Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
1. Pendahuluan
2. Medan Listrik
3. Tembus pada gas, cair dan padat
3.1. Gas
Kuffel, E. Abdullah, M; High Voltage Engineering , o Paschens Law o Cathode processes secondary effects 316
Pergamon Press London o Breakdown in Non-Uniform Fields and Corona Discharges Photoelectric emission 317
o Post-Breakdown Phenomena and Applications Electron emission by positive ion and excited atom
o The Townsend Criterion for a Spark o Practical Considartions in Using Gases for Insulation impact 317
o The Sparking Potensial Purposes Thermionic emission 318
o Effect of Space Charge on Breakdown Voltage o Vacuum Insulation Field emission 319
o The Streamer Mechanism of Spark Townsend second ionization coefcient 321
o Breakdown Voltage Characteristics in Uniform Fields Secondary electron emission by photon impact 323
o Breakdown In Gas Mixture : Penning Effect High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals, Second edition, E. Kuffel, o Transition from non-self-sustained discharges to
o Breakdown in Compress Gas W.S. Zaengl, Newnes breakdown 324
o Surge Breakdown Voltage-Time Lag The Townsend mechanism 324
o Corona DischargeS o Classical gas laws 281 o The streamer or Kanal mechanism of spark 326
o Breakdown in Non-Uniform Fields Velocity distribution of a swarm of molecules 284 o The sparking voltagePaschens law 333
o Breakdown under Switching Surge Voltages The free path of molecules and electrons 287 o Penning effect 339
Distribution of free paths 290 o The breakdown eld strength (Eb) 340
Collision-energy transfer 291 o Breakdown in non-uniform elds 342
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING 2nd Ed. M S Naidu, V Kamaraju, o Ionization and decay processes 294 o Effect of electron attachment on the breakdown criteria
Tata McGraw-Hill Townsend rst ionization coefcient 295 345
Photoionization 301 o Partial breakdown, corona discharges 348
o Gases as Insulating Media Ionization by interaction of metastables with atoms Positive or anode coronas 349
o Ionization Processes 301 Negative or cathode corona 352
o Townsends Current Growth Equation Thermal ionization 302 o Polarity effect inuence of space charge 354
o Current Growth in the Presence of Secondary Processes Deionization by recombination 302 o Surge breakdown voltagetime lag 359
o Townsends Criterion for Breakdown Deionization by attachmentnegative ion formation Breakdown under impulse voltages 360
o Experimental Deteremination of Coefficient and 304 Volttime characteristics 361
o Breakdown in elctronegative Gases Mobility of gaseous ions and deionization by - Experimental studies of time lags 362
o Time Lags for Breakdown diffusion 308
o Streamer Theory of Breakdown in Gases Relation between diffusion and mobility 314
3.2. Cair
Kuffel, E. Abdullah, M; High Voltage Engineering , Pergamon HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING 2nd Ed. M S Naidu, V Kamaraju, High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals, Second edition, E. Kuffel,
Press London Tata McGraw-Hill W.S. Zaengl, Newnes
3.3. Padat
Kuffel, E. Abdullah, M; High Voltage Engineering , Pergamon HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING 2nd Ed. M S Naidu, V Kamaraju, High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals, Second edition, E. Kuffel,
Press London Tata McGraw-Hill W.S. Zaengl, Newnes
Kuffel, E. Abdullah, M; High Voltage Engineering , Pergamon HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING 2nd Ed. M S Naidu, V Kamaraju, o Peak voltage measurements by spark gaps 78
Press London Tata McGraw-Hill Sphere gaps 79
Reference measuring systems 91
Generation of High Voltage Generation of High Voltage and Currents Uniform eld gaps 92
o Alternating Voltages o Generation of High d.c. Voltages Rod gaps 93
Transformers in Cascade o Generation of High Alternating Voltages o Electrostatic voltmeters 94
The Series Resonant Circuit for High- o Generation of Impulse Voltages o Ammeter in series with high ohmic resistors and high ohmic
Voltages a.c. testing o Generation of Impulse Currents resistor voltage dividers 96
