English - II Final

Naeem series By Naeem Akhtar (M.
Phill NUML) 03214346076
Contents
Short Stories 2-12
1. THE DYING SUN 3

2. USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 4
3. WHY BOYS FAIL IN COLLEGE 5
4. END OF TERM 6
5. ON DESTROYING BOOKS 7
6. THE MAN WHO WAS A HOSPITAL 8
7. MY FINANCIAL CAREER 9
8. CHINAS WAY TO PROGRESS 10
9. HUNGER & POPULATION EXPLOSION 11
10. THE JEWEL OF THE WORLD 11-12
Heroes 13
1. FIRST YEAR AT HARROW 14-15

2. HITCH - HIKING ACROSS THE SAHARA 16-18
3. SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING 19-21
4. LOUIS PASTEUR 22-23
5. MUSTAFA KAMAL 24-25
Good Bye Mr. Chips 3-12
Idioms & Phrases 13-18
Essays 18-40
Correction 41-48
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Naeem series By Naeem Akhtar (M.Phill NUML) 03214346076
Notes
On
Prose
(12 marks)
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1. THE DYING SUN

1 What is the size of the stars in the space?
According to Sir James Jeans, most of the stars are so big in size that hundreds of thousands of
earths could be put inside each and still there would be empty space in it.
2 What is the number of the stars in the space?
According to Sir James Jeans, stars are numberless. Their number is as large as the number of grains
of sand on all the sea shores of the world.
3 Why do the stars not come near to each other?
Sir James Jeans tells that this universe is quite vast. Millions of stars are wandering about in the
space. One star seldom finds another star near it as there is a distance of million miles between two
stars.
4 What rare event took place two thousand years ago? What happened when a star came near to
the sun?
According to Sir James Jeans, a star happened to come near the sun and raised a tide on the surface
of the sun. As the star came nearer and nearer, the tide became higher and higher and took the form
of a mountain.
5 What happened when the wandering star began to move away from the sun? Or What are
planets and how did they come into existence? Or When and how did our earth come into
existence?
When the wandering star began to move away from the sun, its tidal pull became so powerful that
the mountain was torn to pieces. These pieces were thrown into space and started revolving around
the sun. These pieces are called planets and our earth is one of them
6 How was life born on the earth? OR Write a note on the beginning of life on the earth? OR How
did human beings come into existence?
One of the cooling pieces of the Sun gave birth to life. Life started in simple organisms. They were
able to reproduce themselves before their death. After this a stream life started and in the end, human
beings came into existence.
7 What we feel, when we try to discover the nature and purpose of the universe? What frightens
us? Why is the universe of which our earth is a part so frightening?
According to Sir James Jeans, the universe is quite vast and our earth is very small like a grain of
sand. When, standing on this little planet we try to discover the nature and purpose of the universe, it
becomes very much frightening because of its long distances, time Stretches, our loneliness and
littleness of our earth.
8 What is the place of our earth in the universe?
According to Sir James Jeans the universe is quite vast and our home/earth is very very small like a
grain of sand. Standing on this little planet like a grain of sand when we try to discover the nature
and purpose of the universe which is quite frightening.
9 Why is life impossible on the other planets? Why is there no life on the stars and the sun?
The life on other planets and stars is not possible because they (like earth) do not have suitable
physical conditions like water, air and suitable temperature. The sun and the other stars are so hot
that life would be burnt in them. Empty space is so cold that all life in it would be frozen.
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2-USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1 How has the scientific method helped us in solving our problems?
The use of scientific method has changed and improved the conditions of life. By the use of
scientific method we have made wonderful progress in every field of life. It has helped in improving
the means of communication and transportation. It has also helped man in controlling the dangerous
diseases like small pox, malaria, typhoid fever etc.
2 How has the use of scientific method helped us in fighting against the diseases?
The use of scientific method helped us in fighting against the dangerous diseases like small pox,
malaria, typhoid fever etc. Now, babies are born in hospitals. Vaccines and life saving drugs are
easily available. Modern equipments are used for treatment in hospitals.
3 What were the sanitary conditions of the big cities one hundred years ago?
In past, the big cities had narrow, unpaved and poorly drained streets. They were not cleaned
regularly. Outdoor toilets were common. People used to throw their waste foods and waste materials
into the streets.
4 What better sanitary conditions are available in our cities today?
Today, the big cities have wide, paved and well drained streets. They are cleaned regularly. Indoor
toilets are common. They do not throw their waste foods and waste materials into the streets.
5 How was water fetched in the past for household use?
A hundred years ago, people carried water full of germs into the buckets from distant wells. Water
had to be used very sparingly.
6 How has the use of scientific methods solved the problem of water supply?
The use of scientific methods has solved the problem of water supply. Now with the help of long
pipes, water is supplied to the cities from the canals, rivers arid tanks. Everybody can get water in
plenty and quite easily.
7 How has the use of scientific methods solved the problem of food shortage?
By the use of scientific methods, we have increased food growth and its production. Modern
methods of selecting grading and processing have helped us a lot in preservation of food.
8 What are the modern methods of preservation of food?
We can preserve vegetables and fruit by quick freezing method and dehydration method.
Dehydration means removal of water. It is a practical method for the preservation of eggs, potatoes
and apples.
9 How was food preserved in the past? Or How did thrifty house wives preserve food?
Thrifty house wives preserved their home grown vegetables and fruits by canning, pickling or
drying. Meats of various kinds were preserved by salting and drying or by freezing.
10 What were the superstitious beliefs practised by people in the past?
In past, people were superstitious. They wore some kind of charm to protect themselves from bad
luck and evil spirits. The people thought that diseases were brought by the evil spirits. They were
afraid of certain superstitious beliefs. They thought that black cats, broken mirrors, and number 13
could harm them.
11 How have the people become open minded? Why do many people not believe in superstition
now-a-days? Why are we less fearful than our ancestors?
We are less fearful than our forefathers because we are not superstitious. We are broad minded and
realistic in our thinking and accept the ideas logically. We know fully that every human distress has
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some reason. We like our forefathers do not believe in signs of good or bad luck and the evil spirits.
We are also not afraid of black cats, broken mirrors, and number 13.
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3-WHY BOYS FAIL IN COLLEGE

1. How many types of students are there who fail in college?
There are two types of students who fail in the college. Those who try and those who do not try.
2. How can nervous habits be uprooted among students? Why do many students fail in
spite of having the talent?
Many students fail in the examination in spite of having talent simply because of nervous habits.
They do not sit at desk and concentrate on their studies. Nobody but the boys themselves can uproot
the nervous habits.
3. Who are the bright boys? What is the cause of their failure? What is its cure?
The bright boys are the talented boys. They passed the school examinations effortlessly and believe
that they can also pass the college examinations easily. They become overconfident and fail. The
cure of this disease involves an entire change of attitude. No one can do this but the boy himself.
4. What is mistaken ambition? How does mistaken ambition on the part of boys and
their parents lead to the failure of boys?
Mistaken ambition means wrong ambition. Sometimes, the parents want their son to be a physician
or a dentist or an engineer. But the boy wants to adopt some other profession. They force them to
study the subjects of their choice. He studies the subjects uninterestingly and fails. However, this
problem can be solved by counseling the parents.
5. How is health another cause of the failure of students? How this cause can be solved?
Bad health, both physical and mental is also one of the causes of failure. A boy suffering from a
disease cannot pay concentration to his studies and as a result he fails. However, this problem can be
solved by providing proper health service in college.
6. Why financial difficulty is another cause of failure of students? OR How does
financial pressure lead to the failure of boys? How can the financial problems of students be
solved?
Some parents force their children to earn their entire way through college. For this they do part time
job. They always remain tired and can't give proper time to their studies. Thus, they fail. College
authorities can overcome this difficulty by granting stipends and scholarships to the needy and
deserving students.
7. What does the writer recommend about a boy interested in games?
The writer suggests that the boys, who are too much interested in games and literary activities,
should leave the college to become a professional athlete.
8. What place would you accord to sports in colleges?
Sports and literary activities have their own importance and place in college life. These are the side
shows so they should not be at the expense of studies.
9. Who are the lazy bluffers? Why does the writer show no sympathy for them?
The students who have not got any serious interest in life are lazy bluffers. They come to college for
fun but not for studies. The writer shows no sympathy for them and suggests that these boys should
be expelled from the college to face the bitter realities of the world.
10. What is the job of a college dean?
The college dean has to diagnose the disease like a doctor. He should help the students to see life in
a balanced way. It is his duty to save boys from failure through foolishness, sickness and sin.
11. What are the various causes of failure of boys?
Nervous habits, non seriousness, wrong ambition, financial difficulty, poor health and too much
interest in sports and games are the various causes of failure of boys.
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4- END OF TERM
1. What was Daiches' attitude towards the week-end as a school boy?
As a school boy David Daiches' attitude towards week end was like an escaped prisoner. He had
become fed up with the boring and laborious home work.
2. What was the attitude of the writer towards Friday and Friday night?
The phrase "Friday Thank God" expresses perfectly his attitude to the arrival of the week end. Friday
night was the best night of the week with two solid holidays before going to school again.
3. What were the feelings of the writer on Saturday and Sunday?
Saturday night was also pleasant because there was still a whole day between it and Monday. Sunday
night was full of the threat of the Monday morning.
4. Why was it difficult to get up on Monday morning?
It always had been a dismal experience for the writer to get up in the morning especially on Monday.
He didnt feel good on Monday because of the tough activities of school.
5. What was writer's general view about school life?
David Daiches was of the view that school life is a beautiful blend of pain and pleasure, relief and
boredom. He says he always enjoyed the class room work. But the daily hard work, the home task and
the competition with other students pressed heavily upon him.
6. He liked holidays for their freedom-freedom from what?
The writer liked holidays for their freedom from the daily hard work, the home task and the
competition with other students at school. He wanted freedom for relax both at school and at home.
7. How did the writer look towards summer vacation? How did he enjoy summer holidays?
During school days, the writer was very fond of summer holidays of two months and always dreamed of
them. He went to his town and visited his relatives with his parents during summer holidays.
8. What are the things he longed for but could not have?
The writers wishes did not come true because he belonged to a poor family. In his early childhood, he
wished for a tricycle and later a bicycle. He wished to get ice-cream and sweets free of cost. But he could
not have things. So he said wishes dont come true in this life.
9. When and how did he buy his first bicycle?
He bought his first bicycle with the prize-money when he was a university student.
10. Why did the writer stand outside the sweet shop?
He used to stand outside the sweet shop longing for getting some sweets free of cost.
11. What was the writer's expectation from the ice cream man?
The writer belonged to a poor family. He had no money to buy the ice cream. So he expected a free
cup of ice cream from the ice cream man.
12. What were the 'unexpected respites'? When did they get a whole day for skating?
Unexpected respites are the unscheduled holidays to attend some match or celebration. If there were
continuous frost days, they would get a whole day for skating.
13. What did the writer do with his pocket-money?
The writer was not allowed to spend his pocket money so he kept his saving in money box.
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5- ON DESTROYING BOOKS
1. What sort of books were presented by the British public/nation to soldiers?
The British nation presented more than two million books to the soldiers. Most of these books were
useless and outdated. They were old magazines, guides to the Lake District and calendars.
2. Why should bad/useless books be destroyed? Or Why is it difficult to destroy books? Useless
and bad books should be destroyed to make room for new books and to save one's heirs from storing
and sorting out these books. But it is not always easy to destroy such books because of non
availability of proper place.
3. Where did the writer live? Or What sort of books had the writer in his flat?
Squire says that he was living in a small and heaven kissing flat in Chelsea. By and by a big stock of
worthless books accumulated there. They were outdated and useless.
4. Why could not the Author burn the unwanted/useless books?
The writer had a big stock of worthless books. They were outdated and useless. He says he could not
burn the unwanted books because he had no kitchen range in his apartment.
5. How did the writer decide to get rid of books?
The writer had a big stock of worthless books. The writer devised a novel method to dispose of the
unnecessary books. He decided to pack them into a sack and throw them into the river.
6. Describe the author's midnight venture to throw the books in the river and the suspicions
which his action were likely to arouse?
At mid-night, the author came out in the street with a sack on his shoulders. There was nobody on
the road except a policeman who saw him suspiciously. When he reached the middle of the bridge,
he saw some stranger there and was trembled with fear. At last, he threw his sack into the river. No
body took notice of it.
7. How did the writer get rid of useless books? Or How did he muster up courage at last to fling
them into the river?
He remained reluctant for a long time. He felt ashamed of being such a coward. Then he thought that
if he failed that day he would never be able to regain his respect. Thinking this he mustered up the
courage and threw the sack of useless books into the river.
8. What happened when he threw the books into the river?
When he threw the sack into the river, there was a big splash. He thought that people would catch
him thinking that he had thrown a baby into the river. But nothing happened. Silence fell again and
he returned home.
9. What did the writer think while returning home? Or What did the writer think about the
books after throwing them into the river?
After throwing books into the river, the writer felt pity for the books that would be lying at the
bottom of the river. He also felt sorry for destroying them so disgracefully. Horrible books now
seemed to him poor innocent books.
10. Give the names of some of the books that the writer threw into the river?
The names of the few books are Odd to Diana, Sonnet to Ethel, Dramas on love of Lancelot and
Stanzas on a first glimpse of Venice
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6- THE MAN WHO WAS A HOSPITAL

1. How did the writer suspect that his liver was out of order? Or How did he come to know that
his liver was out of order?
Jerome came to know or suspect that his liver was out of order on reading a liver pill advertisement
that contained all the symptoms of liver disorder. He thought that he had all those symptoms.
2. Why did the writer go to the British Museum?
The writer went to the British Museum to read the treatment of a slight disease namely hay fever. He
got down the book on pharmacy and began to read it. First he read about the hay fever and then
started studying all the diseases in general.
3. What were some of the diseases he thought that he was suffering from? Or What was the
disease he discovered he had not? What was his first reaction?
After reading the symptoms of all the diseases alphabetically, the writer was frozen with horror that
he was suffering from almost all diseases like hay fever, typhoid fever, Saint Virus's dance, cholera,
diphtheria, gout and zymnosis. The only disease he had not got was house maid's knee. He was
disappointed and insulted at this finding .
4. Why should the writer be an acquisition to the medical class? Or why did the writer call
himself a hospital? He thought he was doing the doctor a good turn by going to him. Why did
the writer think so?
The writer should be an acquisition to the medical class because he was a hospital in himself. He had all
diseases in him. Medical students should examine him to know all the diseases to get diploma. It would
be good turn as the students as well as doctors could do more practice from the writer.
5. Why did the writer go the doctor? Describe the visit of the writer to the medical man when he
found many diseases in himself?
The writer went to the medical man for the treatment of almost all the diseases, except the
housemaids knee. The doctor examined him in his on way. He felt his pulse and hit him over the
chest. He also butted him with the side of his head and wrote a prescription. The writer left without
opening it.
6. What did the doctor prescribe to him? What was the prescription given to the writer by the
doctor?
In prescription he was advised to eat one pound beef steak every six hours, take ten mile walk every
morning; go to bed at 11 sharp every night and not to stuff his mind with things he did not
understand.
7. Describe the visit to the writer to the chemist. What did the Chemist reply/say after seeing the
prescription?
The writer went to the chemist. He replied after seeing the prescription that he might have helped
him if he had a cooperative store and a hotel combined.
9. What is the significance of the doctor's advice: don't stuff your head with things you don't
understand?
The doctor's advice is very important for those who are whimsical and have a weak will power. The
doctor advises people should not think about those things for which they have no concern as it
becomes the cause of their worry.
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7- MY FINANCIAL CAREER
1. Why did the writer go to the bank? Or How much was the writer's salary raised?
The writer went to the bank to open his account. His salary was raised to fifty dollars a month. He
decided to deposit his amount in a bank.
2. What happened to the writer as soon as he crossed the boundary of the bank? What happens to
the writer whenever he enters into the bank?
Stephen Leacock says as he entered the bank, he felt nervous. Every thing and every person at bank
rattled him. The clerks, the desks and the sight of money got on his nerves.
3. What light do the following expressions throw on Leacock's state of mind when be entered the
bank looked timidly round, shambled in?
The expression "Looked timidly" shows that Leacock was much confused when he entered the bank.
The expression "Shambled in" shows the effect of his body that staggered with fear. Thus both these
expressions show his confusion and lack of confidence.
4. Why did the manager come to think that Leacock had an awful secret to reveal?
The manager came to think that Leacock had an awful secret to reveal because of his mysterious
manners. He took him for a detective. When he asked the manager to see him alone, the manger
thought that he had some secret to disclose and led him to his private room.
5. What was the attitude of the manager towards Leacock on learning that he only wished to
deposit 56 dollars in the bank?
The manager was expecting a big account from him. But when he came to know that he wished to
deposit 56 dollars only, he became very cold and indifferent. He advised him to go to the accountant.
6. What other blunders did Leacock commit after leaving the manager's office? Or Give examples
to show that Leacock was completely lost in bank?
After leaving the manager's room, Leacock committed several blunders. He entered the safe. He gave
the money to the accountant in an absurd way. He deposited all his money. Then he thought to draw
6 dollors. But, in nervousness he wrote on cheque fifty six instead of six dollars. His every action
showed his nervousness.
7. How did the writer want to draw and why? Why did the people think he was some invalid rich
man?
After depositing his money in the bank, he remembered that he needed some money for present use.
He didnt know what to do. Somebody gave him a cheque book, and some one told him how to write
it. He wanted to draw six dollars but in nervousness he wrote fifty six dollars. Owing to this the
people thought that he was some invalid rich man.
8. Where did the author keep his money after the misadventure? After misadventure in the bank,
where did the Leacock keep his money?
After misadventure, the writer never thought of going to bank. He disliked bank account. He kept his
money in cash in his trousers pocket and his savings in silver dollars in his socks.
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8-CHINAS WAY TO PROGRESS

