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AIR POLLUTION AND EFFECT OF POLLUTION

HEIGHTENS IN DHAKA CITY

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 ISSN 2304-7712 (Print)
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International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, Vol. 6, No.2, 2017

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ISSN 2304-7712
International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, Vol. 6, No.2, 2017

AIR POLLUTION AND EFFECT OF POLLUTION HEIGHTENS IN

DHAKA CITY

Md. Arman Arefin1*, Avijit Mallik2, Monowarul Islam3

123
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology,
Rajshah-6204, Bangladesh

(* corresponding author email: dipto70@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

Dhaka is the one of the uber urban areas of Asia. The air pollution issue is intense in Dhaka being the
capital of the nation and furthermore the center point of business activity. Dhaka is a major, cultural, and
assembling focus. Dhaka has positioned second on a worldwide rundown of urban areas with most
exceedingly terrible air pollution, which claims 122,400 lives in Bangladesh a year.. as indicated by a
World Bank report discharged as of late , Bangladesh could spare between $80 million and $250 million
every year, around 0.3 to 1.0% of its gross national item, if air pollution in the Dhaka city was lessened.
This paper investigates an audit on air pollution in Dhaka city and the effect of pollution heightens.

Key words: Air pollution, Dhaka, Effects of air pollution

INTRODUCTION

Air gives our living planet a chance to inhaleit's the blend of gasses that fills the air, offering life to the
plants and creatures that make Earth such a lively place. Comprehensively, air is completely comprised of
two gasses (78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen), with a couple of different gasses, (for example,
carbon dioxide and argon) introduce in totally minute quantities. Air pollution characterizes as A state of
the air, that jeopardizes the wellbeing, security, or welfare of people, meddles with typical delight in life
or property, imperils the strength of creature life or causes harm to vegetation or property [1]

Consistent upgrades in our insight into the crucial investigation of air pollution and its application are
vital in the event that we are to foresee, survey and alleviate the air pollution suggestions to
neighbourhood, local, national and worldwide financial frameworks [2]

The air pollution rate in Dhaka city is expanding step by step. Dhaka's populace develops at an expected
rate of 4.2% every year, one of the most elevated among Asian urban areas [3]. Dhaka has seen the quick
growth of urban populace as of late. Air pollution in Dhaka City is accounted for to be represent a
genuine hazard to public health [4].The study expected to find and analyze the current air state of Dhaka
city and the effect of pollution elevates.

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Fig.1: Air pollution in Dhaka city [5]

AIR QUALITY OF DHAKA CITY

there is a justifiable reason motivation to stress over the Air Quality in Dhaka, as Bangladesh positions
169th (out of 178 nations) at the Environmental Performance Index for Air Quality (2014 score) [6]
Besides, as per the latest World Health Organization information, the air quality in Dhaka achieves a
yearly normal of 90 g/m3 of PM2.5, which relates to a 168 - Unhealthy Air Quality Index. Clearly, 168
- Unhealthy is only a yearly normal, and the air pollution can achieve significantly higher (300+ perilous
levels) [7].

Fig.2: AQI of Dhaka city (28-07-2017)

Mohammad Abdul Mutalib et al. [17] did some experiments on the air of Dhaka city and found that
PM2.5 and PM10 Implies in Dhaka city is immensely polluted. The results are given below.

Table-1 Test on equality of PM 2.5 on annual threshold (15 g/m3) set by Bangladesh Government
Air Quality standard [17]

Year Mean Standard Normality Test Test P-value conclusion

deviation procedure Statistics

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2002 69.11 59.31 Not Sign-test 4.5 .0039 >than 15

normal
2003 77.25 58.52 normal t-test 3.684 .0036 >than 15
2004 78.25 45.22 normal t-test 4.844 .0005 >than 15
2005 85.25 57.09 normal t-test 4.262 .0013 >than 15
2006 75.66 55.78 Not Sign-test 6 .0005 >than 15
normal
2007 75.66 46.61 Not Sign-test 6 .0005 >than 15
normal
2008 74.5 48.40 Normal t-test 4.258 .0013 >than 15
2009 89.5 59.57 Not Sign-test 6 .0005 >than 15
normal
2010 83.91 65.67 normal t-test 2.776 .0321 >than 15

Table-2 Test on equality of PM10 on annual threshold (50 g/m3) set by Bangladesh Government
Air Quality standard [17]

Year Mean Standard Normality Test Test P-value conclusion

deviation procedure Statistics
2002 110.66 62.79 Not Sign-test 4.5 .0039 >than 15
normal
2003 134.58 79.26 normal t-test 3.696 .0035 >than 50
2004 132.33 70.08 normal t-test 4.069 .0019 >than 50
2005 129.41 71.76 normal t-test 3.833 .0028 >than 50
2006 117.83 69.64 normal t-test 3.374 .0062 >than 50
2007 126.41 72.08 normal t-test 3.672 .0037 >than 50
2008 122.25 66.64 normal t-test 3.755 .0032 >than 50
2009 143.58 80.94 normal t-test 4.005 .0021 >than 50
2010 147.34 86.19 normal t-test 2.987 .0244 >than 50

