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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
I SEMESTER ENGINEERING
Prepared by
Ganesa Moorthy.R,
Asst.Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
N.P.R.College of Engineering and Technology,
Natham.
To divide a line into any number of equal part and Bisect angle
between two lines
SCALE
SPECIAL CURVES
INVOLUTE:
An involute is the locus of a point on a string, as the string
unwinds itself from a line or polygon, or a circle, keeping always
the string taut.
EPICYCLOID:
An epicycloids is a curve traced by a point on the
circumference of a circle which Rolls without slipping on the
outside of an another circle.
Projection of Points:
A point is simply a space location of infinitesimal size. It may
represent the corner of an object, the intersection of two lines or a
designated spot in space. The projection obtained on vertical plane
VP is called the elevation and on horizontal plane HP, the plan.
The intersection line of the vertical plane and the horizontal plane
is known as ground line or reference line.
1. Draw the involutes of a circle of diameter 40mm and draw the tangent and
the normal to the involutes at any points on the curve.
2. Draw the front, top, and side views of the object shown below.
3. Draw the coin cure, if the distance of focus from the directory is 70mm and
the eccentricity is . Also draw a tangent and a normal at any point on the
curve.
4. A circle of 50mm diameter rolls as a horizontal line for of a revolution
clockwise. Draw the path traced by point P on the circumference of the
circle. Also draw a tangent and normal at any point on the cure
5. Draw a hyperbola when the distance between its focus and directrix is 50mm
and eccentricity is 3/2. Also draw the tangent and normal at a point 23mm
from the directrix.
6. The focus of a conic is 50mm front the directory. Draw the locus of a point P
moving in such a way that its distance from the directrix is equal to its
distance from the focus. Name the cure. Draw a tangent to the curve at a
point 60mm from the directrix.
7. Draw the involutes of a circle of diameter 40mm and draw the tangent and
the normal to the involutes at any point on the cure.
TYPES OF PLANES:
1. Perpendicular planes which have their surface
perpendicular to anyone of the reference planes and parallel or
inclined to the other reference plane.
2. Oblique planes which have their surface inclined to both
the reference planes.
HP
3. surface of the plane kept perpendicular to both HP and VP
1. A line PS 65mm has its end p, 15mm above the hp and 15mm in front of the
VP. It is inclined at 55oto the hp and 35 to the VP. Draw its projections.
2. A pentagon of sides 30mm rests on the ground on one of its corners with the
sides containing the corners being equally inclined to the ground. The side
opposite to the corner on which it rests is inclined at 30 oto the VP and is
parallel to the hp .The surface of the pentagon makes 50 owith the ground.
Draw the top and front views of the pentagon.
3. A line CD, inclined at 25 to the HP, measures 80mm in top view. The end C
is in the first quadrant and 25mm and 15mm from the HP and the VP
respectively. The end D is at equal distance from the both the reference
planes. Draw the projections, fine true length and true inclination with the
VP.
4. A straight line ST has its end S, 10mm in front of the VP and nearer to it. The
mid-point M line is 50mm in front of the VP and 40mm above HP. The front
and top view measure 90mm and 120mm respectively. Draw the projection of
the line. Also find its true length and true inclinations with the HP and VP.
5. A regular pentagon of 30mm side, is resting on one of its edges on HP which
is inclined at 45 to VP. Its surface is inclined at 30 to HP. Draw its
projections.
6. A line PQ has its end P, 10mm above the HP and 20mm in front of the VP.
The end Q is 85mm in front of the VP. The front view of the line measures
75mm. the distance between the end projectors is 50mm. draw the projections
of the line and find its true length and its true inclinations with the VP and hp.
The following are the different positions which the axis of a solid
can take with respect to the reference planes:
1. For drawing the isometric, the object must be viewed such that
either the front -right or the left edges becomes nearest.
2. All vertical edges of the object remain vertical in isometric
3. The horizontal edges of the object which are parallel to the
isometric axes are drawn at 30 to the horizontal.
Perspective Projection:
The perspective projection, also sometimes called scenographic
projection or central projection, is the form of pictorial drawing
which most nearly approaches the pictures as seen by the eyes.
(Resting on the ground on one of its faces /on the ground vertically
with an edge of base parallel)
Symbol of projection
2. The distance of the front view of a point from the XY line is always
equal to the distance of the given point from the HP.
3. If a given point is above the Hp, its front view is above the XY line. If
the given point is below the Hp, its front view is below the XY line.
4. The distance of the top view of a point from the XY line is always equal
to the distance of the given point from the VP.
5. If a given point is in front of the VP, its top view is below the XY line. If
the given point is behind the VP, its top view is above the XY line.]
Dihedral Angle Position of the Given Point Position in the Position in the
or Quadrant Front View Top View
FIRST Above the HP, in front of the VP Above XY Below XY
SECOND Above the HP, behind the VP Above XY Above XY
THIRD Below the HP, behind the VP Below XY Above XY
FOURTH Below the HP, in front of the VP Below XY Below XY
1. Plane perpendicular to one reference plane and parallel to the other (one
step)
If it is parallel to the VP and perpendicular to the HP, its front view is
drawn with the true shape and size and the top view is a horizontal line.
If it is parallel to the HP and perpendicular to the VP, its top view is
drawn with the true shape and size and the front view is a horizontal line.