1. Why has the world changed its attitude towards China?
The world has changed its attitude towards China because of the following reasons.
i. It has made tremendous progress in agriculture and industry.
ii. Its decentralized economy has increased the gross national product.
iii. Women played a role of vital importance in the progress of the country.
2. Discuss Chinese Agriculture system?
China is basically an agricultural country. In China, land has been divided into small agricultural
sectors. These sectors have been further bifurcated into small zones. Different machines are used in
the fields. China is perhaps the biggest corn growing country.
3. Describe a day in the life of a Chinese student?
A Chinese student gets up early in the morning. After doing a few chores, he takes breakfast and
goes to the school. After 11 a.m., he comes back home, takes his lunch and goes back to the school.
He returns home at 3 p.m. and revises his lesson. After 4 O'clock, he takes rest, reads the newspaper
and enjoys the radio and goes for sports.
4. Write a note on Chinese women. OR What kind of social security benefits do the Chinese
women enjoy?
Chinese women are hard working and play an important role in society. They do not use beauty
products. They enjoy so many social security benefits. They enjoy free hospitalization and medical
care, nursery and infant schools, 56 paid days before childbirth. They retire at 50 or 55. They are
given pension after retirement.
5. What kind of social security benefits do the Chinese workers enjoy? Or What are the working
conditions in China?
Working conditions are ideal for the workers in China. Male workers retire at the age of 60 whereas
female workers at 50 or 55. They enjoy so many social security benefits. They enjoy free
hospitalization and medical care and accommodation. Leave with full pay is granted to sick
workers. They get meal at low prices. Government maintains their standard of living.
6. "It is the people and not the things that are decisive." Discuss.
Mao the Chinese leader believed that number of people or, economic facts and figures does not
count. People themselves are important if they have the faith for the benefit of the people.
7. How does China rely on its own resource!?
Chinese follow the maxim of Mao, Rely on your own forces. They depend on their own resources
by using all the locally made machines. These machines are cheaper than the imported machines.
They use their own products.
8. "The heart of the matter is the need to root out! Selfishness." Discuss
According to this statement, one should work for the betterment of others. The secret of China's
progress lies in this principle.
9. What decentralized economy mean? Why do the Chinese not rush to the big cities?
In decentralized economy the rural areas can not be urbanized. In such economy people of rural
areas do not move to urban areas cities because the agricultural and industrial systems provide them
job near their homes. The villagers work in the industries situated in their villages.
10. What is the assistance scheme in china? What is the function of assistance scheme?
Under this system, every company raises the salary of workers according to their increasing
expenses. It also helps the farmers whose wages are very low or unable to do work physically.
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9- HUNGER & POPULATION EXPLOSION

1 What does hunger mean on large scale as viewed by the author?
Hunger does not mean missing one meal. It means never having enough to eat. After one meal there
is no surety of another meal.
2 Describe some great famines of the world.
The Nile remained dry for seven years and the Egyptians had to face the famine. Likewise, China
and England faced great famines and millions of people died in Russia because of famine in 1921.
3 How do famines occur? OR What are some of the causes of famines?
Some of the causes of famines are over population, failure of crops, shortage of food and lack of
rains.
4 What is meant by birth-rate and death-rate and how do they affect the population of a
country?
Birth-rate means the number of births per 1000 population while death-rate means the number of
deaths per 1000 population. When birth-rate is greater than the death-rate, population increases.
5 What have public-measures to do with increase in population?
The discovery of the treatment of many diseases has decreased the death rate. When death rate
decreases, population increases.
6 How do you account for the high birth-rate in under-developed countries?
Birth rate is very high in under-developed countries. Here people are illiterate. They do not learn the
importance of family planning. They hold God solely responsible for all their needs. They produce
children but never think, about their feeding and education.
7 Why is birth-rate not so high in more advanced countries?
In the more advanced countries, birth-rate is not so high. People are educated. They know the
importance of family planning. They are aware of their responsibilities.
8 Give a brief account of the poor economic conditions prevailing in under-developed countries.
Poverty, illiteracy and diseases are the common factors in under-developed countries. Such countries
have poor economy because they depend on the export of raw material.
10-THE JEWEL OF THE WORLD
1. Give an account of the early career of Abd-al-Rahman?
Abd-al-Rahman belonged to the Ummayyad dynasty. He was only 20 when Ummayyad dynasty was
overthrown by Abbaside Dynasty in Damascus in 750 A.D. They assassinated every male member of
the ruling family. He dramatically escaped and reached Spain. He became its ruler with in five years.
2. Give an account of the dramatic escape of Abd-al-Rahman.
Abd-al-Rahman with his younger brother dashed into the Euphrates River and reached the other bank
safely. Afoot, penniless and friendless he reached Palestine and from there North Africa. Then
wandering from tribe to tribe he reached Ceuta where he was given refuge by his maternal uncles.
3. How did Abd-al-Rahman deal with the governor appointed by the Abbasides
Caliph?
Abd-al-Rahman killed the Abbaside governor. He cut off his head and preserved it in salt and
camphor. He wrapped it in black flag and in the letter of appointment. After two years it was sent to
the caliph as a gift.
4. What did the Abbasid Caliph say on receiving the head of his governor?
When the Caliph received the head of his governor he said "Thanks be to Allah for having placed the
sea between us and such a foe!
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5. What did Abd-al-Rahman-I do to make himself strong and to beautify his capital?
Abd-al-Rahman-I raised a well disciplined and highly trained army of 40,000 to fortify himself. He
paid them generously to get their loyalty. In order to beautify his capital, he built an aqueduct for
water supply to the capital. He founded the great mosque of Cordova. He introduced exotic plants.
6. Who was Al Hakam? Who succeeded Abd-al-Rahman? What did Al-Hakam do to promote
learning in his kingdom or Spain?
Al-Hakam was the successor of Abd-ul Rahman. He was the best scholar. He started 27 free schools
and colleges under the University of Cordova. He invited great scholars from the East and arranged
their salaries. He provided 400,000 books to the library at Cordova.
7. Give an account of the all round progress made by the Arabs under Abd-al-Rahman III.
Under Abd-al-Rahman III, the Spanish Arabs introduced new agricultural methods. They planted new
trees and grains. They exported cotton, olives and oil to other countries. There was a regular postal
service in the whole country. Scholarship expanded. Universities were set up.
8. How did agriculture flourish in Spain?
The Spanish Arabs introduced new agricultural methods. They dug canals. They cultivated grapes,
oranges, sugar cane, cotton, wheat, olives and other fruit. They exported cotton, olives and oil to other
countries.
9. What did he and his successors do with the title of the 'Caliph'?
He and his successors down to Abd-al-Rahman III did not adopt the title Caliph. They were
contented to be called 'Amir'.
10. Which thing became the shrine of Western Islam?
The great mosque of Cardova founded by Abd - ul - Rahman became the shrine of Western Islam in
Spain. It was completed and enlarged by his successors.
11. Why was Cordova called 'The Jewel of the World'?
Spain under Abd - ul - Rahman III was one of the wealthiest and the most thickly populated lands of
Europe. The fame of Cordova, the capital of Spain, spread to Germany where a nun called it the
'Jewel of The World" for it was the most cultured city in Europe.
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Notes
On
Heroes
(12 marks)
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1. FIRST YEAR AT HARROW

Summary
A famous politician, soldier and author, Sir Winston Churchill remained the British Prime Minister for
two terms. His first term was quite a difficult one. It was during the World Warn With the superior degree
of courage and determination he led his nation and the Allies out of the crisis.
Churchill is renowned as a dynamic leader and an impressive speaker. In 1953, he was knighted and in
the same year he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. He was the author of many books on history,
biographies and memoirs. This article is one of his memoirs.
"First Year at Harrow" is a fine piece of writing in which Sir Winston Churchill describes his early life.
He narrates his experiences when he appeared in the first test for admission to Harrow. He was hardly
twelve years old when he entered the unkind regions of examinations.
He says that he felt quite disturbed in the examinations because the examiners liked the subjects that he
did not like at all. He liked history, poetry and essay-writing while the examiners liked to test him in the
subjects of Latin and Mathematics. The questions they asked were those which he could never answer.
The result was that he always failed badly.
This was especially true of his Entrance Examination to Harrow. The paper was so difficult that he could
not answer a single question. He wrote his name and the number of the question I. Then he started
thinking. After a long consideration he put a bracket round it. He had no more material to give.
Meanwhile, his paper got a blot and several stains also.
When this paper, reached the Headmaster, Mr. Welldon, he considered it sympathetically and granted him
admission. The reason was not clear but it looked that he had the gift of seeing below the surface. As
Churchill's performance was not good at all, he was placed in the lowest division of the lowest class. The
names of the new boys were printed in the alphabetical order. His-name was Spencer Churchill, so he
was number three from the bottom. The other two, who were after him in the list, left the school for one
reason or the other. As such he was the last boy in the list.
The brilliant students at Harrow were taught traditional subjects like Latin and Greek. But the dull
students like Churchill were forced to learn English only. It looked quite strange in the beginning but
with the passage of time all this proved quite beneficial to Churchill as his natural talent was properly
nourished there.
Churchill pays a befitting tribute to the teacher who taught him English at Harrow. His name was Mr.
Somervell and Churchill calls him a most delightful man. He was assigned a very difficult job of
teaching English to the most unintelligent boys of the school. He was such a nice teacher that he did it in
the most effective way. He had his own style which worked wonders.
Mr. Somervell made the lessons interesting by careful planning. He took a fairly long sentence and broke
it into its different parts. For each part he used a different colour. So the analysis with colours made the
learning easy. As they did this drill daily, they mastered it perfectly well.
On the basis of his experiences at Harrow, Churchill is justified in declaring that the British boys should
learn English instead of Latin or Greek because it will help them in making their way in life. He says that
the boys who do not do so must be whipped hard. If they want to learn other languages, they can. But
first they must learn English because English has attained international status. Anybody who is
competent in this language can reap more benefits.
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QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. Why did Churchill not do well in examination?
Churchill did not do well in the examination because the examiner asked him such questions on
Latin and Mathematics as he did not know. He says that he was fond of history, poetry and writing
essays and wanted to be examined in them.
2. How were the entry tests trial for Churchill? Why did Churchill call the examination an
inhospitable region?
Churchill did not like examinations because they proved to be a great trial for him. He was afraid of
them. He says that the examiners asked such questions as he did not know. This was why he called
them an inhospitable region.
3. How did Churchill perform in the entrance test to Harrow?
Churchills performance in the Latin paper was not good. It was because the examiner asked him
such questions on Latin and Mathematics as he did not know. He says that he was fond of history,
poetry and writing essays and wanted to be examined in them.
4. How did he do his Latin paper?
Churchills performance in the Latin paper in entrance test at Harrow was not good. He wrote his
name at the top of the page and then put down the number of the question 1 and after thinking put
brackets around it. The answer sheet was returned quite blank.
5. Who was Mr. Welldon? What was the view of Churchill about Mr. Welldon?
Mr. Welldon was the headmaster at Harrow. He took the broad minded view and admitted Churchill
to Harrow despite his poor performance. Churchill showed great respect to him and called him a man
who could look beneath the surface of things.
6. Why was Churchill placed in lowest grade? Or why was Churchill admitted to Harrow despite his
poor performance?
Mr. Welldon, the headmaster at Harrow took the broad minded view and admitted him to Harrow
despite his poor performance. He was placed in the lowest division of the lowest class for his poor
performance in entry test. He was to learn English there. His name was Spencer Churchill, so he
was number three from the bottom.
7. Who was Mr. Somervell and how did he teach English?
Mr. Somervell was an English teacher. He taught English Grammatically and practised it like a drill.
He practiced parsing and analysis of sentences by using black, red and green inks. Churchill learnt a
lot from him.
8. Churchill was taught English at Harrow and not Latin Greek. Was it a gain or loss? Or What good
did his three years stay at Harrow do him? In the after years how did the knowledge of English
stand him in good stead?
Churchill remained at Harrow in the lowest grade for three years. Here he was taught English by Mr.
Somervell. He gained an immense advantage over the cleverer boys. In his later years, it bore fruit.
He became the great orator and writer of his time. He also won Nobel Prize for literature. So his
knowledge of English was a great advantage for him.
9. Why was Churchill in favour of boys learning English?
Churchill is of the view that students should learn English first because it was their national
language. The knowledge of this language would be helpful for making their way in life and earning
livelihood.
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2. HITCH - HIKING ACROSS THE SAHARA

