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1% while
resonant antenna a dipole-like pattern has been obtained. In [7], although a wideband
ZORA has been proposed, the antenna lost planar characteristics. In
N. Amani, A. Jafargholi, M. Kamyab and A. Vaziri this Letter, to improve the bandwidth and the efciency simultaneously,
a single-layer coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed ZORA with integrated
A new asymmetrical zeroth-order resonant antenna with improved radiating element is proposed. The bandwidth enhancement is based
efciency and widened impedance bandwidth is proposed. It comprises on the zeroth and the rst-negative/positive-order resonances
a rectangular patch, two shorted stubs and a coplanar waveguide feed combination.
to have composite right/left-handed features and an easy fabrication
process. The asymmetry helps to combine three resonance frequencies Antenna design and measurement: Fig. 1 shows the schematic of the
and extends the bandwidth up to 61.6%. The efciency of the proposed proposed antenna. The parameters of the antenna are also labelled in
antenna is >85% over the entire bandwidth of 4.418.34 GHz. The the Figure caption. In this structure, two shorted stubs that are connected
proposed antenna has a compact size, which can provide an omni-
to the main patch and the CPW ground plane provide shunt admittance.
directional radiation pattern suitable for wireless applications. These
features are veried by CST Microwave Studio and compared with Owing to the large electrical distance between the main patch and the
the experimental results. CPW ground plane (four to ve times more than the substrate thick-
ness), the value of CR is decreased. In addition, the location of these
two shorted stubs is different and this makes two asymmetrical CRLH
Introduction: Since the non-resonant type of metamaterials based on unit cells with different values of capacitance and inductance. This
composite right/left-handed transmission lines (CRLH TLs) were asymmetry conguration provides the capability of tuning the resonance
realised via an LC ladder network, different applications such as frequencies by changing the location of these stubs. With good impe-
zeroth-order resonant antennas (ZORAs) have been widely discussed dance matching in all the three modes and by bringing the three reson-
[1]. Owing to a zero-phase constant at a nonzero frequency, the size ance frequencies closer, wide impedance bandwidth is achievable.
of the resonator is independent of the resonance frequency which pro- A comparison between simulated and measured reection coef-
vides the potential for miniaturisation. Although ZORAs offer the cients, Fig. 2, demonstrates that zeroth-order mode is obtained at
merit of size reduction, they suffer from a narrow bandwidth [2]. 6.15 GHz. The measured n = 1 and n = 1 modes occurred at 4.9
Moreover, in the conventional ZORAs, the gap introduced between and 7.62 GHz, respectively. With a proper choice of stub locations,
the unit cells plays the role of a left-hand capacitance. This gap three predicted resonant frequencies are merged and a wide impedance
causes energy coupling from one cell to the adjacent cell. bandwidth of up to 61.6% is achieved. In the conventional ZORAs, the
Consequently, ZORAs generally have a low radiation efciency gap introduced between the unit cells plays the role of a left-hand
which is another important drawback of these structures [3]. capacitance. By using the CPW-fed structure and eliminating the gap
In the open-ended CRLH TL, the fractional bandwidth of the reson- in the radiating element, as an inductor-loaded CRLH TL, the efciency
ator in the zeroth-order mode is given by of the antenna is increased without missing the left-hand resonance.
LL
BW = G (1) 0
CR
10
The idea of increasing LL and decreasing CR caused an increase in the
antenna bandwidth of up to 6.8% [4]. Truncated grounds have been
return loss, dB
20
also utilised in a conventional one-dimensional mushroom structure
which leads to a bandwidth improvement of up to 7% [5]. A com- 30
bination of the zeroth and the rst-positive-order resonances, as an
alternative method for antenna bandwidth enhancement, has been 40
recently reported [6, 7].
50
simulation
L measurement
60
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
frequency, GHz
Y L2
LL44 6 100
X
a
5
90
efficiency, %
gain, dB
80
3
b gain (meas.)
efficiency (sim.)
2 70
Fig. 1 Geometry of asymmetrical CRLH antenna 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
frequency, GHz
a Schematic view
W = 20 mm, L = 20 mm, L1 = 4 mm, L2 = 2 mm, L3 = 6.4 mm, L4 = 1 mm, L5 =
12.3 mm, W1 = 5.15 mm, W2 = 10 mm, W3 = 7.225 mm, g = 0.2 mm Fig. 3 Measured gain and simulated efciency of proposed wideband
b Antenna prototype ZORA