcery

Sororate

Soulitrean ) (

Spear thrower ) (

Spell

Spindle

Status

Steatopygy ) (

Structure, social

Superstition

Survivals ) (

Symbiotic

System

Taboo

Tabun :

Tarsier :

559


Tatoo

Technology :

Telanthropos :

Tent ) (

Theology

Throwing stick

Tipi

Tools

Totem : ) (

Traditions

Travois :

Unilocal

Urkulturen ) (

Uxorilocal ) (

Values

Vertebrae

560


Villafranch

Virilocal ) (

Voelkerkunde

Wife hospitality/lending

Wind screen ) (

Witchcraft

Witch doctor

Yiddish )
(

Yurt :

Zinjanthropos ) (

561