AIR POLLUTION IN DHAKA CITY

**Basically, there are two noteworthy wellsprings of air pollution in Bangladesh modern outflows and
vehicular discharges. The mechanical sources incorporate block furnaces, compost manufacturing plants,
sugar, paper, jute and material plants, turning factories, tanneries, article of clothing, bread and roll
processing plants, compound and pharmaceutical enterprises, bond generation and handling production
lines, metal workshops, wooden clean from saw factories and tidies from furrowed land, and salt
particles from sea waves close to the beach front grounds. These sources deliver gigantic measure of
smokes, exhaust, gasses and cleans, which make the condition for the development of haze and brown
haze. Certain ventures in Bangladesh, for example, tanneries at Hazaribag in Dhaka City, radiate
hydrogen sulfide, smelling salts, chlorine, and some different foul chemicals that are toxic and cause
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disturbance and public protests. This may cause cerebral pain and other medical issues.

** With expanded rate of urbanization in the nation, the quantity of vehicles is likewise increasing
quickly, and adding to increasingly air pollution. The Department of Environment (DOE), and other
related associations, have recognized the two-stroke motors utilized as a part of auto rickshaws (child
maneuvers), beats, smaller than expected trucks, and bikes as significant polluters. At show, there are
about 65000 infant maneuvers among them more than 296,000 engine vehicles employ in Dhaka City
alone.

** The air quality benchmarks are distinctive for private, mechanical, business, and delicate zones. The
most noticeably bad influenced zones in Dhaka city include: Hatkhola, Manik Mia Avenue, Tejgaon,
Farmgate, Motijheel, Lalmatia, and Mohakhali. Overviews directed between January 1990 and
December 1999 demonstrated that the grouping of suspended particles goes up to as high as 3,000
micrograms for each cubic meter (Police Box, Farmgate, December 1999), despite the fact that as far as
possible 400 micrograms for each cubic meter[8]

Contribution of urban transport system

Air pollution in Dhaka is serious because of increasing amount of population and related mechanization.
Albeit existing air quality checking information is restricted, it has been unmistakably demonstrated that
the normal surrounding centralizations of suspended particulate issue (SPM) and airborne lead are higher
than the Bangladesh national encompassing air quality models and considerably higher than the WHO
rules. Beginning evaluations uncover that engine vehicles every year produce 3,700 tons of particulate
matters (PM10), 8,550 tons of nitrogen oxides, 50,700 tons of carbon dioxide, and so forth. TSEVs
(mainly 3-wheeler child taxis) are the critical supporters of air pollution. Two strokes motor infant taxis
contaminate seriously as far according to vehicle per kilometre driven. An ordinary infant taxi is driven
100-120 kms for each day. Therefore, in 360 days of a year, Dhakas 30,000 in number infant taxis (<17%
of aggregate vehicles) are in charge of 25% of aggregate vehicular PM10, 62% of hydrocarbons, and 32%
of carbon mono oxide [16]
Air pollution caused by lead
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) expressed in its News Briefs [10] that pollution levels
of lead in Bangladesh are among the world's most astounding amid dry season, agreeing Dr. M.
Khaliquzzaman,[14]a chief scientific officer of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), with
levels falling amid times of medium and overwhelming precipitation. Dr. Khaliquzzaman ascribed the
high lead levels to the utilization of leaded fuel in vehicles. He said that lead represents a public wellbeing
risk, particularly to kids, by infiltrating the lungs and entering the blood stream, and can prompt impaired
intelligence.

Table 3: Lead concentrations in air of Dhaka in ng/m3

season PM 0-2.5 (Fine) PM 2.5-10(Coarse) PM 0-10 (total)

Low rainfall 463 444 907

Medium rainfall 253 239 492

Heavy rainfall 160 108 268

Near busy road the value may be ten times higher

Note: PM 0-2.5(particle size <2.5 ). PM 2.5-10(particle size 2.5-10 ). PM stands for Particle
Matter

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Suspended particle matter in city air:

Division of Environment has taken 8 hours estimations at a few areas along occupied streets of Dhaka city.
Results demonstrate SMP centralizations of 665-2456ug/m3 at Farmgate. Bangladesh standard for
Commercial Area is 400 ug/m3. The SMP patterns are most elevated amid the dry season
(December-March) because of increase in roadway dust, clean from dust conveying vehicles. figure-3
shows PM2.5 urban composition.

