Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and cells come from pre-existing

cells or are reproductions of existing cells. It was first discovered and named by Robertz Hooke in
1665, observed further under the microscope by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, and studied
more extensively by Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann in 1838.
Types of Cells

1. PROKARYOTIC CELLS

The simplest type of cells were most likely the first type of cells that formed on Earth.
These are called prokaryotic cells. All prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane surrounding the
cell, cytoplasm where all of the metabolic processes happen, ribosomes that make proteins,
and a circular DNA molecule called a nucleoid where the genetic information is held. The
majority of prokaryotic cells also have a rigid cell wall that is used for protection. All
prokaryotic organisms are unicellular, meaning the entire organism is only one cell.

2. EUKARYOTIC CELLS

The other, much more complex, type of cell is called the eukaryotic cell. Like prokaryotic
cells, eukaryotic cells have cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA. Most eukaryotic
organisms are multicellular. This allows the eukaryotic cells within the organism to become
specialized. Through a process called differentiation, these cells take on characteristics and
jobs that can work with other types of cells to create an entire organism.

Parts and Function

1. cell membrane
- controls what moves into and out of the cell (only certain materials can get in or out; ex.
food, oxygen, and materials go in and wastes and cell products move out)
- provides protection and support for the cell
2. nucleus
- controls all of the cells activities; controls which proteins are made
3.cytoplasm
- contains all the organelles outside of the nucleus
4. cytoskeleton
- supports the cell and helps the cell keep its shape; also helps certain cells move
5. endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
 - moves materials (especially proteins) around the cell; acts like a conveyor belt or
passageway; is the cells transportation system
6. ribosomes
- to make protein
- gets instructions for protein production from the DNA in nucleus
- the DNA gives the ribosomes the codes for which amino acids to put together to make a
specific kind of protein
7. Golgi bodies
- sort and modify proteins from the ER to do different jobs; these are then packaged in sacs
(called vesicles) that break off the end of the stack; vesicles go to either the cell membrane for
export outside the cell (to be secreted or given off by the cell) or to other places within the cell
8. mitochondria
- release energy from the sugar (glucose) in food by combining it with oxygen (cell
respiration); it stores this energy in special energy-rich molecules (called ATP) that the cell uses
to do its work
9. lysosomes
- break down large food (sugar) molecules into small ones so they can enter the
mitochondria
- digest waste products, worn out organelles, and dead or injured cells to make room for
new cells (the cells materials can be reused by other cells)
- protect the cell from foreign invaders
10. vacuole
- storage area for food, water, wastes, and other materials
11. cell wall (only in plants)
- protects and supports plant cells; allows materials to pass through
12. chloroplasts (only in plants)
- food-making sites in plant cells; they trap the suns energy and use it to combine
water and carbon dioxide to make sugar (glucose) for the plantthis process is called
photosynthesis

CELL METABOLISM
- it is the sum total of all chemical processes taking place within a living system
 - sustains life and allows cells to grow, develop, repair damage, and respond to
environmental changes.
- can break down organic matter, a process known as catabolism
- can also produce substances, a process referred to as anabolism

REFERENCES :
https://www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/what-is-cellular-metabolism/
https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-1224602
https://www.mlschools.org/cms/lib5/NJ01001801/Centricity/Domain/443/Cell%20Parts%20and
%20Functions.pdf
You and the natural wold BIOLOGY by Carmelita M. Capco, Gilbert C. Yang