ENERGY AUDIT INSTRUMENTS

Energy Instruments
Identification and quantification of energy necessitates measurements
Measurements require the use of instruments - Portable, Durable, Easy
to operate and Relatively inexpensive
Parameters generally monitored during energy audit may include -
Basic Electrical Parameters in AC &DC systems Voltage (V), Current
(I), Power factor, Active power (kW), apparent power (demand) (kVA),
Reactive power (kVAr), Energy consumption (kWh), Frequency (Hz),
Harmonics, etc.
Parameters of importance other than electrical - temperature & heat
flow, radiation, air and gas flow, liquid flow, revolutions per minute
(RPM), air velocity, noise and vibration, dust concentration, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, moisture content, relative humidity, flue gas
analysis CO2, O2, CO, SOx, NOx, combustion efficiency etc.
 List of Instruments Used
Sophisticated three Phase power analyzers (Portable load
managers) used for electrical systems
To measure, monitor, log, diagnose the electrical
parameters with computer interface & software
Hand held three Phase power analyzers to measure loading
parameters of motors, MCC and distribution boards
Ultrasonic flow meters to measure water flow rate of pumps
and pipe lines

Multifunction kit which measures and records temperature,

RH, velocity, pressure, with computer interface and in built
printers

Digital pressure indicators to measure the pressures of

water and compressed air
 Stroboscope for measuring of speed of rotating
equipment such as chiller compressors, pumps,
fans, etc

Infrared pyrometers for measuring temperatures

without physical contact of the surface

Tiny tags to measure and record the RH and

temperatures in user areas of air conditioning

Anemometers to measure velocity and evaluate air

flow rates of fans and compressors

Digital temperature indicators with probes

Laptops for down loading the measured and

recorded parameters and for analysis
 Digital hygrometers to measure dry bulb
temperature and relative humidity

Digital multi-meters

Pressure and draft gauges

Energy monitors

Lux meters to measure illumination

intensity

Thermometers for low temperatures such as

cooling and chilled water

Stop watch, measuring tape, thickness

gauges and others
List of Energy Audit Instruments
Wattmeters
Dataloggers
Thermocouples
Pyrometers
Lux meters
Tongue testers
Power analysers & recorders
Ultrasonic flow meters
Flue gas analysers
Multifunction kits
Stroboscopes
Digital thermometers
Fyrite kits
Temperature & RH recorders
Dataloggers
 Dataloggers
An electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location
either with a built in instrument or sensor or via ext. instruments & sensors
Detect, analyze & record measuring data of all kinds, such as temperature,
humidity, material moisture, crack movement, events, voltage, current,
pressure, CO2, rainfall, etc.
Increasingly, but not entirely, they are based on a digital processor (or
computer)
Small, battery powered, portable, and equipped with a microprocessor,
internal memory for data storage, and sensors
Some data loggers interface with a personal computer and utilize software
to activate the data logger and view and analyze the collected data, while
others have a local interface device (keypad, LCD) and can be used as a
stand-alone device.
Environmental variables must be converted to electronic signal
 Dataloggers
Technically speaking, a data logger is any device that can be used
to store data - includes many data acquisition devices such as
plug-in boards or serial communication systems which use a
computer as a real time data recording system

A stand alone device that can read various types of elect. signals &
store the data in int. memory for later download to a computer

Advantage is that they can operate independently of a computer,

unlike many other types of data acquisition devices

Available in various shapes and sizes

Range includes simple economical single channel fixed function

loggers to more powerful programmable devices capable of
handling hundreds of inputs
 Dataloggers
Record the measuring data by using a periodic rhythm that can be defined
Work independently & do not loose the collected data even when the battery
goes flat
As the data is stored in a non-volatile memory this means that data will not be
lost if the power fails
Results thus collected can be displayed on a very well structured display, which
comes with many data loggers
Moreover, the data can be printed out with the help of a flexible and portable
miniature printer or, even more comfortably, evaluated with powerful software
on computer
Use the data loggers at a location far away; remote transmission systems
enable to receive the collected measuring data comfortably via email
Additionally, universal alarm systems inform in an emergency situation via
SMS, telephone call or electronic horn.
 Digital temperature & humidity
data logger