Fig.2 Urban Composition of Particulate Matter of Size <2.5 [11]

EFFECT OF POLLUTANT HEIGHTENS IN DHAKA

A new child-attacking virus thrives in Dhaka as pollution heightens. As indicated by the WHO report
2001, the lead focus found in the blood of kids in Dhaka was up to four times higher the satisfactory
level of 10 g/dl [12]. This abnormal state of lead focus in blood is corresponded with that in the
air[13]This new variation of infection has been hitting little offspring of Dhaka with weakening effect
assaulting their breathing issue. The school offspring of Dhaka City had nasal disturbance, hack when
they came down with by bug, cerebral pain, discombobulation. The purpose for is the high lead in the
earth from gas, earthenware production, batteries, paints, and so forth.
Table-4 gaseous pollutants in Dhaka air [14]
SO2 NO2
CO HC
O3
64-143 ug/m3 25-32 ug/m3 insufficient data
no data no data
Collected at tezgaon Collected at Farmgate

Youthful youngsters are for the most part presented to cadmium through inward breath of smokes and
sullied soils and dust from modern discharges and sewage ooze. The youngsters have by and large been
given anti-microbial that is not helpful in fighting viral diseases. Notwithstanding, is disturbing that the
restorative group seems ill-equipped and unequipped to manage this new popular strain and some
medicinal specialists have pointed the finger at it on the abnormal state of urban pollution[15]

Carbon di-oxide (CO2)

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It is a noteworthy safeguard of infrared radiation transmitted towards the space from the earth surface.
Consequently, it has pivotal part in planetary temperature structure [9]

Carbon monoxide (CO)

If breathed in, it is ingested from the lung alveoli 300 times quicker than oxygen. High grouping of CO in
blood makes it troublesome for heart to direct blood through arteries [9]

Hydrocarbons (HC)
Unburnt hydrocarbon may shape ozone with oxides of nitrogen which is a focal sensory system
depressant. Different hydrocarbons cause writhing of CNS.

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)

Causes dilatation of air spaces in lungs. NO2 causes harms to bronchioles and alveolar channels. NO2 is
additionally associated to impair the barrier instrument with respiratory framework. Newborn children
and kids are more vulnerable.

Particulate issue
Diesel transmits suspended particulate issue (SPM) which contains shoot. Shoot is in charge of decrease
of environmental perceivability and retain and convey natural compound to lungs.

Lead (Pb)
Around 75% of the ingested lead is stored in bones and tissues causing irreversible cerebrum and kidney
harm. Developing sensory system of youthful kids are especially defenceless [9]

CONCLUSION

This study investigated the state of air pollution condition and the Effect of poison elevates in Dhaka city.
THE air quality in Dhaka city improved by 25 percent after the withdrawal of the contaminating
two-stroke vehicles from its streets. This was no little pick up. In any case, unmistakably the pick up
should be consolidated. It creates the impression that air quality in the city is again declining because of
the operation of other contaminating vehicles. It was accounted for as of late that Dhaka again turned into
the most exceedingly worst air contaminated city on the planet. Mexico City and Mumbai used to be the
two most air contaminated urban communities took after by Dhaka. Be that as it may, Dhaka is back
again on the main position. It's about time that administration should find a way to control pollution rate
because air pollution has turned into a huge danger for the general people of Bangladesh.

REFERENCES

[1]Government of Alberta (2006). Environment.[On-line]. Web:

http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/air/Info/definitions.html. Accessed: August 28, 2017

[2] Brebbia CA, Longhurst JWS (2010). Air Pollution XVIII., Wessex Institute of Technology, UK, and
University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. Web site. [On-line].Web: http://www.
witpress.com/978-1-84564-450-5.html. Accessed: August 5, 2017

[3] T. McGee, ``Urbanization takes on new dimensions in Asia's population giants. Population Reference
Bureau, `` web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka. Retrieved 2006-09-27, 2006

[4] S. Ahmed & I. Hossain, ``Applicability of air pollution modelling in a cluster of brickfields in
Bangladesh,`` Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin, 12, 28-34,`` 2008
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[5] http://pollutionindhakacity.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/2/2/15224352/6707951_orig.jpg?428

[6] http://archive.epi.yale.edu/epi/country-rankings, Accessed: August 28, 2017

[7] Ambient air pollution - World Health Organization (on-line).Web:

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[8] Muhammad Mahadi, Air Pollution In Dhaka City, Environmental Science Discipline.Web:
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[9] Effect on Dhaka air quality by two strokes engines and suggested remedies. Paper presented by Uttara
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[10] Bangladesh studies pollution levels. IAEA News briefs. Volume 11, No. 4(73), November/December
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[11] https://leafsaversfoundation.wordpress.com/author/bcf4us/page/3/ (accessed: 15-07-16),2017

[12] Enrico R (2008) Low Level Environmental Lead Exposure A Continuing Challenge. Clin. Biochem.
Rev., Vol. 29

[13] E-mela (2002).[On-line]. Web: http://emela.com/lekha/article/jashim_Air_Polution_111702.html.

Accessed: August 28, 2005.).

[14] Khaliquzzaman M (1998) Objectives, structures and expected follow-up. Paper presented at the
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April 26-27, 1998 jointly by World Bank and Department of Environment, Government of Bangladesh

[15] Bangladesh Observer (2002). A new child-attacking virus thrives in Dhaka as pollution heightens,
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[16] BRTA (Bangladesh Road Transport Authority) (developed in Cooperation with DITS and BBS.1998

[17] Mohammad Abdul Motalib et al. Assessing Air Quality in Dhaka City, International Journal of
Science and Research (IJSR), 2014,pp 1908-1912

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