II. When a plane is perpendicular to one and inclined to the other, two steps are
required to draw the projections (two steps)
Step I:
If the given plane is perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the HP, assume it to
be parallel to the HP in Step I. If it is perpendicular to the HP and inclined to
the VP, assume it to be parallel to the VP in Step I.
Step II:
Rotate the plane to make it inclined to one reference plane, as required, keeping
it perpendicular to the other.
III. When a plane is inclined to both reference planes, three steps are required
to draw the projections
Step I:
The plate is assumed to be parallel to the VP, perpendicular to the HP,
and have one of its edges, say, AI B l, perpendicular to the HP.
Step II:
The plate is assumed to be inclined to the VP at an angle , while
remaining perpendicular to the HP. The other edge, say, A2B2 also remains
perpendicular to the HP. As relations with the HP do not change, projection on
Step III:
The plate is assumed to be rotated so that A2B2becomes AB, inclined at e
to the HP. However, none of the lines or points changes their relations with the
VP. Hence, in the front view the shape does not change and the distances of
various points from the XY line in the top view remain the same in Step II and
Step III.
Further, it may be recollected that the relations of the original point, line,
or plane with the HP are the relations of its FV or SV with the XY line.
Similarly, those with the VP are the relations of its TV with the XY line or its SV
with the
X IY1 line.
The projections of a solid with its axis parallel to the VP and inclined to
the HP or parallel to the HP and inclined to the VP cannot be drawn directly as
the base of such a solid will not be parallel to anyone of the reference planes and
two steps are required to draw the projections. Such problems are solved in two
steps and the possible cases are listed in a table.
Step V:
Project the points in the other views by drawing interconnecting projectors
and intersecting the concerned surface lines.
Step VI:
Join the points obtained in Step V by continuous curved lines if the points
are on a conical or a cylindrical surface. Otherwise, join them by straight lines.
The apparent section is completed by drawing cross-hatching section lines
within the newly cut surface.
Step VII:
Complete the projections by drawing the proper conventional lines for all
the existing edges and surface boundaries.
The required cutting plane can be quickly located if the following hints are kept
in mind:
1. The number of comers in the true shape of a section is always equal to
the number of edges of the solid that is cut by the cutting plane.
2. The true shape of a section has a configuration similar to that of its
apparent section. This means:
(i) The number of edges and corners are equal.
(ii) Any pair of lines, if parallel in one, will remain parallel in the other.
(iii) A rectangle in one need not be a rectangle in the other. Instead, it will
be a four-sided figure with the opposite sides parallel. That is, it may be a
rectangle, a Square or a parallelogram.
The actual procedure to locate the cutting plane involves the following steps:
Step I:
Draw the projections of the given uncut solid in the proper position with
respect to the HP and the VP by then lines.
Step II:
If the cutting plane is to be perpendicular to the VP or the HP, draw a
number of trial cutting planes in the front view or in the top view, respectively.
Select those cutting planes that intersect the number of edges of the solid equal
to the number of corners of the true shape of the required section. If the solid is a
cone or a cylinder, select the cutting plane based on Hints (4) to (7).
Step III:
Step IV:
From a sketch of the true shape, find out the dependence of its dimensions
on the various lines in projections, and find out whether by shifting the cutting
plane the same edges and surfaces can be cut and whether the required lengths
can be obtained for the true shape of the section. Accordingly, adjust the
position of the cutting plane. If adjustment of dimensions is not possible, try
another cutting plane and rework steps III and IV.
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES;
Step I:
Draw the projections of the given solid in the uncut condition using thin
lines.
Step II:
Draw the cutting plane as a line in the front or top view depending upon
whether it is perpendicular to the VP or the HP. If the cut is a cylindrical or
prismatic hole, it will be drawn as a circle or a polygon in the FV or the TV
depending upon whether its axis is perpendicular to the VP or the HP.
Step III:
Draw a number of surface lines, particularly the ones that are intersecting
the Cutting plane line and passing through the critical points as in the case of
Step V:
Draw the development of the uncut solid and locate the positions of the
surface Lines by thin lines drawn in Step III.
Step VI:
The points common between the cutting plane and the surface lines
named in
Step IV can be located on the respective surface lines of the development at true
distances from the known end points of those surface lines. If the concerned
surface line does not represent the true length either in the FV or the TV, find its
true length by making one view parallel to XY and transfer the cutting plane
point on it. Find its true distance from one of the end points. And use this
distance to plot the point in the development.
Step VII:
Join the cutting plane points in serial cyclic order in the development. If
the solid is a curved one or the cutting plane is curved, join the points by curved
lines, otherwise, by straight lines. The number of lines in the development will
be equal to the number of formed corners, and a corner may form where the
edge of the solid is cut by the cutting plane or where there is a corner in the cut.
If the two points to be joined in sequence are located on edges of the same base,
Isometric Projections:
Isometric and Orthographic Projections of Principal Lines
Step III:
Correlate the projections of the various surfaces in all the views by using
the Properties of projections of plane surfaces. Having co-related the projections
in two views or more, points should be measured in principal directions in any
two views and should be plotted in isometric projections. Coordinate distances
should be reduced to isometric scale before plotting.
Step IV:
Draw all the boundaries of surfaces by proper conventional lines
depending upon their visibility.
i. A surface touching the PPP has its true shape and size in the perspective
view.
ii. Perspective views of lines touching the PPP are of their true lengths and
true inclinations.
iii. Perspective views of vertical lines are vertical lines.