o Transient Voltage o Tripping and Control of Impulse Generators o Generating voltmeters and eld sensors 107
Single-Stage Impulse Generator Circuit Measurement of High Voltages and Currents o The measurement of peak voltages 109
Multistage Impulse Generator Circuit o Measurement of High Direct Current Voltages The ChubbFortescue method 110
Tripping of an Impulse Generator and o Measurement of High a.c. and Impulse Voltages: Voltage dividers and passive rectier circuits 113
Synchronizationwith oscilloscope Introduction
Active peak-reading circuits 117
Generation of Switching surge Voltages o Measurement of High a.c. and Impulse Currents
High-voltage capacitors for measuring circuits 118
o Direct Voltages o Cathode Ray Oscilloscope for Impulse Voltage and
o Voltage dividing systems and impulse voltage
Voltage Doubler and Cascade Circuits Current Measurement
measurements 129
Electrostatic Machines Generalized voltage generation and measuring circuit
Voltage Stabilization 129
High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals, Second edition, E. Kuffel,
Measurement of High Voltages Demands upon transfer characteristics of the
W.S. Zaengl, Newnes
o Electrostatic Voltages measuring system 132
o Sphere Gap Fundamentals for the computation of the measuring
Generation of high voltages 8
o Uniform Field Gao system 139
o Direct voltages 9
o Ammeter in Series with High Impedance Voltage dividers 147
A.C. to D.C. conversion 10
o Potential Dividers Interaction between voltage divider and its lead 163
Electrostatic generators 24
o Alternating voltages 29 The dividers low-voltage arm 171
Testing transformers 32 o Fast digital transient recorders for impulse measurements
Series resonant circuits 40 175
o Impulse voltages 48 Principles and historical development of transient
Impulse voltage generator circuits 52 digital recorders 176
Operation, design and construction of impulse Errors inherent in digital recorders 179
generators 66 Specication of ideal A/D recorder and parameters
Control systems 74 required for h.v. impulse testing 183
Measurement of high voltages 77 Future trends 195
PENGANTAR TEKNIK EKSPERIMENTAL TEGANGAN TINGGI, Dieter Kind TEKNIK TEGANGAN TINGGI,Dasar Pembangkitan dan Pengukuran, Syamsir Abduh
Kuffel, E. Abdullah, M; High Voltage HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING 2nd Ed. M S Dynamic properties in the Sources and reduction of
Engineering , Pergamon Press London Naidu, V Kamaraju, Tata McGraw-Hill frequency domain 404 disturbances 448
Modelling of dielectric Other PD quantities 450
Non Destructive Insulation Test Non Destructive Testing of Materials and properties 407 Calibration of PD detectors in
Techniques Electrical Apparatus Applications to insulation a complete test circuit 452
o High Voltage Dielectric Loss o Introduction ageing 409 Digital PD instruments and
Measurement o Measurement of d.c. Resistivity o Dielectric loss and capacitance measurements 453
The Schering Bridge o Measurement of Dielectric Constant measurements 411
Measurement of and Loss Factor The Schering bridge 412
Large Capacitance o Partial Discharge Measurements Current comparator bridges
Inductively Coupled 417 PENGANTAR TEKNIK EKSPERIMENTAL
Ratio-arm Bridge Loss measurement on TEGANGAN TINGGI, Dieter Kind
Loss Measurement complete equipment 420
on Complete High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals, Pengujian tegangan tinggi yang tidak
Null detectors 421
Equipment Second edition, E. Kuffel, W.S. Zaengl, Newnes merusak
o Partial-discharge measurements 421
o Discharge Measurement The basic PD test circuit 423 o Rugi daya dalam dielektrik
Non-destructive insulation test o Pengukuran arus konduksi untuk
Straight Methods PD currents 427
techniques 395 tegangan searah
Balanced Methods o Dynamic properties of dielectrics 395 PD measuring systems within
o Pengukuran faktor disipasi untuk
Dynamic properties in the the PD test circuit 429
tegangan bolak-balik
time domain 398 Measuring systems for
o Mengukur peluahan parsial pada
apparent charge 433
tegangan bolak-balik
6. Gejala tegangan tinggi
TEKNIK TEGANGAN TINGGI,Dasar Pembangkitan dan Pengukuran, Syamsir Abduh o Gejala Treeing