Summary
Hitch-hiking means travelling by getting free rides in other people's vehicles. Sahara is the world's
largest desert situated in North Africa. It is a terrible place where rainfall is occasional and dry
periods last for years. Nighttime temperatures often drop below freezing point and daytime
temperatures in the shade sometimes go up to 57 degrees centigrade.
This article narrates the adventurous journey of Christopher to such a horrible desert. When he was a
child, his foster-mother used to threaten to send him to Timbuktu. It is an ancient city in this desert.
This filled him with the desire to go to this city. So when he was a young man, he decided to go to
the Sahara.
Christopher started his journey across the Sahara from a little town, Boussaada. He found that a
desert truck was leaving for the south. He arranged with the driver to be given a lift. They were
moving at a slow speed. The temperature was going up and a flask of cold water became hot enough
to make tea.
Soon a fast moving weapons' carrier overtook them. Christopher stopped it. He showed the
lieutenant the permission letter and begged for the ride. In this way he comfortably reached
Ghardaia. It was a typical desert city with a large number of flies. They covered food completely and
sometimes they followed it into the mouth.
The same day he discovered that another truck was going to El Golea. The truck was new and
powerful. After ten miles outside the town, the road ended. It was a trackless desert but the driver
was a skilful person. When the soft sand came, the truck would stop. Strips of steel mesh were
placed together to make a runway for the wheels. Christopher helped the driver and the greaser in
this matter.
On their way, the driver related the story of the death of three Englishmen in the desert. Meanwhile,
the greaser announced that one of the two goatskin bags had burst. This thing thoroughly frightened
Christopher. He took out a map to find out an outpost with the supply of water. The journey to this
outpost was very hard. Christopher was almost dead with thirst. On reaching the post, they had their
fill of water. In the shade of the mud the temperature was fifty-five degree centigrade.
El Golea was a nice, green place in the desert. It provided an elegant contrast to the surroundings.
Christopher lived here for a week and every day he went to the swimming pool and spent many
hours there. Fruit trees offered a pleasant shelter to the birds of this area.
From El Golea, Christopher now moved to In Salah in a heavy truck carrying weapons. On the way
he collapsed because of heat. His two companions succeeded in bringing his temperature down. This
city was also green but with the passage of time the desert was dominating it. Parts of the town had
already been swallowed. In comparison to it, El Golea was better placed. Its shady swimming-pools
and lush green trees had triumphed (won) over the barrenness of the desert.
By another truck, Christopher left for Tamanrasset. On the way he fell ill but recovered soon and
continued his journey. There he met Professor Claude Balanguemon. This Frenchman had devoted
himself to the service of the local people. He kept Christopher with him for a week and looked after
him very well. When Christopher was fit to travel, he sent with him a young man Boubaker.
From here onward, he had to go through what is called "The Land of Thirst and Death." This journey
was very hard. Christopher covered his journey across the Sahara in two stages, hi the first stage, he
went from Boussaada to El Golea, In Salah and Tamanrasset. He made this journey by road by
seeking lift from various truck drivers. Comparatively, this phase was easy. From Tamanrasset to
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Timbuktu, he had to cover 1,280 kilometers on camelback. This journey was through the most
difficult part of the Sahara, which the local people call "The Land of Thirst and Death."
Christopher started this difficult phase with a small group of three native people; their first
destination was Kidal, about 560 kilometers from Timbuktu. On their way they ran short of water
and made their way to a well that was on their route. Unfortunately, the well was bone-dry. Death
was certain. For the sake of survival, they did the ugliest of all the things. They killed a camel and
extracted water from its stomach. It was not drinkable but it kept them alive for two more days.
Christopher had another bitter experience. This party was overtaken by the sandstorm. They were
lucky that the storm lasted for only half an hour, otherwise there was a chance of their getting buried
in the sand. Anyhow, the stress of desert travel cracked his hand badly. Another incident also
horrified him. He picked up a large rock to put the cattle on it but found a very poisonous snake
under it. He jumped back in time to avoid its attack.
At last, his long and hard journey brought him close to Timbuktu. He had covered 3,200 kilometres
of desert. His stay in Timbuktu enabled him to recover some of the weight he had lost in the desert.
He was beginning to feel fit and well.
Now he wanted to see some more of the desert. For this purpose he sent a telegram to Professor
Claude Balanguemon in Tamanrasset to meet him at In Abbangarit. This time he flew across the
Land of Thirst and Death by plane and reached Agades. From here he travelled with a caravan to the
well at In Abbangarit to meet Professor Balanguernon.
Unfortunately, the caravan left the road and turned towards a well. When they came back on the
road, two days had been lost. Christopher hurried towards In Abbangarit but he could not find
Balanguernon because he had reached this place two days after the appointed day. His guide went
back and now he was all alone here waiting for Balanguernon with the hope that he might come
again.
There was no village at this place. The only building was a roofed mud structure with a window and
a door. When Christopher reached the well, he was shocked to see that water was forty-six metres
below. He went back to his "room" and brought with him a small metal teapot and as many pieces of
strings as he could. But the teapot did not reach the water. Death was once again certain.
An idea flashed to his mind that before dying he should record a message in his tape-recorder. With
it came a brighter idea that its wire could be added to the strings. He did so and collected twenty-
three litres of water. The next evening, Professor Balanguernon along with the Desert Patrol came
and rescued him. The adventurous journey of Christopher came to an end on this happy note.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. What is hitch hiking?
Hitch-hiking means travelling by getting free rides in other people's vehicles.
2. Give an idea of the size of Sahara. How does it compare with England?
Sahara is the world's largest desert situated in North Africa. The Sahara desert stretches almost to the
complete width of North Africa. It is many times grater than Great Britain. If a giant were to pick
England up and put it down in the middle of the desert, it would be a difficult task to find it.
3. What had Christophers mother had to do with his desire to see distant places?
Christopher was an American young man. In his boyhood he was very naughty. Sometimes, her foster
mother threatened him to send him as a punishment to Timbuktu (an ancient city in the Sahara desert).
This threat, instead of alarming him, aroused in him a keen desire to see that distant place.
4. How did he manage to get a seat in weapons carrier?
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Christopher managed to get a seat in a fast moving weapons carrier by showing the officer a
permission letter issued by the Ministry of War. On this he was permitted to ride in military vehicle.
5. What was the most noticeable feature of the desert named Gharadia?
Gharadia was a typical desert city with a large number of flies. They covered food completely and
sometimes they followed it into the mouth. Children's mouth looked like masks of flies.
6. How did they manage to drive the heavy truck in the trackless desert with its soft sand?
They managed to drive the heavy truck in the trackless desert with its soft sand by placing long sheets of
steel under its wheels. When the truck reached the harder ground they collected those sheets. In this
way they crossed the area of soft sand.
7. What did the driver of the truck tell Christopher about three Englishmen who tried to cross the
desert?
The driver of the truck told Christopher that three Englishmen tried to cross the desert in a car. They
had water for one day only. Their car got stuck in the sand and three days later their bodies were
found dried up like leaves. They drained the water of radiator in thirst and one tried to drink even oil.
8. Give an account of the little town El Golea?
EI Golea was a beautiful little town. There was a little pool shaded by palm trees and fruit trees.
Christopher took bath in it. It was the most pleasant and lovely region in the Sahara. Christopher
spent his time very beautifully.
9. Give an account of the little town In Salah?
In Salah was quite different form El Golea. It was a barren desert. The palm trees were like bushes.
It was quit hot there.
10. How do you know of Professor Claude Balanguernon?
Professor Balanguernon was a French man who met Christopher in Tamanrasset. He arranged a
guide for him for the dangerous journey to Timbuktu. Professor Balanguernon also sent his rescue
party when Christopher drank the dirty water from the stomach of camel.
11. Describe the events leading to the killing of a camel. Or What happened when they were crossing
the land of thirst and death?
When they were passing through the land of death and thirst, 560 kilometers from Timbuktu, they
had to face the shortage of water and food. There was no chance of their survival. They killed one of
the six camels and drank greenish liquid of bad smell from the stomach of the dead camel. It kept
them alive for another day.
12. Describe the journey through the land of death and thirst??
The region after Tuaregs was the most difficult part of the Sahara and was called by the local people
"The Land of Thirst and Death." It was notorious for sandstorms and dried up waterholes. The sand
dune looked as if they were on fire.
13. Describe the stay at Abbangarit. Or How Christopher managed to get water there?
Christopher told that in Abbangarit there was only one building consisting of a roof and four walls.
The well was about 275 meters away but water was 45 meters below and he had to face a great
difficulty. He took tape recorder's wire and tied it with a cup and lowered it into the well. He
succeeded in collecting twenty three liters of water.
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3. SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING

Summary
Fleming's achievement was remarkable. Like Pasteur he opened up a whole new world of science. He
laid the foundation of the antibiotic. He inspired others to seek new antibiotics. In this way came new
drugs for the better control of disease. This discovery has shown a new way to the scientists of the world.
No doubt, Sir Alexander Fleming is no more in this world but his work will keep him alive in hearts of
the people.
Alexander Fleming was born on a farm near Darvel on August 6, 1881. He was the youngest of a family
of eight. His father died when he was only seven years old. At ten he went to Darvel School. At fourteen
he went to London and for the next two years he studied at the Regent Street polytechnic.
Three of his brothers were already in London when he arrived there. One was an eye specialist and two
others were opticians. One of sisters was married to a doctor and the other to a veterinary son. So the
Fleming family was becoming a medical family. After leaving the Polytechnic, Alexander Fleming could
not continue his studies because of financial difficulty. Then he worked as a clerk in a shipping firm in
Leadenhall Street for four years. At the age of twenty he received a share in a legacy and joined St.
Mary's Medical School medical profession.
After completing his education Fleming worked in Wright's story labortary for eight years. There he
worked on bacteria. He thought that the best way to control diseases was to strengthen the white blood
cells of body. He wanted to find some means that might destroy germs but not white cells.
In 1914, he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps. There he came face to face with the main problem of
the First World War. In this war there were a large number of injured persons with infected wounds. The
method of treatment that was in practice at that time was the antiseptic method. It was not successful
because it destroyed the white cells of the body also.
In 1918, the War ended but Fleming was still trying to find out any way to help the white blood cells in
killing germs. In 1922, he was examining his own nasal secretions. He found that it contained a natural
antiseptic prepared by the body. It destroyed the germs but did not harm the white cells. He called it
lysozyme. It was better than carbolic acid and iodine but it could not be used practically for the treatment
of disease. Anyhow, its importance was great because it proved the forerunner of penicillin.
In 1928, Fleming was appointed Professor of Bacteriology in the University of London and in the same
year he hit on penicillin. This discovery was due to a stroke of good fortune. Accidentally, there came a
mould spore on one of the culture plates, in the laboratory. Fleming observed it and found that it
contained a substance that killed germs.
This natural antiseptic was far better than lysozyme. He called it penicillin. It was a wonder drug because
it was three times as strong as carbolic acid and above all it did not destroy the white cells. This method
of treatment of infectious disease was more effective and secure than the chemical antiseptic method.
Fleming was knighted in 1944 and awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. The whole world
showered him with honours. But he was so humble that he said that such gratitude was not due to him. He
used to say, "Nature makes penicillin, I just found it.
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SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Write a note on the early life of Fleming.
Alexander Fleming was born on a farm near Darvel on August 6, 1881. He was the youngest of a
family of eight. His father died when he was only seven years old. At ten he went to Darvel School.
At fourteen he went to London and studied at the Regent Street polytechnic for the next two years.
2. What are antiseptics? What is antiseptic method?
Antiseptics are the chemicals used to kill germs in human body. Carbolic acid (detol) and iodine are
the antiseptics. They are used to prevent germs from entering into body. It is preventive method.
3. What are the aseptic methods?
Theses are the methods in which surgical instruments are sterilized by heat instead of chemicals.
4. What was the chief defect of antiseptic method? Why was the use of carbolic acid abandoned?
The use of carbolic acid or antiseptic method was abandoned because it destroyed the white blood
cells of the body. This was the chief defect of the antiseptic method
5. Why could not penicillin have been discovered in American laboratories?
Penicillin could never have been discovered in American labs because their culture plates were
never contaminated. They were ideally kept neat and clean. The air was pure and the mould would
never enter there.
6. Why was Flemings family called medical family?
Flemings Fleming was called medical family because most of the members of his family belonged
to medical profession. His one brother was an eye specialist and the other two were opticians. His
one sister was married to a doctor and the other to a veterinary surgeon.
7. What part is played by the white cells in the blood of a human body?
White blood cells are the natural armour of the body. When germs enter the body they are
immediately attacked by the white cells. Hence they play the role of protecting the body.
8. Describe how Fleming discovered penicillin? Or When was penicillin discovered?
In 1928, Fleming was appointed a professor of Bacteriology in the University of London. One day he
was carrying out experiments in laboratory at St. Mary's. By chance the spore of the mould or fungus
was blown in through the window and fell on the culture plate. It killed all the microbes around it.
He found out that it was a natural antiseptic which killed the germs. He named it penicillin.
9. In what respect penicillin is better than the antiseptics? How is penicillin a wonder drug?
Penicillin is a wonder drug it is an ideal germs killer. It is three times stronger than carbolic acid. It
is quite harmless for the white blood cells of the body.
10. What is lysozyme? How was lysozyme different from the other chemicals?
In 1922, when Fleming was examining his own nasal secretion he discovered a substance which
killed the germs on the culture plate. It was called lysozyme. It was natural substance that destroyed
the germs without harming the white blood cells. It was also forerunner of penicillin.
11. Who revolutionized the theory and the practice of medicine?
Fleming discovered the germs and lister killed them by heat or carbolic acid. These two men brought
a revolution in the theory and the practice of medicine.
12. Was Fleming proud of his discovery? How did he become famous?
Fleming was not proud of his discovery. He was simple and modest by nature. When t he whole world
showered him with honours, he said, "Nature makes penicillin, I just found it."
13. Why and when was Fleming knighted?
Fleming was knighted in 1944 on the discovery of penicillin. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for
Medicine in 1945.
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3-LOUIS PASTEUR
Summary
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 at Dole in France. His family was poor. His father served Napoleon's
army in his youth and won a medal for showing bravery in the battlefield. In 1824, the family moved
from Dole and settled in Arbois. Here Pasteur started his school education at the Communal College. In
his early years at school Pasteur did not take any interest in studies but soon he realized the importance
of work. Since then his passion for work remained the characteristic feature of his life.
The College at Arbois did not teach philosophy, so Pasteur went to Besancon for better education. His
interest in the subject of Chemistry was so great that he used to embarrass his professor with
unanswerable questions. Here he graduated in Science and Arts and was given a post on the College
staff.
When he was twenty, he went in for the entrance examination to the great Ecole Normale in Paris. He
came out fourteenth on the list and refused to get admission that year. Next year he reappeared and was
fourth on the list. This year he got admission.
In 1848, when Pasteur was twenty-six, he felt that France was politically, in difficulty. So he enrolled
himself in the army. He also deposited to the national fund all the money he had with him 150 francs.
The same year he became Deputy Professor of Chemistry in the University of Strasburg. There he met
his future wife. She was the daughter of the Rector of the Strasburg Academy. They were married in
1850. On the day of his marriage Pasteur remained busy in his work as usual and his friends fetched him
to the ceremony. He was lucky to have a nice wife who helped him a lot in his work.
After this Pasteur set himself to work and crossed many milestones. He was one of the great benefactors
of humanity. His work for his nation was quite tremendous. He died in 1895, at the age of seventy three.
He was buried in the Pasteur Institute.
WORKS:
We can study Pasteur's achievements under the following headings:
1- Refutation of the Spontaneous Generation:
Pasteur's first great work was that he proved through experiments that the idea of the spontaneous
generation was false. In 1860, Pasteur proved that such type of life was caused by the bacteria or germs.
If substances were sufficiently heated, bacteria would be killed and there would be no life at all.
2- Study of Brewing:
In 1870, France went to war with Germany. Pasteur who had got his degree of Doctor of Medicine from
a German university returned his degree. At that time Germany produced the wine of top quality and
France imported it from there. Pasteur worked wonders in this field and succeeded in producing the wine
of the same quality. This work moved Lord Lister to study the inflammation of wounds. So the antiseptic
method was introduced as the result of it.
3- Silkworm Disease:
The French Government forced Pasteur to study the mysterious silkworm disease which destroyed the
silk-industry of France. He studied the diseased worms and reached the conclusion that this disease was
mainly due to uncleanliness, overcrowding, overheating and unhealthy conditions. He advised the
farmers to avoid these things. He also advised them to get eggs from healthy parents. The results were
quite favourable.
4- Treatment of Anthrax and Preparation of Vaccines:
It was already known that the cattle disease anthrax was caused by the germ anthrax bacillus. The
remedy of the disease was not yet known. Pasteur introduced weakened germs in measured quantity into
the body of a healthy animal. It temporarily gave rise to slight symptoms of anthrax but ultimately
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protected the animal from catching the disease. This method of preventive measure is called vaccination.
He applied the same method on chickens for the prevention from chicken-cholera.
5- Treatment of Rabies:
Rabies or Hydrophobia is a horrible disease caused by the bite of the mad dog. Pasteur studied it
attentively and found the way of making its vaccine. It was tried on dogs and the results were quite
satisfactory. In 1885, for the first time this type of treatment was given to a boy. This vaccine cured him
of the disease and saved his life.
In this way we see that the services rendered by Pasteur are tremendous.
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Describe the early life of Louis Pasteur?
Louis Pasteur was born at dole in France in 1822. He got his early education at Dole. He was science
and Arts graduated from the college at Besancon and started teaching there. In 1848, he became a
member of the National Guards to fight for France. In 1870, he offered his services to the French
army. He devoted all his money.
2. Give some instances of Pasteur's patriotism?
Pasteur was more patriot than a scientist. In 1848, he became a member of the National Guards to fight
for France. He also devoted all his money to Government. In 1870, he offered his services to the French
army but he was refused due to paralytic stroke.
3. What do you mean by spontaneous generation?
Spontaneous generation means production of living things from non living things. It was a belief that
germs born of dead matter. But he refuted this claim of scientists.
4. How did Pasteur prove that spontaneous get was not a fact?
In I860, the French Academy offered a prize for the solution of problem whether spontaneous
generation was not a fact. Pasteur claimed that it was a wrong concept. Pasteur did his experiment by
boiling the milk. He found that no bacteria were left alive. Thus he won the prize.
5. Describe the importance and popularity of the silk industry in France.
Silk worm industry was quite popular in France. Practically every family set aside the best room in
the house for the rearing and tending of silkworms.
6. What help did Pasteur render in curing the silkworm disease?
Once there spread a mysterious epidemic that destroyed silkworms. Pasteur studied the diseased
worms and told that this disease was mainly due to uncleanliness, overcrowding, overheating and
unhealthy conditions. He advised the farmers to avoid these things. He also advised them to get eggs
from healthy parents. The results were quite favourable.
7. How did Pasteur discover the treatment for the cattle disease, Anthrax?
The cattle disease Anthrax is caused by a germ Anthrax bacillus. Pasteur introduced these weakened
germs in measured quantity into the body of a healthy animal. It temporarily gave rise to slight
symptoms of anthrax but ultimately protected the animal from catching the disease. This method is
called vaccination. He applied the same method on chickens for the prevention from chicken-
cholera.
8. What are vaccines? How did Pasteur discover the method of vaccines?
In 1879, Pasteur discovered the method of making vaccines when he was working on fowl cholera.
One day he went away for a holiday. On his return he found all his cultivation germs dead or dying.
He inoculated birds with those half dead germs and found that some birds showed signs of being
recovered. So vaccines are prepared from weakened germs.
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9. How did Pasture discover the treatment of Hydrophobia and how he cured the first patient
suffering from?
Rabies or Hydrophobia is a horrible disease caused by the bite of the mad dog. Pasteur studied it
attentively and found the way of making its vaccine. It was tried on dogs and the results were quite
satisfactory. In 1885, for the first time this type of treatment was given to a boy. This vaccine cured
him of the disease and saved his life.
10. How did Pasteur show the way to other scientist?
Pasteur worked and inspired in such a way that many scientists followed the same path. They tried those
methods of cure for other diseases. Many diseases were cured by following the same lines. Between
1880 and 1890 the germs of consumption, diphtheria, typhoid, cholera and Malta fever were discovered.
4-MUSTAFA KAMAL
Summary
The Turkish leader, founder of modem Turkey and its first president, Mustafa Kamal was a great man.
His people lovingly call him Ata Turk, the father of the nation. He saved Turkey from total disaster in the
First World War. He put an end to the Caliphate and made it a republic. But practically he ruled this
republic as a kind dictator for fifteen years. During this period he introduced widespread internal reforms
and changed the country profoundly (completely).
The First World War was fought between two powerful groups of the Western countries. On one side
were the Allies. They included Britain, France, Russia and the United States of America. On the other
side were Germany, Turkey and Hungary. They were called the Central Powers. The War ended in 1918
with the result that the Allies defeated the Central Powers. In Turkey, the Allies dominated the affairs of
the government. The Turkish Padishah, or the Sultan, was only a tool in their hands. The Allies had also
planned to divide Turkey. They asked Greece to take control of Izmir.
This situation shocked the Turkish patriots. In Anatolia they started fighting against the Allies. The
Sultan wanted to crush the rebellion. So to control the rebel forces he sent Mustafa Kamal to the Turkish
province Anatolia. Mustafa Kamal was a far-sighted man. He realized that the Sultan was following
wrong policies and it would destroy Turkey.
So on reaching Anatolia Mustafa Kamal joined the rebel forces and decided to save Turkey from foreign
occupation. He planned to hold up the Greeks through guerilla war. He also established the National
Army for the defense of Turkey. When the Padishah, Mehmet IV, came to know this, he ordered Mustafa
Kamal to return immediately to Istanbul but Mustafa Kamal refused to obey the orders.
Now Turkey was practically divided into two parts. The capital Istanbul was controlled by the Sultan and
the Allies while Anatolia was in the control of Mustafa Kamal. In 1920, the National Assembly held its
session in Istanbul to solve the problem but failed miserably. Then the Allies dissolved the national
Assembly. The patriots rushed from Istanbul to Anatolia and joined Mustafa Karnal. A few weeks later
Mustafa Kamal set up the Grand National Assembly in Ankara, the main city of
Anatolia
The Grand National Assembly chose Mustafa Kamal its President. The Turkish nation realized that the
Sultan of Istanbul was a puppet in the hands of in; foreigners while Mustafa Kamal was their saviour. So
they gave full support to their new leader. It was declared that Ankara would be the new capital of
Turkey.
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In 1921, the Greeks attacked Anatolia. The Turks fought bravely under the command of Mustafa Kamal
and defeated the Greeks. The Turkish army followed the Greeks and reached the sea. They entered Izmir
and took its control. Mustafa Kamal was headed as the Commander-in Chief of the Free Turkish Forces.
Mustafa Kamal realized that the Ankara Government should put an end to the puppet show in the old
capital. He proposed that Sultanate should be abolished. The Grand National Assembly gave its approval.
In this way Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire came to an end but the Turkish nation was saved. A new
state appeared whose name was the Turkish Republic. Mustafa Kamal was its President and Ismat Inonu
its Prime Minister.
1. Educational Reforms:
Mustafa Kamal realized that for the progress of the country education was necessary. He launched a
programme to teach the masses. Turkish language was written in Arabic script. He changed it to the
Roman style of writing. In this way everyone had to go back to school. He inspired his nation and the
people learnt this new style in a very short time. He himself toured the country to see the progress of the
learning of the people.
Very often he held a chalk in his hand and taught the people how to write in the new script. Turkish
language was a strange mixture of simplified the language. All this was in accordance with the new
nationalism that the country was enjoying.
2. Social Reforms:
Education reforms individuals. When individuals are reformed, the society is automatically reformed.
Anyhow, such steps were taken as broke the relationship of the Turkish people with the past. Old titles
and nobilities were abolished. The Pashas were no more superior to others because now every Turkish
man was a Bay and every Turkish woman a Bayan. They had become all equal.
3. Abolition of the Fez:
Under the Ottoman Empire the national head-dress of the Turkish people was the Fez. It was basically of
the Greek origin but had become the symbol of Turkey. Instead of it, wearing Western hats was made
compulsory. People followed the command of their leader so strictly that they happily wore ladies' hats
when other hats were short.
4. Abolition of the Veil:
The most striking of Mustafa Kamal's reforms is regarded the abolition of the veil. As Kamal wanted to
modernize Turkey, he thought that the veil did not allow women to work freely for the development of
the country. In this way half of the population was unable to do any constructive work. He asked his
women to get higher education particularly in every field of science. .
5. Economic Reforms:
For economic prosperity, facilities of transportation and communication are quite necessary. Such
facilities were totally absent when Mustafa Kamal came to power. He started great development and
construction schemes both for railways and motor roads. Special attention was paid to the establishment
of industry. In 1919, there were only 150 factories in Turkey. This number rose to 2,000 in 1933. Five-
year plan was introduced to make Turkey strong. The banking system was established and the economy
of the country depended mostly on its own resources.
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[ SHORT QUESTIONS
1. What was the attitude of the Turkish government towards the Allies after World War I?
After World War I, a government from the old liberals was in power. The attitude of the government was
slavish. Allied forces were given the task of supervising the police and the ports. Normal machinery of
the government was superseded by the orders and suggestion of the allied forces.
2. Why was Mustafa Kamal Sent to Anatolia?
Mustafa Kamal was sent to Anatolia as a Governor General of Eastern Provinces to crush the rebels who
refused to accept defeat before the allied forces. They were creating hurdles for government.
3. What was the reaction of the Turkish patriots to the intention of the Allies to partition the
Ottoman Empire?
The Turkish patriots and the friends of Allies were angry at the evil intention of the Allies to partition the
Ottoman Empire. They did not accept to divide the Turkish Empire among themselves. Turkish
patriotism was like a flame burning in the hearts of Turkish men and women.
4. Write a note on Mustafa Kamal's activities in Anatolia.
Mustafa Kamal met Ali Faut, the commander of small army corps. He made a secret meeting with the
patriots and planned to raise an army for fighting against the Greeks. He went village to village to
prepare army. He also panned to form a government in Anatolia.
5. Why did Mehmet order Mustafa Kamal to return to Istanbul (Constantinople)?
When Mehmet came to know that Mustafa Kamal had raised the National army of the patriots for
fighting against the Aliesd forces, he ordered him to return to Istanbul. Or When Mehmet came to know
about the rebellious activities of Mustafa Kamal, he ordered him to return to Istanbul.
6. What was Mustafa Kamal's reply?
When the king ordered Mustafa Kamal to come back to Capital, he remained adamant and replied "I
shall stay in Anatolia until the nation has won its independence."
7. How did Mehmet try to regain Anatolia for himself? 2009G-I,
Mehmet unexpectedly and diplomatically invited the patriots to join the government. The Sultan
suggested the delegates of Anatolia to transfer their activities to Istanbul and Mustafa Kamal's ideas
would be put into practice.
8. Why did his plan fail? Or why did Mehmets plan to regain Anatolia fail?
Mehmets plan to regain Anatolia failed because Mustafa Kamal did not agreed with him. Mustafa Kamal
remained busy in forming a large army of regular troops, armed peasants and women for supplying arms.
9. What were the terms offered to turkey by the Allies? 2009L-I,
The terms of peace published by the Allies were as under:
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The Allied powers would supervise the small and helpless Ottoman Empire.
Eastern Anatolia was to be added to the state of Armenia.
Around Azmic was to be a large Greek district.
Cicilia was to go to the French.
Istanbul was to be an international centre.
10. Give an account of the Greek attack and its defeat?
The Greeks attacked Turkey on the 21st of August, 1921. The two valiant nations fought almost man
to man for fourteen days. Mustafa Kamal was the commander of the brave Turks. He led them so
masterly by the 4th of September that the Greeks were fully defeated.
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11.Describe the reforms introduced by Mustafa Kamal with reference to

a) The position of women:
Mustafa Kamal introduced many reforms with reference to women. The most striking reform was
the abolition of veil. He stressed on higher education for women. Women were given equal
rights. Women were also given voting rights.
b) The removal of illiteracy/ educational reforms:
Mustafa Kamal introduced many reforms with reference to education. He purified and simplified
the language by removing the old Arabic and Persian words. He replaced the old Arabic script
with the Roman script. He himself demonstrated it by touring the country. Now it was easy to
read and write.
c) Change in dress:
In 1925 he abolished the head dress called Fez being Greek origin but had become the symbol
of Turkey. Instead of it, wearing Western hats was made compulsory for all.
d) The industrial and economic development/reforms:
The country also advanced economically. Mustafa Kamal inaugurated great development and
construction schemes. He encouraged heavy industry. In 1919, there were 150 factories but in
1933 they were 2000 in number. He recognized the banking system and public debt was
reduced to one tenth of its former size. All this was achieved without further borrowing.
12. Who was Mustafa Kamal? How was Mustafa Kamal a great nation Builder? Was Mustafa
Kamal founder/father of modern Turkey?
Mustafa Kamal was a true patriot. He introduced many social, educational, industrial and economic
reforms in the society. He was the founder and saviour of modern Turkey. He abolished the
Sultanate in Turkey. Mustafa Kamal laid the foundation. He liberated his country from the foreign
occupation and influence.
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Notes
On
The Novel
Good Bye Mr.

Chips
(16 marks)
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Goodbye, Mr. Chips

by
James Hilton
Characters
Chips/Mr. Chips/Mr. Chippings (ch 1) the main character, a former professor at
Brookfield/
Mrs. Wicketts (ch 1) the landlady. had been the incharge of linen room. Chips resided at
her house after retirement
Dr. Merivale (ch 1) Mr. Chips's doctor.
Wetherby (ch 1) the Head of Brookfield, who interviewed Mr. Chips.
Major Collingwood (ch 3) a student.
Rowden (ch 4) a colleague of Mr. Chips.
Katherine Bridges/Kathie (ch 4) Mr. Chips's wife.
Gribble (ch 6) the former school butler.
Rushton (ch 7) a student.
Ogilvie (ch 7) a student.
Dunster (ch 7) a student.
Faulkner (ch 8) a student.
Burrow: ----a science teacher
Naylor (ch 9) a student.
Lloyd George/L.G. (ch 9) a student.
Cricklade (ch 10) a student.
Meldrum (ch 10) the successor of Wetherby.
Ralston (ch 10) the successor of Meldrum.
Mr. Jones (ch 10) the striker. Railway employee
Grayson (ch 10) a student whose father was rescued on the Titanic.
Chatteris (ch 12) the successor of Ralston.
Blades (ch 13) the Head of School House.
Herr Staefel (ch 12) the German master at Brookfield, allows Mr. Chips to lodge with
him.
Blades (ch 13) replaced by Ralston as Head.
Max Staefiel (ch 14) a student who was killed in combat.
Maynard (ch 15) a student.
Gregson (ch 16) a student.
Linford (ch 17) the new student who came to meet Mr. Chips for the last time.
Cartwright (ch 18) the successor of Chatteris.
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Mr. Chips Profile