Parameters measured: Dry bulb temperature & humidity

Make: Gemini, USA No of Sets:04
Range: -15 to 150oC and 0-99 % RH
 Temperature Data Logger

Application: Measurement of Temperatures

Parameters measured: Temperatures (8 temp. channels)
Make: Grant, UK No of Sets:01
Range: 0-1200oC
Thermocouple
 Thermocouple
Thermoelectric device used to measure temp. accurately,
especially ones consisting of two dissimilar metals joined so
that a potential diff. generated b/n the points of contact is a
measure of the temperature difference between the points
Because a thermocouple measures in wide temperature ranges
and can be relatively rugged, thermocouples are very often
used in industry
Criteria are used in selecting a thermocouple:
Temperature range
Chemical resistance of the thermocouple or sheath material
Abrasion and vibration resistance
Installation requirements (may need to be compatible with
existing equipment; existing holes may determine probe
diameter)
 Introduction to Thermocouple
A sensor for measuring temperature
Consists of two dissimilar metals,
joined together at one end
When the junction of the two metals
is heated or cooled a voltage is
produced that can be correlated back
to the temperature
The thermocouple alloys are
commonly available as wire
 Different thermocouple
types
A thermocouple is available in different
combinations of metals or calibrations
4 most common calibrations are J, K, T and E
There are high temp. calibrations R, S, C & GB
Each calibration has a different temp. range &
environment, although the max. temp. varies with
the dia of the wire used in thermocouple
Although the thermocouple calibration dictates
the temp. range, the max. range is also limited by
the dia of the thermocouple wire
That is, a very thin thermocouple may not reach
the full temperature range
 Beaded Wire Thermocouple
Simplest form of thermocouple - consists of two pieces of
thermocouple wire joined together with a welded bead
Because the bead is exposed, there are several application
limitations It should not be used with liquids that could
corrode or oxidize the thermocouple alloy
Metal surfaces can also be problematic; Often metal surfaces,
especially pipes are used to ground electrical systems
The indirect connection to an electrical system could impact
the thermocouple measurement
In general, beaded wire thermocouples are a good choice for
the measurement of gas temperature. Since they can be
made very small, they also provide very fast response time.
 Thermocouple Probe
Consists of thermocouple wire housed inside a metallic tube
The wall of the tube is referred to as the sheath of the probe
Common sheath materials include stainless steel and Inconel
Inconel supports higher temp. ranges than stainless steel,
however, stainless steel is often preferred because of its
broad chemical compatibility
For very high temp., other exotic sheath materials are also
available
The tip of the thermocouple probe is available in three
different styles - Grounded, ungrounded and exposed
With a grounded tip the thermocouple is in contact with the
sheath wall
A grounded junction provides a fast response time but it is
most susceptible to electrical ground loops
In ungrounded junctions, the thermocouple is separated
from the sheath wall by a layer of insulation
The tip of the thermocouple protrudes outside the sheath
wall with an exposed junction
 Surface Probe
Measuring the temperature of a solid surface is difficult for
most types of temperature sensors
In order to assure an accurate measurement, the entire
measurement area of the sensor must be in contact with the
surface - is difficult when working with a rigid sensor and a
rigid surface
Since thermocouples are made of pliable metals, the junction
can be formed flat and thin to provide maximum contact with a
rigid solid surface
Excellent choice for surface measurement
Even be built in a mechanism which rotates,
making it suitable for measuring the
temperature of a moving surface
 Non Contact Type Infrared
Temperature Indicator

Application: Measurement of Surface Temperatures

Parameters measured: Surface Temperatures
Make: Raytek, USA No of Sets:01
Range: -18 to 870oC
Pyrometers
 Pyrometers

To measure temperature of a very hot

body

Where thermometers cannot brought

into contact or

Where hot bodies are moving

 Pyrometers

Measurements done by measuring

energy radiated by a hot body or by
comparison of colour

Wave length of thermal radiation-

0.01 to 100 m
 Black body radiation
Sefan- Boltzmanns Emissive power of
law blackbody is
Wb = T4 Wby = C1 -5 / e (C2/ T)
b/w two bodies where wavelength
in cm
Wb = (T14 T24)
C1 radiation const
- 3.74 X10 9
erg/s/sq.cm/0.01cm
C2 1.438 cm K
T- absolute temp of
black body
 As temp. of emitting
source changes colour
changes i.e., for lower
temp. the colour is dull

