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RESEARCH NOTE
M. Azhdary Moghaddam
Abstract In a hydroelectric power plant or in a pumping station in order to avoid sudden large
increase of pressure due to instantaneous valve closure sometimes a surge tank is installed. The height
of surge tank is designed by the highest possible water level during the operation. The theoretical
treatment of oscillation in a surge tank is difficult because of the non-linearity of friction tern1 in the
governing differential equation of the system. The present study attempts to find a general solution for
the surge oscillation in a simple surge tank in terms of non-dimensional parameters. Equations for the
highest and the lowest water level in the tank, which are very important in the design of a surge tank
have been found.
Key Words Surge Tank, Pressure, Surge Oscillation, Non-Linear Differential Equation
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RESERVOIR
x
y.
--
----- ~ H..
--- - --~ 1 ~
~ SIMPLE SURGE TANK
Dr
z.,
the surge tank dimensions and location are based between the surge tank and the pipeline, also the
on the following considerations [6], [7]: reservoir is considered so large that its level
I. The surge tank should be located as close to the remains constant [8].
power or pumping plant as possible;
2. The surge tank should be of sufficient height to 3.1. Derivation of Governing Equation To
prevent overflow for all conditions of operation; simplify the derivation of dynamic and continuity
3. The bottom of surge tank should be low enough equations that describe the oscillations of the water
that during its operation the tank is drained out and level in the tank, it has been assumed that
admit air into the turbine penstock or pumping (i) the conduit walls are rigid;
discharge line; and (ii) the water is incompressible; and
4. The surge tank must have sufficient cross (iii) the effect of entrance loss in comparison
sectional area to ensure stability. with the friction loss has been neglected.
The height of a surge tank is governed by the The equation of motion is written as [9], [12] :
highest possible water level that can be anticipated
during its operation. All available methods are av av ay
based on a linearized resistance relationship, since
-+V-+g-=g
at Ox Ox
(So- Sf ) (l.a)
the resistance law flow varies as Reynolds number
and relation roughness [2]. These equations describe
approximate values of peaks and downsurges. av + V av + g ay = -g az+ ahf (l.b)
at Ox Ox ( ax ax )
Integration (l.b) with respect to x between the limits
3. ANALYSIS OF SURGES IN SIMPLE x=O,x=L (see Figure I) and simplifying, one gets
SURGE TANK
dV
L - + gh f + gy = 0 (2)
In a simple surge tank, there is very little head loss dt
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From continuity condition between tank and pipe, Combining 3 and 8 one gets
it can be shown that
2
fLV2 fLD2 d
(9.a)
V= DT 2 dy hf = 2gD~ = 2gD1 ( d~)
(3)
( Dp ) dt
With the change of flow direction, the direction of
That with use of 3 in 2 the following equation can
be found:
friction also changes. Hence (~~) 2 occurring in
2
D d2 . dy dy
L --.l -.r + gh + gy = 0 (4) 9.a should be splIt to- - . Thus 9.a changes to
dt dt
( Dp ) de f l l
y = -hfo (5.a)
In which 8[11]
dy = Dp
2Vo (5.b) 0.12
dt ( DT J
Equation 4 is the governing differential equation 64
8 9.5 -
for surge oscillation in a simple surge tank. ( -Re ) +
f-I- ~-'vv
(6)
dt2 D2LY
T
The initial conditions prescribed on 12 are at t=O
Solving 6 for the initial condition 5.a, 5.b one gets
. y=-h fO -- foLV2
2.. (13.a)
DT 2gD2p
Y= V0 -
Dp If-
g
SIllt (7)
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S.No S C kl kz k3 Max.Error %
I Ypl* 1 (20.a) (20.b) (20.c) 4
4 ttl*
37r/2 1.9 1.49 0.653 4.2
Re = R 0-dy* (16) Ypl', tpl" Ytl', and ttl' are functions ofRo, ~, and
dt, Dp
hro',
(20)
S = C [ 1+ [ 01~~,J ]
dY,
dZy, +~h ,dy' , + ,=0 (18)
dt; fo fO dt* dt, l y In which the values of S, C, kt, kz, k3 can be found
from the Table I.
The initial conditions for sudden valve closure at '
t=O
(
] .85! 1+0.35 -~-_O
OOI44]
" [ Dp)
J
I
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0.6
0.4
0.2
0
/~'~~
~
1'1 2 3 4
«>. -0.2 -~~~~==--=-
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8 - - - - Eq. 20.