1. Date of Birth: 1848
2. Joined Brookfiled: July, 1870, Whetherby interviewed Chips
3. Met Katherine and became housemaster: 1896
4. Married in 1896 at the age of 48
5. Katherine died in child birth on 1 st April, 1898
6. Acting head (first time):1900, Governor appointed him
7. Date of retirement: July 1913 at the age of 65, got bronchitis and resigned.
8. Farewell party: July 1913, was given a cheque, table and clock
9. Total service: 43 years
10. Rejoined Brookfield: 1916 at the request of Chatteris, the head master
11. Acting head (second time):1917 (winter)
12. Resigned: 1918 (November)
13. Made is will: 1930
14. Date of Death: 1933
Head masters
1. Whetherby:July 1870. Served for 30 years, died during summer vacation
2. Meldrum: served for 30 years from 1870 to 1900, died of pneumonia
3. Ralston: age 37 when joined, left Brookfield in 1911, served for 11 years from 1900 to 1911
4. Chatteris: joined Brookfield at the age 34, died at 41, served from 1911 to 1917, requested
Mr. Chips to rejoin in 1916, died in 1917, Chips became Acting Head after his death.
5. Cartwright: Became headmaster after Chatteris death. Was present at the time of Chips
death
CHAPTER 1
1. What were routine activities of Mr. Chips at Mrs. Wickett's?
Chips always wound up the clock after the last bell. Then he put the wire guard in front of the fire,
turned out the gas, and carried a detective novel to bed, Sleep overtook him before completing a
page or so.
2. Who was Merivale? What did Doctor Merivale say about Mr. Chips' health?
Merivale was Mr. Chips doctor. He visited Mr. Chips fortnightly. He thought that Chips was only
suffering from anno-domini which means advancing old age. He often admired his health by saying
these words, My dear fellow, youre fitter than I am. He told that he would die a natural death.
3. What advice did Merivale give to Mrs. Wickett about Chips?
When Chips had a cold or when the east winds blew, Merivale would become worried. He then
advised Mrs. Wickett to take special care of Mr. Chips.
4. What information do we get about Chips' birth?
Mr. Chips was born in 1848. He went to the Great Exhibition as a toddling child. There were very
few people alive who could remember such an old incident.
5. When did Mr. Chips join Brookfield, and how did he remember it?
Mr. Chips joined the Brookfield school in a sunny July of 1870 at the age of 22. It was the same
year when the war between France and Prussia broke out.
6. What impression do you gather about Chips' personality at the time of his joining?
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At that time Mr. Chips was a handsome, impressive young man. He was fresh-complexioned, side-
whiskered and was fashionably dressed according to the Victorian times.
7. Why did Mr. Chips not like his previous school? Why did Mr. Chips leave Melburry School?
Mr. Chips taught at Melbury Public School for one year before joining Brookfield. There he could
not maintain discipline and was badly teased by the boys. He did not like that school and left it.
8. Who was Mr. Wetherby? When and how did Wetherby die?
Mr. Wetherby was the Headmaster of Brookfield School in 1870, when Chips joined Brookfield. He
was an old man at that time. He stayed at Brookfield for thirty years. He died during the summer
vacation before Chips could really begin his first term. He was a good administrator
9. Describe the day when Chips came for interview.
Mr. Chips had a splendid and unforgettable interview with Mr. Wetherby. It was a sunny day of July
when he came to join. The air was full of fragrance and. In the cricket ground Brookfield was
playing with Barn Hurst School. Chips also remembered that one of the Barn Hurst boys scored a
brilliant century.
10. What advice did Mr. Wetherby give Mr. Chips?
He advised Chips to be strict in the matter of discipline. Chips remembered his exact words: "You
are young man, Mr. Chipping and Brookfield is an old foundation. Youth and age often combine
well. Give your enthusiasm to Brookfield and Brookfield will give you something in return."
11. When and where did Mr. Chips take his first class at Brookfield school?
Mr. Chips took his first class of prep of five hundred students in Big Hall. As he came to the dais,
there was hush silence. Suddenly someone dropped the lid of his desk. Mr. Chips found that boy and
punished him. So he controlled his class from the very beginning and won his first round.
12. Who was Colley? Or How did Mr. Chips punish Colley on the very first class?
Colley was the boy who had dropped the lid of his desk during the class. Mr. Chips ordered him to
get up and write hundred lines as a punishment. After many years his son and grand son became the
students of Mr. Chips.
13. How did Mr. Chips welcome the son of the first Colley to his class?
Chips told him that his father was the first boy whom he punished in the class. He said, "He
deserved it then, and you deserve it now."
14. What was Chips' famous joke about the third Colley? What did Chips say to the third Colley?
Chips told the third Colley that he was a fine example of family traditions. He explained that his
grandfather was a stupid fellow, and so was his father. He called the third Colley the biggest fool of
the lot.
15. What did Chips teach at Brookfield?
Mr. Chips taught Latin and Greek and Roman history to different classes at Brookfield school. He
taught Latin grammar in detain. He also taught pronunciation of Latin words. His lessons on Roman
and Latin were always very interesting.
CHAPTER 2
16. What type of the schools were Grammar Schools?
Grammar schools were set up in the sixteenth century during the rule of Queen Elizabeth I. They
were basically meant to teach Latin only. Later on, classical languages and literatures were taught in
such schools.
17. What was the status of Brookfield School? What was the repute of Brookfield?
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Brookfield was not so much famous as Harrow or Eton. Few of its heads like Wetherby raised its
status, Overall, it was a good school of second rank. It produced or supplied a number of history
making men. Many of its students became judges, member of parliaments, businessmen,
industrialists, merchants, bishops, doctors, engineers and other professional men.
18. What was the outer view of Brookfield School?
The school was surrounded by tall elm trees which became bare in winter and looked like tall,
straight and graceful columns. In spring and summer they presented the view of a big wall
surrounding a fortress. In autumn their reddish brown colour cast a special impact on the viewer,
19. Describe the main campus of Brookfield School.
The school campus was a group of eighteenth-century buildings centered upon a quadrangle.
Beyond it were acres of leveled land used in playing fields. Matches were regularly played in these
grounds.
20. Describe the village Brookfield.
The village Brookfield was very beautiful and lush green, the mountains in the distance provided a
beautiful background of the village. Most of the time these mountains remained covered by Hills,
but in the clear atmosphere mountains behind other mountains look very attractive.
21. Describe the similarities between Chips and Brookfield.
Mr. Chips and Brookfield Grammar School were perhaps made for each other. They had many
things in common. Both were old-fashioned and rooted deep in the past. Both were not very brilliant
apparently, but at heart both were gracious and full of love.
22. What were Chips' thoughts when he joined Brookfield? What did he recognize in 1880 after a
period of ten years?
Mr. Chips joined this school at the age of twenty-two. After ten years he realized that he could go
nowhere to better himself. So he tried to settle there wholeheartedly.
23. What was Chips' attainment at Brookfield with the passage of time?
At the age of forty Chips was rooted deep in Brookfield and was quite happy. At fifty he was the
senior-most member of the stuff and was officially recognized in this capacity.
24. What was he at sixty? What was Chips' status at Brookfield as the senior-most member?
At sixty he himself wan Brookfield. He was the guest of honour at Old Brookfieldian dinners, the
court of appeal in all matters. At the age of sixty-five, he retired in the most honourable way.
25. What kind of people did Brookfield supply or produce?
It produced or supplied a number of history making men. Many of its students became judges, member
of parliaments, businessmen, industrialists, merchants, bishops, doctors, engineers and other professional
men.
CHAPTER 3
26. Who was Mrs. Wickett?
Mrs. Wickett was an old lady who remained once the incharge of linen room at Brookfield school. Her
house was opposite to Brookfield School. Mr. Chips resided at her house after his retirement as a paying
guest. She entertained chips guest happily. She served Mr. Chips for along time.
27. How did Mr. Chips feel at Mrs. Wicket's house?
After retirement Mr. Chips stayed at Mrs. Wickett's house. He led very pleasant and contented life at
Mrs. Wicket's. His pension was adequate and could afford everything.
28. How chips room was decorated? What was the condition of the house of Mrs. Wickett?
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Mrs. Wickett's house was quite ugly but the room she had given to Mr. Chips was very comfortable and
sunny. It was furnished with few bookshelves, trophies, fixture cards and photographs. A worn Turkey
carpet was laid on the floor.
29. What kind of books did Mr. Chips read after retirement?
Mr. Chips had a good literary taste. His books were chiefly classical and detective novels. Sometimes he
read Virgil and Xenophon. Mostly he was interested in detective novels.
30. Describe Mr. Chips hospitality at Mrs. Wicket's house? How did Mr. Chips serve his visitors?
Mr. Chips was hospitable in nature. He served tea to his visitors with walnut cake with pink icing from
Reddaway's. Chips did not let visitor's plates empty.
31. Who was Collingwood? What did Chips tell Mrs. Wicket about Collingwood?
Collingwood was the student of Chips. Chips told Mrs. Wicket that once he was thrashed or beaten by
him for climbing on to the gymnasium roof to get a ball out of gutter. Later on, he became a major in
British Army and was killed in Egypt in some military action.
CHAPTER 4&5
32. Why was spring 1896 very dear to Mr. Chips?
Spring 1896 was very dear to Chips because he was appointed housemaster. He was forty-eight, and had
become mature. The same year he went to the Lake District where he met Katherine.
33. Describe Mr. Chips' visit to the Lake District. Or How did Mr. Chips come across (meet)
Katherine Bridges? Or Give the first encounter between Chips and Katherine.
In the spring of 1896, during the summer vacation, Mr. Chips at the age of 48 visited the Lake District
with his colleague Mr. Rowden. One day on Great Gable he saw a girl of 25 namely Katherine bridges
waving her hand towards her friend. Chips rushed towards her thinking her to be in difficulty and injured
his own ankle. She looked after him daily. With in a week they got married before the autumn term.
34. Why did Mr. Chips not marry till the age of 48? Why was Chips against the women of nineties?
Mr. Chips was an old fashioned person. He hated the women of the nineties or Victorian period because
of having liberal and radical ideas. The women of that period like reading Shaw and Ibsen who were in
favour of emancipation. He disapproved the modern life style. This was why Mr. Chips did not marry till
the age of 48.
35. Describe Katherine Bridges' physical grace. or How did Katherine look like?
Katherine Bridges had blue flashing eyes, freckled cheeks and smooth straw coloured hair. She was a
beautiful and decent girl of 25. She had advanced and liberal ideas.
36. What were Katherines ideas? Or Who were Katherines favourite writers?
Katherine Bridges had modern, radical, liberal and revolutionary ideas. She read and admired Ibsen,
Bernard Shaw and William Morris. She was in favour of university education and voting right for
women.
37. What were Katherine's views about Chips' profession?
Katherine Bridges loved Mr. Chips and his profession. She was happy that he was not a solicitor or a
broker or a dentist or some business man. She made him realize how important and sacred his profession
was. She was of the view that a school teacher was in a position to influence youngsters.
38. How old were Chips and Katherine at the time of their marriage?
Katherine was twenty-five years old, while Chips was forty-eight at the time of their marriage.
39. How was Katherine married and what did she say on the night before marriage?
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Katherine Bridges had no parents. She was married from the house of an aunt in Baling. On the night
before wedding, when Chips was ready to leave for his hotel, she said to him Good by Mr. Chips for the
first time.
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CHAPTER 6
40. What changes did marriage bring in Chips? How much did Chips' marriage contribute towards
his popularity? What was the influence of Ketherine on Mr. Chips?
Before marriage Mr. Chips was a dry, rigid and narrow minded person. He disliked modern women. He
was not impressive at all. Marriage gave him a new touch. His eyes gained sparkle, his mind began to
move more quickly, his discipline improved and became popular.
41. Describe Mr. Chips humour.
After marriage his sense of humour blossomed into a sudden richness. His little jokes, his amusing
remarks pleased everybody. Wherever he went, there were roars of laughter.
42. How did Katherine persuade Chips in holding a match between Mission School and Brookfield?
Katherine persuaded Chips in holding a match between Mission School and Brookfield by her forceful
arguments. She said, "England isn't always going to divide into officers and other ranks and those poplar
boys are just as important to England as Brookfield is." For her the rich and the poor were equal.
43. Describe Poplar boys' visit to Brookfield.
They arrived at Brookfield one Saturday afternoon and played a football match with the School's second
team. They were honourably defeated by seven goals to five. Later they had high tea with the School
team in the Dining Hall.
CHAPTER 7, 8 &9
44. Who was Ogilvie?
Ogilvie was an old choirmaster at Brookfield. Once a naughty boy namely Dunster put a rat in the organ
loft while Ogilvie was taking choir practice. Chips remembered that Ogilvie was dead and Dunster
drowned at Jutland.
45. Who was Dunster?
Dunster was a little naughty boy who once put a rat in the organ loft while Ogilvie was taking choir
practice. Chips remembered that Dunster drowned at Jutland.
46. Who was Lloyed George?
Mr Llyed George was the old student of Brookfield. He remained Prime Minister from 1916 to 1922. He
was invited as a guest of honour on Brookfiled speech day. Chips jokingly said that he had improved
very much. Lloyed laughed and talked to Chips more than anyone else.
47. What difficulties did Chips face when he wanted to write down his memories?
When Chips remembered memories he often wanted to write down them in the form of a book. But
whenever he tried to do so he faced difficulties. Firstly writing made him tired mentally and physically.
Secondly memories when written lost their charm.
48. How did Katherine help Chips in the matters of discipline?
Mr. Chips was occasionally too strict. She asked him to be kind without losing the balance. But she had
not always pleaded for leniency.
49. Describe Katherlne's tragic death. Or When and how did Katherine die?
On April 01, 1898 Katherine died during childs birth. The newly born baby also died with the mother.
Katherine could live with Mr. Chips for two years only. It was the end of the golden period of Chips
life.
50. What were Chips' feelings on the death of his wife?
Mr. Chips was disturbed, rather badly shaken. He exclaimed: "My wife is dead and my child is dead, and
I wish I were dead myself." It happened on First April 1898. As such, it was the biggest piece of April
foolery.
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51. What was the effect of Katherine's death on Chips?