For practical radiating bodies, consider absorption,

reflectivity, transmissibility, emissivity

Emissivity
= 0.365(/)
- resistivity
 Here detector temp > casting temp
Detector losses its temp. in all ways
If detector temp. finally settles to T2 & casting
temp is at T0 and target temp is T1
Ko (T2- T0 ) = K1 T1 4 = heat input

Value of T0 - important for detectors

V o (T2- T0 ) T1 4

V= Kv T n

n b/w 3.5 to 4.5

Kv- Experimental value
Common detectors in pyrometers

Thermopile-
Photocell
Metal bolometer
Thermister
Thermopile
Larger o/p
Lower response time
Adaptable for industrial applications

Bolometer
Fast in response
Good sensitivity
costly
Thermister
Not used due to
Poor precision
Difficult to provide compensation
Low response time

Photocell
Fast
Large sensitivity
But limited spectral sensitivity
 Lens for focusing targets

Uses selective materials to prevents

absorption by them
1. Thallium iodide more suitable for
high temp with shorter emission
2. fused silica -High temp with shorter
wavelength b/w 250 to 1900 C
3. Pyrex
 Sources of errors in
pyrometers
Interleaving media has to be clear
Carbon dioxide, water vapour etc
absorb selective bans of wavelength
Emittance errors
Sensitive to obstruction
 Advantages

Abitity to measure high temp

No need for contact
Fast response speed
High o/p
Moderate cost
 disadvantages

Non linear scale

Emmisivity of target affect
measurement
Errors due to interleaving media
 Application

Can be used where life of

thermocouple limits
Optical pyrometer
 Optical pyrometer

Range b/w 700 to 3000 oC

More accurate.
Lower limit determined by human
eye
Human eye compares the radiation
 Optical pyrometer- working
disappearing filament type
Radiation received by objective lens-
focus on filament- viewed through a
microscope system- filament appears
in background.
red cadmium filters makes the
radiation appear momchromatic
working
 working

At Bt = Bf milli ammeter gives a

current prop ional to temperature
tungsten is used
 advantages

Flexible
Portable
Convient to use
Light weight
Can monitor moveable objects
Non contact type
accurate
 disadvantages

Expensive
Human error
Not useful for measuring temp of
clear gas
At high temp. filament erodes
frequently
Radiation pyrometer disappering
filament type
 Infrared Pyrometer

Application: Measurement of Surface Temperatures

Parameters measured: Surface Temperatures
Make: Raytek, USA No of Sets:02
Range: -18 to 870oC
Lux Meter
 The Lux Meter
Measure brightness in lux, fc or cd/m, specifically, the intensity
with which the brightness appears to the human eye
Different than measurements of the actual light energy
produced by or reflected from an object or light source
Lux is a unit of measurement of brightness, or more accurately,
illuminance
Ultimately derives from the Candela, the standard unit of
measurement for the power of light
A candela is a fixed amount, roughly equivalent to the
brightness of one candle
Some lux meters are equipped with internal memory or a data
logger to record the measurements
 What Exactly Does it Measure?
While the candela is a unit of energy, it has an equ. unit
known as the lumen, which measures the same light in
terms of its perception by the human eye

One lumen is equ. to the light produced in one

direction from a light source rated at one candela

The Lux takes into account the surface area over which
this light is spread, which affects how bright it appears

One Lux equals one lumen of light spread across a

surface one square meter
 The Lux Meter
Works by using a photo cell to capture light
The meter then converts this light to an electrical current,
and measuring this current allows the device to calculate
the Lux value of the light it captured
Most common use of this meter is in photography and video
filming
By measuring the light in luxes, photographers can adjust
their shutter speed & depth of field to get the best picture
Also be very useful for filming outdoor scenes as it allows
adjustments to make sure scenes filmed in different light
levels have a consistent brightness on screen.
 Digital Lux Meter