21.a
1 I
-1
Time
O.Z87
kz = 1.896R:.OIl (20.b)
(20.h)
k, = 1.66 + 1.227( ;pJ
k3 = 0.946R:.oI (20.c)
Dp y:o;
(1+(& (lOs +Ro) (20.d)
1+ 0.054( ;pJ
Figure 2 shows a typical plot of surge oscillation
kz = 1.73+ . 7:~ for sudden valve closure obtained by solution
Equation 18 using fourth order Runga Kutta
method. Analysis of a large number of surge
(1+19.6{;,)' )(3162+R:') oscillation curves suggest the following empirical
(20.e) equation for h fO'< 1.5 :
O.OI6
kl-
- 1.36( 1+0.05(
1.5 + R °
;p
0.035
J )
(20.t)
y. = h:o. (exp(-at.)+exp(-r3t.))sin(ro.t. -~)
2sm~
(21.a)
in which
0.OZ4 )
k Z -- 0.462(1.92 + RO~83 (20.g)
21t
1+ 0.6 ~ (2 1.b)
( Dp J ro. = tpz' - tpl'
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5. NOT AnONS
~= 1t 5t p 1* - tp2*
(2 1.c)
2 tp2* - tpl* Dp Diameter of Conduit
Dpo Minmum Conduit Diameter
Putting t* = tpl* in Equation 21.a and equating it DT Diameter of Simple Surge Tank
DTs Stable Diameter of Tank
to Ypl* one gets:
f Friction Factor
fo Friction Factor for Initial Velocity
exp(- atpl*)+ exp(- r3tpl*)= 2y pl*sin ~ (22) g Gravitational Acceleration
hfo* hi Free Board in Tank
h2 Cushion Level in Tank
Also by putting t* = tll* in Equation 21.a and hf Head Loss
equating it to y IJ*one gets: hjV Initial Head Loss
hj{}* Non-Dimensional Initial Head Loss
Ho Desired Head
exp(-attl*)+exp(-~ttl*)= 2YII*sin~ (23) HT Height of Tank
hfo* Cost Parameter for Conduit
Kp
KT Cost of Tank per Unit Area
The quantities of a and [3 can be obtained by L Length of Conduit
solving Equations 22 and 23, simultaneously [1]. m Cost Parameter for Conduit
Figure 2 shows the result obtained by solving Desired Power
Po
Equation 21.a and compares it with the result
obtained by numerical solution of differential Qo Initial Discharge
R Reynolds Number
Equation 18 by Runga Kutta method. The Y*
Ro Initial Reynolds Number
versus t * curve can be converted to a y versus t
t time
curve via using Equations 14.a and 14.b.
1- Non-Dimensional Time Parameter
tpl The Occurrence Time of First Peak
t pl* Non-Dimensional Time of Occurrence
4. CONCLUSION First Peak
t p2* Non-Dimensional Time of Occurrence
In the present study a general solution for surge Second Peak
oscillation in a simple surge tank and an optimal tll The Occurrence Time of First Downsurge
design of system has been discussed. The main
conclusions are as follows:
t tI * Non-Dimensional Time of First Downsurge
v Velocity
1. Equations for maximum surge height and VO Initial Velocity
corresponding time of occurrence have been Y Height of Surge
obtained.
2. y* Non-Dimensional Height of Surge
Equations for minimum downsurge and the
corresponding time of occurrence have been ypl Height of First Peak
developed. Y pl* Non-Dimensional Height of First Peak
3. An equation for the occurrence of a second Ytl Height of First Downsurge
peak of the surge oscillation has been Y 11* Non-Dimensional Height of First Downsurge
obtained. Bottom Level of Tank
ZL
4. An equation for surge oscillation has been
Zo Level of Reservoir
obtained.
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E Roughness of Conduit 3. Jakobsen, B. F., "Surge Tanks", Trans. ASCE, (85), (1956),
1357-1382.
110 Steady State Efficiency 4. Jeager, c., "Engineering Fluid Mechanics", Blakie and Son
Ltd., London, U.K., (1956).
Viscosity of Water 5. Marris, A. W., "Large Water Displacement in Simple Surge
v Kinematic Viscosity of Water Tank", J. Basic Engrg. ASME, (81), (1959), 446-454.
6. Parmakian, J., "Water Hammer Analysis", Prentice-Hall Inc.,
p Mass Density of Water New York, U.S.A., (1955).
7. Pickford, J., "Analysis of Surges", Macmillan and Co. Ltd.,
bath, U.K., (1969).
8. Rich, G. R., "Hydraulic Transient", Mc Graw-Hill Book Co.
Inc., New York, USA, (1951).
6. REFERERENCE 9. Rouse, H., "Engineering Hydraulics", John Wiley & Sons
Inc., New York, USA, (1950).
1. Azhdary Moghaddam, M., "Simple Surge Tank Analysis and 10. Sutton, B. A., "Series Solution of Some Surge Tank
Design", M. E. Thesis presented at Univ. of R06rkee, Problems", Proc. Instn. Civil Engrs., (16), (1960), 225-234.
Roorkee U.P. India, in Partial Fulfilment of Required for the 11. Swamee, P. K., Jain, A. K., "Explicit Equation for Pipeflow
Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering, (1992). Problems", J. Hyd. Div. ASCE, 102(5), (1976), 657-664.
2. Chaudhary, M. H., "Applied Hydraulic Transients", Van 12. Wylie, E. B., Streeter, L., "Fluid Transients", Mc Graw Hill
Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, USA, (1987). Inc., New York, USA., (1978).
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