He was badly shaken. He was different now, and everybody noticed it. His hair had turned grey. He wore
his gown till it was almost too tattered to hold together. He was the man who looked 'old' then. His jokes
became serious.
52. What kind of teacher was Mr. Chips? Why was Mr. Chips popular with the boys?
Mr. Chips was a devoted teacher. He helped his students in character building. He became social due to
his wife. He was popular with his students and colleagues for his conversation full of jokes. Everyone
looked forward the latest jokes from him.
53. Where did Mr. Chips live after Katherines death ?
Mr. Chips after the death of his beloved wife shifted to his old bachelor quarter.
CHAPTER 10&11
54. Who was Meldrum? When and how did he die? {2007,
Mr. Meldrum was the Headmaster of Brookfield after the death of Mr. Wetherby in 1870. He was as
efficient as Wetherby. He worked in this capacity for thirty years. In 1900 he suddenly died of
pneumonia.
55. When and how did Chips become the Acting Head of Brookfield for the first time?
In 1900, after the death of Mr. Meldrum, the Governor appointed Chips as the Acting Head of
Brookfield.
56. Who was Mr. Ralston? Describe the personality of Mr. Ralston. Or what kind of person was
Ralston?
Mr. Ralston was a modern young man of thirty seven, with a brilliant academic record. He was
appointed as the head master of Brookfield. He was a live wire and a fine power transmitter. He had an
impressive personality that could easily reduce a big hall to silence by lifting his eye brow.
57. Why could Ralston not become popular?
Ralston was ambitious and efficient. But at the same time he was unkind and inhuman. His manners
were very imperious. The row between him and chips was also a major cause of unpopularity with the
students and their parents.
58. What was Ralston's progress as the Head?
During his stay the status of Brookfield School improved, though the staff remained under constant
pressure. There were longish waiting lists of the boys who wanted to get admission.
59. Describe the row between Ralston and Chips. Or Why did Ralston quarrel with Chips?
The most thrilling incident of the novel is the row between Mr. Chips and Ralston. This incident brought
popularity for Mr. Chips and unpopularity for Ralston. When Chips became sixty years old, Ralston
called him in his office. He pointed out his weaknesses and asked him to think about retirement. Mr.
Chips lost his temper. The result was a row between the two.
60. How did the people of the area come to know about the row between Chips and Ralston?
By chance a boy was present outside Ralston's office. He overheard all the conversation. He told other
boys about the unhappy incident and the news spread like wildfire that Ralston had insulted Mr. Chips. .
61. What was people's reaction after the row between Ralston and Chips?
People could not tolerate Chips' insult. They reacted against it. The matter became so serious that the
Chairman of the Board of Governors had to visit Brookfield to resolve the matter.
62. Who was Sir John Rivers? Describe his visit to Brookfield and what did he say to Chips?
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Sir John Rivers was the Chairman of the Board of Governors. He was an old Brookfieldian and was a
direct student of Mr. Chips. When he visited Brookfield, he went direct to Chips ignoring Ralston. He
felt sorry. He assured Chips that the Governors were with him and they never wanted him to retire.
63. Who were Grayson junior and senior? What did Chips say to Grayson junior?
Grayson junior was the student at Brookfield in Chatteris ' Latin class. He was not very active in his
studies. Grayson senior was his father. He sailed on the Titanic that sank into the sea. Chips
congratulated Grayson junior when he knew that his father was rescued on the sea. Grayson junior died
afterwards.
64. Who was Mr. Jones?
Mr. Jones was the employee of railway in charge of signal. Owing to some reason, Railway employees
were on strike. Mr. Jones was also one of them. Mr. Chips met him and talked to him very friendly.
People thought that Chips was in favour of the strike of railway men.
CHAPTER 12, 13, 14&15
65. When and why did Mr. Ralston leave Brookfield?
In 1911 Ralston left Brookfield because he was offered the headship of an other greater public school.
66. Why and when did Mr. Chips decide to retire?
In 1913, at the age of sixty five, Mr. Chips caught cold and could not go to school for the whole winter.
It was then that he thought and decided to get retirement from his services.
67. Where did Chips go in 1913?
In 1913, at the age of sixty five, Mr. Chips caught cold. He went to Wiesbaden for cure. He lodged at the
home of a German teacher Herr Staefel.
68. What was given or presented to Mr. Chips on his farewell?
In July 1913, at the age of sixty five Chips was presented or given a cheque, a writing desk and a wall
clock on his farewell party.
69. Describe Mr. Chips' farewell speech. What type of farewell was given to Mr. Chips?
In July, 1913, Chips was given his farewell party. At the end of farewell he made a very interesting
speech. It was full of jokes. It had several Latin quotations as well. He told the boys that he would
remember all their faces.
70. Who was Mr. Chatteris? How did Chatteris behave with Chips?
After Ralston, Mr. Chatteris became the Headmaster in 1911 at the age of 34. He was an able,
hardworking and kind man. Chatteris behaved with Mr. Chips very nicely. He accepted Mr. Chips as an
institution. In 1918, Chatteris died at the age of forty one. Chatteris was suffering from diabetes.
71. How did Mr. Chatteris look when he came to meet Mr. Chips at Mrs. Wickett's house? Why
did Mr. Chatteris come to meet Chips in 1916? When and why did Mr. Chips rejoin Brookfield?
In 1916, when Mr. Chatteris, the headmaster of Brookfield came to Mr. Chips, he was looking over
worked and ill. He requested Mr. Chips to rejoin the school as he could not manage school matters
efficiently. Chips accepted the offer and rejoined the school.
72. When and Why did Chips become the Acting Head of Brookfield again?
Chips became the Acting Head of Brookfield again after the death of Mr. Chatteris. He continued
working till the end of next year in the same capacity at the request of the Governor.
73. Who was Burrow? Who were Stink Merchants?
Burrow was the pale, lean and medically unfit science master. Mr. Chips called him Stink Merchant.
74. Who was Forrester?
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Forrester was the smallest new boy, the Brookfield ever had had. He was four feet high above his muddy
foot ball boots. He was killed down in 1918.
75. Who was a Lamp Boy?
Lamp Boy was the employee of Brookfield. His duty was to trim and lit the candles of Brookfield
school.
76. How did Chips perform his duties during his second Headship?
He sat in the headmaster's study every morning, handling problem and seeing people. The First World
War was still going on. On Sundays in chapel he read out the names of those who were killed on the war
front. He sent his resignation to the governors in 1918.
CHAPTER 16, 17&18
77. What was the condition of Chips' health during the last few years at Mrs. Wlckett's?
He was not ill but because of old age he started feeling a bit tired. Only in the winter months his
breathing became disturbed. He had to take care of himself when there were east winds.
78. How did Chips spend last few years at Mrs. Wickett's? What was Chips routine after 1929?
He remained indoors during winter and waited for summer. There were the continual visits of the old
boys. He enjoyed their visits more than anything else. He mostly followed the timetable of Brookfield
and often remembered the gone days.
79. What were the two things Chips had never experienced or done in his life?
He had never been to a talky show and had never traveled by air.
80. How did people like his jokes when they visited him at Mrs. Wicikett's?
When the old or new boys visited Mr. Chips at Mrs. Wickett's, they wished to be entertained with some
new jokes. Mr. Chips was always brilliant, always at his best. He had earned the reputation of being a
great jester.
81. What were Chips' outdoor activities during the last years of his retired life?
When Chips was eighty-one, he remained stationed at Brookfield. He even did not go for Old Boys'
dinners in London. He was much afraid of chills, and late nights began to tire him too much. He came
across to the schools on fine days only.
82. What was Chips' will? Or when did he make his will?
Mr. Chips made his will in 1930. According to his will, some of his money was to go to Mrs. Wickett,
some to the mission and the amount left was to found entrance scholarships to the school.
83. Who was Linford? Or what was the last joke the Brookfield boys played on Chips?
Linford was a boy who came to see Chips just one day before his death. It was his first meeting with
Chips. He was first at Brookfield of his family. Some of the other boys had sent him to Chips by way of
joke. Chips entertained him with tea and walnut cake and talked about different matters.
84. Why did Chips become sad after Linford's departure?
When Linford was about to depart, he said good-bye to Mr. Chips. The way he said reminded him of his
late wife Katherine who used the same words in the evening before their wedding day. It made Mr.
Chips very sad. He burst into tears and fainted.
85. What did Cartwright say about Chips' children? Or What was the reaction of Chips when
Cartwright said to him issueless?
Cartwright was the headmaster after Chatteris. He felt sorry for Chips for not having any child. Chips
heard this and, in spite of his weakness, reacted against it. He said that all the school boys were his
children. Then so many names of boys sounded in his ears like a chorus.
86. Describe the scene of Mr. Chips' death.
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After recovering from the shock, Chips was between sleep and wakefulness. The sweet memories of
Katherine came to his mind. He remembered almost all the boys. Soon he was asleep, but from this sleep
he could not rise again.
87. When did Mr. Chips die?
Mr. Chips died in 1933 at the age of 85 years after spending contented and comfortable retired life of
fifteen years.
Notes
On
Important
Idioms
&
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Phrasal verbs
(10 marks)
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Idioms
1. A bird's eye view (a general view) I have a birds eye view of this book.
2. A black sheep (a man with a bad repute) We call him a black sheep for bad manners.
3. Above board(beyond doubt) His honesty is above board.
4. A far cry (a long way) It is a far cry from Narowal to Lahore.
5. A dead letter (law not effective) This law is only a dead letter in Pakistan.
6. A white elephant (burden) This old car is a white elephant for him.
7. A royal road (easy way) There is no royal road to glory.
8. A rainy day (difficult time) He saved some money for a rainy day.
9. A laughing stock (object of ridicule) He became a laughing stock in the class.
10. A burning question (a critical matter) Inflation is a burning question of the year.
11. Apple pie order (in complete order) His room is in apple pie order.
12. At sixes and sevens (not in order) His books are lying at sixes and sevens.
13. A bird of passage (migratory) A bird of passage has no permanent address.
14. A lion's share (largest part of anything) He got a lions share of his fathers property.
15. A leap in the dark (doubtful attempt) The new plan is only a leap in the dark.
16. A maiden speech (first speech) It is his maiden speech.
17. A red letter day (a momentous day) March 23, is a red letter day for Pakistan.
18. A fair weather friend (selfish friend) His companions are fair weather friends.
19. A Wild-goose chase (a futile search) It is a wild-goose chase to find the lost car.
20. Apple of discord (cause of contention) This car is an apple of discord for us.
21. A bone of contention (reason of enmity) This car is a bone of contention for us.
22. A rotten/bad egg (evil man) He proved to be a rotten egg for his friends.
23. At the eleventh hour (at the last moment) He reached at the eleventh hour and saved his life.
24. An eye wash (a pretence) His offer to help is just an eye wash.
25. Add insult to injury (to aggravate) His way of talking added insult to my injury.
26. All and sundry (everybody) Give away the sweets among all and sundry.
27. Add fuel to the fire (instigate/incite) He added fuel to fire by his ironic remarks.
28. At daggers drawn (have bad blood) Both the parties are at daggers drawn.
29. At arms length (keep away) Keep bad boys at arms length.
30. A man of parts(leaned) My teacher is a man of parts
31. A blue stocking (a showy woman) Ayesha is a blue stocking.
32. Black sheep (an evil mannered) Smugglers are the black sheep of the society.
33. Bell the cat (take a risk or dare to act) Who will bell the cat by reporting against him?
34. Break the news (to give information) The Major broke the news of the war.
35. Bury the hatchet (to stop quarrelling) He buried the hatchet and embraced him.
36. Birds of a feather (people of same sort) Birds of a feather flock together.
37. Blow hot and cold (with no clear view point) He is a fickle. He always blows hot and cold.
38. Bolt from the blue (Gods act) Flood proved to be a bolt from the blue for me.
39. Burn midnight oil (work hard) He burnt midnight oil to get success.
40. Burn ones fingers (to bear loss) He burnt his fingers for his misdeeds
41. Burn the candle at both ends He burnt the candle at both ends and ruined.
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42. Build castle in the air (to boast of) He builds castles in the air and does nothing.
43. Bring to book (to call to account) A criminal was brought to book.
44. Broken reed (trustless person) Do not depend upon him as he is a broken reed.
45. Better half (wife) She is my better half.
46. Bring to light (to expose) The murder was brought to light.
47. Bad blood (feelings of revenge) There is a bad blood between Ali And Shahid.
48. By fists and starts (not seriously) He who works by fists and starts rarely succeed.
49. By hook or by crook (by fair or foul way) Ali wants to get the job by hook or by crook.
50. Break the ice (to overcome shyness) Naeem broke the ice when all were silent.
51. Bag and baggage (with all belongings) He left his house bag and baggage.
52. By leaps and bounds (rapidly) Japan has made progress by leaps and bounds.
53. By and by (gradually) He comes round his wife by and by.
54. Beat about the bush (to talk irrelevantly) Dont beat about the bush and come to the point.
55. Crocodile tears (hypocritical tears) The thief sheds crocodile tears before the police.
56. Catch at a straw (to get support) A drowning man catches at a straw.
57. Cock and bull story (fabricated story ) I dont believe in his cock and bull story.
58. Come to blows ( start quarrel ) Both abused each other and came to blows.
59. Casting vote (decisive vote) My vote proved to be a casting vote.
60. Call a spade a spade (to be truthful) Our leader always calls a spade a spade.
61. Call in question (to object) Parents love cannot be called in question.
62. Call names(to abuse) He has a bad habit of calling names.
63. Carry the day (to win) After a long struggle, Pakistan carried the day.
64. Carry weight (carry importance) His arguments carry weight.
65. Cats paw (to be used as a tool) Ali is cats paw in the hand s of his manager.
66. Cold war (open enmity with out fighting) There is a cold war between husband and wife.
67. Come to terms (come to agreement) At last, they had to come to terms.
68. Cut a sorry figure (to feel shame He cut a sorry figure at his maiden speech.
69. Capital punishment (death sentence) The terrorists deserve capital punishment.
70. Cry wolf ( to spread rumor) Those who cry wolf are never respected.
71. Curry favour (to praise for benefit) He always tries to curry favour with his boss.
72. Dutch courage (courage from being drunk) She does not like his Dutch courage.
73. Double faced ( hypocrite) I cannot accept your double faced policy.
74. Do a good turn to ( be helpful) He always does a good turn to others.
75. Dance attendance on (to do what one likes) He always dances attendance on his boss.
76. Dark horse (A person with hidden abilities) Ali proved to be a dark horse on getting good marks.
77. Die in harness (to continue to the last) Ali remained busy in work and died in harness.
78. Every inch (completely) He is every inch a knave.
79. End in smoke ( go useless) His business ended in smoke due to his misdeeds.
80. Eat ones words ( to back out) An honest man does not eat his words.
81. Flesh and blood (human nature) It is just flesh and blood to get money.
82. Fair play (just dealing) I believe in fair play.
83. Fall prey to (become victim of) He fell a prey to a beautiful woman
84. Foul play (unfair) I dont believe in foul play.
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85. Find fault with (to criticize) He is in habit of finding fault in every matter.
86. Flog a dead horse (useless effort) It is useless to flog a dead horse.
87. Fish out of water (to be unease at new place) He feels like a fish out water at his new job.
88. Face the music (face the result) He has to face the music for his misdeeds.
89. Fall in love with (love) She has fallen in love with Ali.
90. Fall in with (meet) I fell in with the manager in the meeting.
91. For want of (running short of) His car stopped on the way for want of oil
92. For good (forever) Ali has left the city for good.
93. Few and far between (rarely) His visits here are few and far between.
94. French leave (to leave without notice) He is on french leave today.
95. Feather one's nest (to enrich oneself ) The rulers always try to feather their nest.
96. Get rid of (to leave) He should try to get rid of the Americans.
97. Go to the dogs (be ruined) He will go to the dogs for his misdeeds.
98. Go to the walls (to be unsuccessful/fail) He will go to the walls for not working hard.
99. Give oneself airs (to boast of) He gives himself airs for his wealth.
100. Gift of gab (gift of speech) The Quaid had great gift of gab.
101. Hard and fast (strict) There are no hard and fast rules in our society.
102. Hit below the belt (treat unfairly) The candidate hit below the belt to win the election.
103. Hue and cry (raise an alarm) There was a great hue and cry in the meeting.
104. Hand in glove (very close) They are hand in glove with each other.
105. House of cards ( a plan that will fail) Our political system is a house of cards.
106. In full swing (to the climax) Spring season is in full swing.
107. In short (in brief) In short, I shall stand by you.
108. In the long run ( in the end) In the long run, our team won the match.
109. In the teeth of ( besides opposition) We went to meet him in the teeth of heavy rain.
110. Ins and outs (all the details) I know the ins and out of this matter.
111. Iron will ( very strong determination) Quaid-e-Azam was a man of iron will.
112. In the air (spreading of information) It is in the air that you have married.
113. In a fix (in dilemma, awkward situation) He is in a fix for his misdeeds.
114. In black and white (to put down) We should get the terms in black and white.
115. In the nick of time (at the eleventh hour) He shut down the computer in the nick of time.
116. Keep up appearances(an outward show) He keeps up appearances through thick and thin.
117. keep at arm's length (to keep others away) He keeps himself at arm's length from others.
118. Kith and kin(relatives) The innocent Iraqis have lost their kith and kin.
119. Kick the bucket (pass away) The old man kicked the bucket last night.
120. Keep abreast of (keeping in touch) We should keep abreast of new technology.
121. Let the cat out of bag ( to disclose) At last he let the cat out of bag before me.
122. Leave no stone unturned (try every means) He left no stone unturned to help his friend.
123. Leave in the lurch (leave in difficulty) We should never leave our friends in the lurch.
124. Lick the dust (lick) After all, the enemy will have to lick the dust.
125. Look down upon (to hate) We should not look down upon the poor.
126. Make fun of (to laugh at) Dont make fun of others.
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127. Make both ends meet (to be in ones income) A poor man hardly makes both ends meet.
128. Make a clean breast of (to confess) The accused make clean breast of his crime
129. Make amends for (to make penance for) He makes amends for his past misdeeds.
130. Make good (to compensate) The insurance company will make good my loss.
131. Make ones mark (to earn fame) He made his mark as a poet
132. Move heaven and earth (to struggle hard) He moved heaven and earth to get a job
133. Null and void (cancelled) The old trade laws have become null and void.
134. Nip in the bud (remove from the beginning) Nip the evil in the bud.
135. Off hand (with out preparation) He delivered his speech off hand.
136. Out and out (thoroughly) Jamil is out and out rude.
137. Off and on (now and then) He visits me off and on. /now and then.
138. Once in a blue moon (rarely) He visits me once in a blue moon.
139. Over head and ears (completely in debt) He is in debt over head and ears.
140. On the eve of (on the occasion of ) He met me on the eve of Eid.
141. Necessary evil ( an un-avoided evil) War is a necessary evil.
142. Narrow escape (close shave) He had a narrow escape from accident today.
143. Part and parcel (inseparable) Man and woman are part and parcel for each other.
144. Play ducks and drakes ( to spend lavishly) He plays ducks and drakes with his father money.
145. Prose and cons (favorable & unfavorable) I know the pros and cons of this matter.
146. Play with fire (dangerous play) It is not good to play with fire.
147. Pay back in the same coin (tit for tat) He abused me and I paid back him in the same coin.
148. Pocket an insult (bear insult silently) He pocketed insult and went home.
149. Poke ones nose (to interfere) Dont poke your nose in my affairs.
150. Poison ones ears (to make someone against) She poisons her husbands ears
151. Play truants (to run from school) He often plays truant from school.
152. Pull a long face (to get sad) He pulled a long face on my refusal.
153. Pull one s leg (to befool someone) Dont pull your friends leg.
154. Pay through nose (face the music) You will pay through nose for your misdeeds.
155. Put the cart before horse (to do contrary) It is wrong to put the cart before horse.
156. Red tape (official delay due to Our officers suffer from red tape.
157. Read between the lines(to know the hidden) Be prudent and read between the lines
158. Rank and file(common people) He helps the rank and file.
159. Small talk (to gossip) After dinner, we made small talk.
160. Smell a rat (to smell danger) The thief smells a rat and ran away.
161. Show white feather (show coward-ness) Dont show white feather in fight.
162. Scot free (to be free completely) The thief got Scot free.
163. Split hair (to scrutinize) He is in habit of splitting hair.
164. Stand on ceremony (to be formal) Dont stand on ceremony and feel at home.
165. Spick and span (neat and tidy) She keeps the house spick and span.
166. Spread like wild fire (spread very fast) The news of row spread like wild fire.
167. See eye to eye with (to get agree) He sees eye to eye with me in this matter.
168. Take to task (to reprove) The student was taken to task by the teacher.
169. Take ill (to mind) Dont take my remarks ill.
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170. Tell upon (break down) Hard work fell upon his health.
171. Talk shop (talk of ones own business) He always talks shop.
172. Take ones heals (run away) The thief took to his heal to see a police man.
173. Take to heart (take seriously) He has his failure to heart.
174. Taken aback (surprised) He was taken aback to see me there.
175. Turn over a new leaf(start life afresh) After marriage, she turned over a new leaf.
176. Turn a deaf ear to (not to listen) He turned a deaf ear to my advice.
177. Turn coat (disloyal/traitor) Dont believe him as he is a turn coat.
178. Turn tail (to run away) The thief turned tail in darkness.
179. Turn turtle (to upside down) The bus turned turtle after accident.
180. Through thick and thin(through all sorts) I shall stand by you through thick and thin.
181. Throw dust in ones eyes (to deceive) Ali tries to throw dust in his parents eyes.
182. Take fancy to (like some one) He has taken fancy to that girl.
183. To get wind of (to be informed of) He got wind of her marriage from his friend..
184. With heart and soul (fully) He does every thing with heart and soul.
185. Up to the mark (having reasonable) His performance in paper is up to the mark.
186. Under a cloud (to be dishonoured) He is under a cloud for his negligence.
187. Uphill/Herculean task (difficult task) It is not good to play with fire.
188. Wet blanket (discouraging person) He is a wet blanket.
189. Well off (to be rich) He is well off because his income is very high.
190. Wear and tear (depreciation) The wear and tear can be seen on this machinery.
191. Win laurels (to earn fame) Churchill won laurels in English literature.
Phrasal Verbs
192. Bear out ( to confirm/certify) He bears out my honesty.
193. Belong to (come of) She belongs to a noble family.
194. Back out (dishonour commitment) Ali does not back out of his words.
195. Bring home to (to explain) My teacher brings home to us all the points
196. Bring about(cause) What brought about your failure?
197. Bring up (to rear, to educate) He brought up her only daughter well.
198. Break down (stop functioning) His car broke down on the way.
199. Break away (to run away) The thief broke away from the jail.
200. Break out (to spread) Cholera broke out in city.
201. Break into (enter violently) The thief broke into the house.
202. Break through (pass through) The thief broke through the crowd.
203. Call for (demand, need) Success calls for hard work.
204. Call in ( call for help) nThe nurse called in the doctor.
205. Call off (to stop something) The workers called off the strike.
206. Call to account (Call for explanation) The manager called the clerk to account.
207. Carry out (to execute orders) He carries out my orders.
208. Carry on ( to continue) He carried on working hard.
209. Come out (to appear) The new edition of this book has come out.
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210. Come off (to happen) Our village fair will come off next Sunday.
211. Come across (meet by chance) I came across my old friend in the garden.
212. Come round (to get round) He comes round his wife by arguments.
213. Comes of (have relation to) Ali comes of a great family.
214. Cast away ( to throw) He cast away his old books.
215. Cast down (be unhappy) He was cast down by his failure.
216. Cut short (be brief) Please cut the matter short as I am busy.
217. Cut down (to reduce) He cut down his expenditures.
218. Deal in (to do business) He deals in sugar.
219. Do away with (eradicate) We should do with injustice.
220. Die out (disappear) Many old customs are dying out gradually,
221. Drop off (to fall asleep) The patient has just dropped off.
222. Do up (to decorate) He did up his house with beautiful things.
223. Fall in with (happen to meet, agree to) Ali fell in with my views at once.
224. Fall out (to quarrel) He fell out with his friend for nothing.
225. Fall through (to fail) The scheme fell through for want of funds.
226. Fall off (to decrease) My income is falling off.
227. Go off (explode) The bomb went off in the Hall.
228. Get through (to succeed) You will get through by hard work.
229. Get at (reach, gain access to) I cannot get at the top position.
230. Get over(forget) Chips could never get over Katherine.
231. Go through He goes through his course in a week
232. Give away (distribute) The principal gave away the prizes.
233. Give in ( to yield) The enemy gave in.
234. Give up (to hand over) You should give bad habits.
235. Keep up with (go forward with You cannot keep with the class.
236. Lay by/put by/set aside ( to save) Lay be something for a rainy day.
237. Look down upon (to hate) We should not look down upon the beggars.
238. Look after ( to take care) He looks after her mother.
239. Look forward to ( to expect eagerly) I look forward to seeing you.
240. Look for (to search) He is looking for his lost book.
241. Make good (to compensate The company will make good our loss.
242. Make up for (Make up) (compensate) Hard work will make up for the loss.
243. Make out ( to understand) He easily made out my point of view.
244. Put off(to postpone) We should not put off any matter.
245. Put up with (endure; tolerate) Mr. Jinnah had to put up with many hardships.
246. Put down (to lower, to suppress) The police put down the crowd.
247. Put on (clothe) The manager put on his hat.
248. pass by ( to ignore) He always passes by my mistakes.
249. pass away(to die) The old man passed away last night.
250. part with (to do with out a thing) He cannot pass with his old car.
251. part from(to do with out a person) He cannot pass from his mother.
252. Set out (to start on a journey) Marco Polo set out for China in 1271.
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253. Set off ( to start) We shall set off Lahore tomorrow.