Application: Measurement of Light Levels

Parameters measured: Light level in lux and/or foot-candles
Make: Physics No of Sets:01
Range: 0 to 50000 lux
 Tong Tester
Tong tester is also called as current clamp
Current clamp or current probe is an electrical
device having two jaws which open to allow clamping
around an electrical conductor
Allows the electrical current in the conductor to be
measured, without having to make physical contact
with it, or to disconnect it for insertion through the
probe
Some types of current clamp are used to induce
current in the conductor
 Tong Tester
Current clamps are usually used to read the
magnitude of a sinusoidal current (as invariably
used in AC power distribution systems), but in
conjunction with more advanced instrumentation
the phase and waveform are available
Very high alternating currents (1000 A and more)
are easily read with an appropriate meter; DC and
very low AC currents (mille-amperes) are more
difficult to measure
 Features of Tong Tester

3 1/2'', 4 1/2'' digit multimeter

Resistance/ Voltage/Current
Transistor / Diode / Capacitance /Frequency
DMM with Graphic LCD, RS-232 for PC
Connection
Current/Voltage/Resistance/Temp.
Diode check, data hold, peak hold.
Tong Testers
 Power Analyser
Measure the power in W, kWh or to analyze harmonics

Nowadays, multi-function power analyzers

Many features such as, insulated current input, precise

measurement of harmonics, AC & DC current and voltage
measurement, frequency measurement, phase rotation
measurement and idle, apparent and effective power
measurement

Reading of AC power is considered the real value and has a

maximum range of 6000 Watts

While a reading is being taken, the polarity changes

automatically, if negative values are taken then a minus sign will
appear on the device display

All this data can also be logged & analyzed with PC Software
 3-Phase Power Analyser

Application: Measures all Electrical and Harmonic Parameters

Parameters measured: V, A, PF, KW, kVA, kVAr, Hz, first 50
Harmonics
Make: Chauvan Arnaoux, France No of Sets: 01
Range: 830V, 3000A
 3-Phase Power Analyser

Application: Measures all Electrical and Harmonic Parameters

Parameters measured: V, A, PF, KW, kVA, kVAr, Hz, first 50
Harmonics
Make: RCC Technologies, Canada No of Sets: 01
Range: 600V, 1000A
 3-Phase Power Analyser

Application: Measures all Electrical and Harmonic Parameters

Parameters measured: V, A, PF, KW, kVA, kVAr, Hz, Harmonics
(first 25th)
Make: Dossena, Italy No of Sets: 01
Range: 600V, 1000A
 Handheld Power Harmonic
Analyser

Application: Measures all power and Harmonic Parameters

Parameters measured: V, A, PF, kW, kVA, kVAr, Hz, Harmonics
Make: Fluke, WA No of Sets:02
Range: Up to 600V, 1000A, 600 kW, up to 31st Level harmonics
Accuracy
 Ultra-sonic Flow Meter

Application: Flow measurement of Liquids

Parameters measured: Velocity & discharge of liquid flow
Make: Panametrics, Ireland No of Sets: 02
Range: 0.03 to 12.2 m/s (pipe size 2 to 24 inches)
 Multi Function Kit

Application: Thermal and mechanical Parameters - velocity,

temperature, pressure, humidity
Make: Testo, Germany No of Sets:02
Range: 0.4 to 60 m/s, -200 to 1200oC, 0 to 100 hpa, 0 to 100% RH
 Non Contact Tachometer -
Stroboscope

Application: Speed Measurements

Parameters measured: Speed of Rotating Element
Make: Testo, Germany No of Sets: 2
Range: 20 to 20000 rpm
 Digital Temperature &
Hygrometer

Application: Measurement of Temperatures & humidity

Parameters measured: Dry bulb temperature & humidity
Make: Center, Taiwan No of Sets:01
Range:-20 to 60oC, 0 to 100% RH
 Combustion Test (Fyrite) Kit

Application: Measurement of Flue Gas quantities

Parameters measured: Co2 & O2
Make: Testo, Germany No of Sets:06
Range: 0 to 20% Co2; 0 to 21% O2
 Flue Gas Analyser

Application: Measurement of Flue Gas Parameters

Parameters measured:o2, Co, No, No2, So2, Humidity
Make: TESTO, Germany
Range:02-0 to 21%, CO-0 to 20000 ppm, NO- 0 to 3000,No2-0 to
500 ppm, Humidity- 0 to 100%
Thank You