254. Set in (to begin) Spring has set in.
255. Set up (to establish) He set up a new company.
256. See off (to depart with complements) He will see off the guests.
257. See through (to understand) I can see through your problem.
258. Stand out (to look prominent) His performance stands him out from others.
259. Stand for (to represent) He stands for intelligence.
260. Stand by (to support) I shall stand by you through thick and thin.
261. Run short of (to fall short of) He ran short of money.
262. Run out (to finish) His money has run out.
263. Run over (knock down) The car ran over a beggar.
264. Send for (ask someone to go and bring) Please send for the doctor.
265. Take down (write) Please take down the main points.
266. Take for (misunderstand) He took me for Ali.
267. Take to (to be accustomed to) He has taken to smoking.
268. Take after (to be similar to) She takes after her mother.
269. Take into account (note, consider) The judge took my views into account.
270. Tell upon(on) (influence adversely) His hard work told upon his health..
271. Turn down (refuse to consider) My case was turned down by the Board.
272. Turn up (arrive) The chief guest has not yet turned up.
273. Turn out/off ( extinguish) Please put out the light.
274. Write off (to cancel) He wrote off my loan.
275. Work out (to solve) He worked out the problem.
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Important Prepositions
(05 marks)
Set-A Set-B Set-C Set-D
Astonished at Catch at Hard on Prior to
Attend on Confident of Invite to Prevent from
Attend to Comes of Hostile to Persist on
Agree with Consist of Indebted to Ponder over
Agree at Charged with Inclination to/for Quick at
Agree on Control over Interfere with Relieve of
Angry with Cheque on Indifferent to Rely on
Angry at Cure of Inform of Rescue from
Acceded to Compare to Impose on Revenge on
Aim at Compare with Indifferent to Rob of
Approve of Congratulate on Interfere with Repent on
Allot to Deaf to Involve Proficient in
Attach to Deprive of Jump up Run over
Aware of Depend on Jealous of Remind of
Afraid of Die of justified in Reward for
Absorbed in Die for Keen about Succeed in
Accomplished in Dwell at Kind to Smile at
Adorned with Deal in Key to Sick of
Adverse to deal with Knock at Senior to
Ashamed of Differ from Knocked out Sure of
Abide by Disgusted with Long for Side of
Avail of Displeased with Leads to Startled at
Absent from Dear to Listen to Stare at
Adhere to Deliver to Lack of loyal to Short of
Addicted to Dream of Lust for Taste for
Alarmed at Drain into Look up Tired of
Adjacent to Enter into Lecture about True to
Based on Envious of Laugh at Trust in
Burst into Eligible for Made from Takes after
Believe in Enjoy of Made of Thankful to
Begins from Fond of Marry to Victim to
Beware of Faith in Note down Wrong with
Beg for Familiar with Notorious for Want of
Born in Familiar to Operate upon Write with
Born to Faithful to Object to Write down
Born at Fight for Objection to Write in
Bad at Furious at Oppose to Yearn for
Boast of Famous for Part with
Brag of Fill in Part from
Banished from Fire at Proud of
Become of Good at Preside at
Blind in Good to Plot against
Blind to Good of Popular with
Blessed with Gaze at Play at
Bring up Guilty of Play upon
Claim for Grumbled at Pray to
Clever at Hope for Prefer to
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Confidence in Happened to Prevail on
Notes
On
Important
Essays
(15 marks)
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1. OUR COLLEGE LIBRARY

A library is a place where books are kept for reading. In libraries books are arranged alphabetically and
catalogued properly. There are proper shelves to put them.
Libraries are knowledge house. They have treasure to be utilized properly. Libraries are necessary for
educational, social and national progress. Students, scholars, literary man and book lovers visit them.
And they get information and knowledge through libraries.
Our college library is not so big. But, it has the most useful books. Our college library is in the new
building of our college. It has a hall, a reading room and three small rooms. There is also a small office
for the librarian. The hall of the library is at its centre. There are almirahs of books on all sides of the
hall. Long tables and chairs are placed beside them. Students sit here and study. The reading-room of the
library, a kind of small hall, is on the entrance side of the library. Big round tables with chairs around are
to be found here. Newspapers and magazines lie on these tables all the time. During the recess, the
reading-room is crowded.
In our library, we have the latest books on the sciences and the arts. The largest number of books are
perhaps on the English language. We can find books by famous English, American, Canadian, Australian
and our own language experts. The books on English literature are no less than a vast treasure. Here we
find the writing of world-renowned novelists, storywriters, poets, dramatists and critics. There are a great
many books on Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Baluchi poetry, prose and fiction. I think we should
have more of such books by old as well as new writers.
It is planned to get more books from other countries on English, American, French, Russian, Chinese,
Japanese, Persian and Arabic literature and to expand the library. Already some books on Persian and
Arabic literature have arrived. It will be most proper if soon most of the standard books on the English
and Urdu language and literature and on the main sciences are made available in the library. There is a
special section for poof students in our library. They can get books of their r courses from here for a year
or more. It is perhaps the most useful service that the library has been performing for many years. We are
glad that old students, famous writers, rich traders, industrialists and landowners contribute generously to
the library fund of the college.
Our college is rightly proud of the library. I think that in the coming years it will expand to become one
of the biggest college libraries in the country. The government has already sanctioned funds for the
construction of a separate library block in the college. 463
2. TECHNICAL EDUCATIONS
Technical education is a branch of vocational education. It plays an important role in the progress of a man,
a society, a nation and a country. It means the teaching and learning of technology and its techniques.
Technical education means education about different kinds of machines. Modern civilization is dominated
by science and scientific development.
Technical education makes us skilled so that we may be able to handle the machines properly. There are
a large number of joys, which cannot be properly performed till technical knowledge is acquired.
Technical education plays an important role in making a country rich, prosperous, resourceful and strong.
Too much technical education does, however, convert a man into a machine. A man's specialized
knowledge makes him unfit for other jobs. In order to make technical education useful, we should also get
spiritual or moral education. No education can be called complete in the absence of spiritual or moral,
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education. It is important for our developing country. We have to establish new industries and expand the
new ones.
The situation of technical education in Pakistan is quite worse. Our literacy rate is not going over 50% that
is almost the lowest. And the state of technical education is even worse than that. Our country is rich in raw
material resources, but we cannot derive their benefits because we lack in technical education. In our
country there are jobs but not suitable and trained hands. This is very strange and difficult situation. We
need a big force of trained and skilled workers. We need trained hands for rapid industrialization,
agriculture, and irrigation and in machine production etc. In Pakistan, this problem is giving birth to other
problems. Unemployment leads to indiscipline, crimes and violence.
Pakistan can progress by fundamental changing in our educational policies and programmes. We need
urgently more technical schools, polytechnics, vocational and professional colleges. Our technical
education can put Pakistan on the international map. We can get good result by using the resources. Our
progress depends on our becoming vocational oriented. This is the only direction we should move in and
move fast.
Though the government has paid attention, yet it needs immediate and full attention. Vocational,
technical schools and colleges should be opened almost in all cities. It is now obvious that all the
progress of country depends upon its progress in the field of technical education.
Technical education plays important role in the economic and industrial development of a country. If we
want to make our country rich, prosperous and strong, we must have to establish more and more
technical institution in our country. 432
3. LIFE IN A COLLEGE HOSTEL

Home life cultivates emotions of man where as hostel life develops individuality. Hostel life is a strange
blend of personal liberty and responsibility. Hostel is an essential part and parcel of the college building.
Hostels are usually provided for those who come from far off areas and do not have their residence.
In a hostel, person is able to develop independent relations with his roommates and with other students.
These relations are based on feelings of equality, which is missing at home. At home a person may talk to
his father and only as a son and to his younger brother only as an elder, in the hostel there is the sense of
equality.
A person learns to live within means. While-living in the hostel one gets a fixed amount of money every
month and he cannot demand more money at any time of the month. At home one can get money from the
father and the mother but in the hostel one has to be very particular about one's budget. This habit of economy
stands in good stead during one's life.
Hostel life develops good habits. It teaches the boarders a new sense of responsibility. In this way, they
develop the qualities of practical work, self-control and self-judgment. This gives an insight into human
character. They have to avoid enmity, hatred and jealousy. They learn how to face others. They learn
discipline. As a result, they are able to lead their later practical life in a disciplined manner.
In hostel one gets every opportunity for studying properly. One can study through out the night without
disturbing the sleep of the other members of the family. Moreover one can easily consult class fellows in
the hostel, whereas at home that type of help may not be available.
Hostel life creates different qualities. Boarders can organize dramatic performances and variety shows.
Picnic parties and excursions can be undertaken as frequently as time and funds allow. They can publish
magazines and hold debates. These qualities develop their creative qualities.
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In hostel, a student learns to co-operate. In various different matters like cleaning the rooms and
corridors, getting the clothes washed or providing facilities to some guests from others and gets help in
return. Hostel life in this sense is corporate or group life in which the problems of one are on many
occasions, the problems of all.
Hostel life has also its dangers for the young students who have immature minds. Some students are led
astray by evil associates. Misuse of liberty corrupts many. Most of the fun loving students waste their
precious time and money in trivial activities. They create disturbance and spoil the intelligent minds. As
a mob, symmetries they destroy college and hostel property for merely their enjoyment.
In nutshell there are bright as well as dark aspects of hostel life. Only the boarders also pay proper
attention to their studies, can derive the benefits of hostel life. On the whole, the hostel life is very
pleasant. It makes the boarders punctual, and disciplined and responsible.516
4. SCIENCE IN THE SERVICE OF HUMANITY

Science means knowledge which we get by observation and experiments. It is the knowledge of
discoveries and inventions. It is a way of exploring the nature and its mysteries.
In modern times science has progressed miraculously. It started during Renaissance period in 15th and
16th century. New discoveries and inventions had been added and it developed into a systematic
knowledge. It is said that the world has progressed so much in recent time as it has never done in its
whole history.
Science is useful in various ways. It has done much in every walk of life. In the field of health, it has
done miracles. In past diseases were considered incurable and the results of mysterious powers. Death
rate was alarming. Most people died during the prime age. There were no doctors and no medicines. But
now the most fatal diseases are cured in an ordinary way. Most sophisticated instruments; machines and
antibiotics have revolutionized the field of medical science. In the field of travel, now long distances are
covered in minutes and hours that were not possible in months and years in the past. Fast aeroplanes,
comfortable trains and luxury coaches have made travelling easy and comfortable. Sanitation and food
preservation methods have done wonders to prolong the life span of man. Communication is so easy that
it is not difficult to look for a man anywhere in the world. Weathers are no more terrifying. Houses are
like palaces and roads are highways.
In nutshell life has never been so easy as it is now. But science has also made our lives difficult and
distressing. Nervous breakdown and depression are common due to overwork. In the name of defense,
new weapons of various sorts have been discovered to annihilate humanity from the face of the earth.
Atomic arsenals are a source of permanent fear. It is said that in the entire human history two world wars
destroyed half of the population in just two events that had never ever occurred due to natural
catastrophe. It was all because of Science. Tanks, missiles and fighter jets are some gifts of this Science
for killing.
But it is not all the wickedness of science but of our own tiny brain. Science is just a knowledge that can
be used for good as well as for bad purposes. It is its use that matters. In itself it is just nothing. Let us
promise to use it for the benefit of mankind and renounce its wicked uses. 415
5. HORRORS OF SCIENCE
This modern age is definitely k& the age of Science. It has changed the life of man so much that it is
impossible to come out of its spell. It is a fact that modern science has brought many positive changes but
it has also caused suffering and fearful expected annihilation of almost all the mankind.
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If we think rationally, Science is the branch of knowledge that deals with matter only. It can mould and
change matter in either way. But man is a combination of spirit as well matter, and his spirit plays an
important role. This is man's spirit which has invited him to look for constructive as well as destructive
ways. These destructive desires led him to discover some harmful medicines, germs, poisons and
dangerous inventions.
First of all it was the discovery of fire and gunpowder that were used in battles and wars. Then guns and
cannons were invented. Men and animal began to become the fodder of these inventions and discoveries.
Then there came innovations in all these wicked inventions. Tanks revolutionized the military science
and airships were used in wars. They were modernized and changed into fast-moving tanks and high
speed bombers. All these discoveries and inventions found their proper use in 1914, in the First World
War and in 1939, in the Second World War. -
But most of all are not as deadly as a single stroke of an atomic bomb. This deadly weapon was invented
in 1945 and used by America over Japan. Though it was used only over two cities, yet it transformed the
whole concept of modern warfare. It annihilated about four million people in just two explosions. Then
that, there are missiles, unmanned aeroplanes, and poisonous gases were made and spread all over the
world. At this time many countries have developed their industrial units to destroy the enemy countries
and in some cases the whole world.
But none of them is unaware of the consequences. First atomic explosion killed more than one hundred
thousand people. In the Second Word War about six hundred thousand people were dead.
In the last, we must think seriously of the use of science in such a devilish manner and keep in mind its
horrible consequences. After, all there are still rational minds to think about humanity. We must live and
let others live peacefully. We should not use these terrible weapons no matter what happens. 404
6. COMPUTER/MODERN AGE AND COMPUTER

Computer is derived from the word "compute" which means "to calculate". So we can define computer as
an electronic device which takes input and converts it into output. In olden times a device named
"Abacus" was used to solve mathematical calculations. Two mathematicians "Allan Matheson" (1912-
1954) from England and "John Von Neumann" (1903-1975) from Germany worked on Al-Khiwarzimi
principles and invented a machine computer.
In the beginning computers were large in size. They were also slow and their price was very high. With
the passage of time, a great development has been done in the field of computer. Computer has great
influence on our daily life. It is being used in every field of our daily life. It may be called as the greatest
invention of the last century. The concept of cyber world and internet has revolutionized our life. The use
of computer has become very common. It is being used in scientific research, space research, missile
technology, banking, laboratories, hospitals etc. It has made the working very easy.
Computer has become a multipurpose device now-a-days. It can be used to perform many functions such
as a movie player, a sound recorder etc. The introduction of computer disk (commonly known as CD) has
changed the previous concept of computer. These inventions have made it a source of entertainment.
The above mentioned are the advantages of having or using a 'computer but we can not ignore the darker
side of its usage. It has mechanized our life too much. We begin to use our minds lesser and lesser and
begin to depend on machines more and more. Spending too much time with computer is harmful to our
sight. Games waste our time. The use of internet is increasing tremendously. All and sundry have craze to
use it. It is becoming more and more popular. The introduction of chatting has increased its charm. Many
young men waste their time in bluffing others. Teenage girls and boys often fall in love during chatting.
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There are also a number of immoral and obscene sites on internet which are purely made for adults.
Teenage as well as the middle aged people are often found exploring these sites. It exercises a very bad
effect on their minds.
Computer, the greatest invention of the last century, should not be used to waste time or to spoil minds. It
should be used for knowledge and progress only. The right use of computer can lead us to the path of
progress and prosperity and vice versa. 418
7. MOBILE PHONES
It is an era of science and technology. The progress in the field of communication has surprised the
world. Today mobile phone is considered a wonderful invention in the world of communication. Only a
hundred years ago, the only means of telecommunication was the telegraph, and then came the telephone.
The latest addition in this field is mobile phone. Mobile phone has become very popular in our lives. It
always remains with us like a good friend. It has become the need of all and sundry.
Mobile phone was first introduced in early 1980. They were expensive-and hence beyond the reach of
masses. In the beginning, the short range mobile phones were used but later on they were developed into
large range mobile phones. Now-a-days, the communication through mobile phone is done by satellite.
Mobile phones have a lot of advantages. They are the quickest source of communication. We can
exchange our views with one another as long as we need and want. They have made life and business
easier and faster for the people round the world. They have increased and expanded our volume of trade
and tradition. They have made the business safer, quicker and cheaper. The money exchangers do their
business on mobile phones.
Mobile phones can protect us from the criminals and the terrorists. In danger we can easily contact the
police for help. Many parents provide mobile phones to their children to know about the children's
whereabouts. This gives them nothing but a sense of security and satisfaction.
On the other hand, mobile phone has become a status symbol. If you have no mobile phone you are
considered a person with no community links. The students at school and college level can not do away
without them. It has become their mania and phobia. If they have no mobile they consider themselves
low and mean.
No doubt, mobile phones are serving the humanity a lot. If it gives in a sense of security, it also provides
information to the criminals. Such people search their prey through this instrument. They have no
difficulty in contacting their partners, any time. Even prisoners can escape from the prison with the help
of this device. It is the worst enemy of the students. Students through out the day listen to music on it and
talk to their friends wasting their precious time. They also use it in the examination for unfair means.
It has affected our health as well. A mobile in the front pocket of the shirt affects our heart beat. It also
affects our memory and money, when we use it just for fun. It also causes restlessness and sleeplessness
to many of its user.
Despite hundreds of its demerits, this technology has revolutionized our lives.
8. INTERNET
The internet is a wonderful invention of the modern era. It has compressed global village. It is the biggest
global network of computers. It consists of millions or inter connected network. It was designed in
U.S.A. in early 1970. In the beginning, it was only used at the university level for exchange of research
data. Actually internet is a data communication system. It has made the things easier. We can easily send
and receive messages, letters, pictures important documents and videos with the help of internet.
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Throughout the world, millions of people use internet just to exchange information and communication
with each other.
Internet has become an integral need for any sort of business in this world. It is used as the most
powerful tool for advertising and marketing different products. It has become a market-place, where the
businessmen do their business, easily and successfully. It is a blessing for customers, vendors, business
partners in this global village.
Internet is called the treasure-house of knowledge. It is a rich source of information which can be sent
round the world in no time. It is a source of pleasure for the scholars. It has become easy for them to
place their ideas on the internet. They can easily convey their message to the world by means of internet.
Online education is the most important contribution of this wonderful invention. It is used as a tool for
teaching, learning and promoting knowledge. It has brought revolution in the world of education. There
are many educational sites on internet. Just click and open the site of our choice. It is called the best
friend of a student as it deals with the business of the student. That is nothing but to get education.
However internet has its demerits with it. Kids use it just for entertainment. But such entertainments are
mere wastage of time. It turns them away from their studies. It weakens their eye-sight, as they sit for
long hours before internet.
Another pitfall of internet is that it can be misused by hackers. Such people use their skills. They are
experts of computers, who use internet to cheat, steal or misuse confidential or classified information for
the sake of fun as well as for profit. They also spread viruses just to corrupt or spoil saved data and files.
Pornography is another serious draw back of internet. It can easily corrupt and mislead the mind of an
immature computer user. Arguments can be made for and against internet. But the real thing in that
nothing is good or bad in the world, it is its use that makes it so. In this connection internet is a blessing
that can be used or misused at the same time. With all its draw backs, I think that internet is one of the
hest inventions of the world. It has brought the people closer and changed the world into a global village.
9. MY HERO IN HISTORY]
(THE QUAID-I-AZAM)
A hero is a man of great character. He has great courage. He has the guts to lead others. He has a strong
decisive power in him. His spirits are always high.
There are many heroes in human history. They were called heroes because they did heroic deeds. All of
them had exemplary Characters. They devoted their lives for noble deeds. But the heroes of the Muslims
outshine them. Out of the Muslim heroes, I am charmed by the towering personality of Quaid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
He was born On December 25, 1876 in a prominent mercantile family of Karachi. He was destined to change
the course of history in South Asia and to carve out a homeland for the Muslims of India where they could
pursue their destiny according to their faith and ideology.
From his very childhood, young Jinnah developed the habit of independence and self-reliance. He got his
early education from a local Maktab. In 1892, after passing his matriculation examination he was called
to the Bar at the very early age of 16. He stayed for four year in England and on his return, started his
practice in Bombay. The early period was spent in hard and constant labour. However, he soon came to
be looked upon not only as a brilliant lawyer, but also as a man of great integrity and character. In 1910,
he was elected in the Imperial Legislative Council.
A lover of freedom and a great patriot, Mr. Jinnah joined the Congress for Hindu-Muslim Unity'. He soon
felt that the Congress was merely a camouflage for consolidating Hindu India at the expense of Muslim.
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In 1916 he left the Congress and joined the Muslim league. it was at the London Meetings of the Round
Table Conference during 1930-32 that he received the shock of his life. "In the face of danger" he said,
"The Hindu sentiment, the Hindu mind, the Hindu attitude led me to the conclusion that there was no
hope of unity".
Mr. Jinnah returned from England in 1934, and set out to galvanize the Muslim League into a most
dynamic organisation. "We are a Nation" he asserted, "with our own distinctive culture and civilisation,
language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of value and proportion,
legal/ laws and moral code, custom and calendar, history and tradition, aptitude and ambitions; in short,
we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law we are a
Nation."
In subsequent years, Mr. Jinnah, popularly known by the title 'Quaid-e- Azam' (the Great Leader), came
to symbolise the Muslim aspirations for a separate independent homeland, and in 1940 the Muslim
League, under his inspiring leadership, demanded that India should be partitioned and the Muslim
majority areas should constitute the sovereign, independent State of Pakistan. It was his ardent advocacy
and unbending character, his unshakable determination and his 'Power of persuasion that brought about
the successful fruition of the Muslim struggle in the shape of Pakistan.
The Quaid was seventy one when Pakistan was born. He was spared by Almighty only for one year to set
the ship of the new State on its keel. He died on September 11, 1948 deeply mourned by a grateful
Nation but as one of the great immortals of history. 553
10. MY FAVOURITE POET

(ALLAMAIQBAL)
Allama Muhammad Iqbal is generally known as a poet and philosopher, but he was also a jurist, a
politician, a social reformer, and a great Islamic scholar. People even bestowed on him the title of
"Shaere-Mashriq" (Poet of the East!). It may sound strange that Iqbal never considered himself a poet as
is evidenced by his correspondence with Syed Sulaiman Nadvi [1885-1953].
"I have never considered myself a poet. Therefore, I am not a rival of anyone, and I do not consider
anybody my rival. I have no interest in poetic artistry. But, yes, I have a special goal in mind for whose
expression I use the medium of poetry considering the condition and the customs of this country."
(translated from the original in Urdu; Maktoobat, Volume I, page195)
Allama Iqbal was born of Kashmiri parent in 1876 at Sialkot. In his childhood Iqbal was mediocre
student. He received his early education in has native town from a renowned scholar Maulvi Mir Hassan
who specially taught him Arabic and Persian. He infused in him the true spirit of melody and lyricism
that was a particular characteristic of poetry in Arabic and Persian. After passing his intermediate
examination from Murray College, Sialkot, he came to join the Government College, at Lahore. He
took his M.A. in Philosophy with distinction and joined the Government College Staff. Soon he went
to England where he studied the law. When he came back he settled down in Lahore as practicing lawyer.
But he never felt keenly eager for this profession as he had a higher calling before him. At this time his
first book, Bang-I- Dara appeared. It contained some poems of his early youth. These poems were quite
different in matter and tone from the poems that were popular in those days.
Iqbal's poetry has an important lesson for the youth. It was full of revolutionary ideas. It reminds the
Muslim youth of their past glory and makes them think of the abyss to which they have fallen from a
high pedestal. His poetry brings the youth face to face with historical facts. He expresses in categorical
terms that the Muslims touched the zenith of glory on account of their love for learning. He advises them
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to make strenuous effort to regain the lost glory which once had been the distinguishing feature of their
forefathers. His poetry is ranked amongst the world's best poetry. It has been translated into many
languages of the world. He was knighted for his world-class service in the field of poetry. His most
famous Work is Zarb-e-Kaleem, Zaboor-e-Ajam, Piayam-e-Mashriq, Ball-e-Jibrael and Issar-e-Khudi
etc.
Iqbal was the first man who visualized Pakistan and in his presidential Conference at Allahabad, in 1930,
clearly pointed out to the partition of India. His dream realized on the 14th of August 1947 after his
death. He died on Apri121, 1938 at Lahore and was laid to rest near Badshahi Mosque. An academy
named after him has been established by the Government of Pakistan to promote and disseminate the
messages and teachings of Allama Iqbal. 510
11. IMPORTANCE OF GAMES

Education means an overall development human body, mind and soul. Physical education comes first of
all. Games are part and parcel of man's life. A sound mind depends upon a sound body. For a sound and
healthy body, some physical exercise is inevitable. The bookworms lost their health and eye - sight by
over study. They win positions and prizes in the examinations, but fail in health. In the long run, they also
fail in life. Games are introduced to keep the student motivated and disciplined.
There are two types of games. These are out door and indoor games. Out door games include football,
hockey, cricket, baseball etc. Indoor games include cards, carom, chess, table tennis, etc. Some games
like badminton can be played inside a building as well as outside.
Games have many advantages. A sportsman leads a happy and successful life. His life is active. He find
thrill everywhere. He is full of zest and zeal of life. His eyes shine with joy. His cheeks glow with sound
health. Games make out minds healthy and active. They enable us to bear and to face difficulties and
hardship of life with a smiling face and patience. They give us peace of mind. They regulate and
smoothen all the system of our body. They keep the circulation of blood in healthy condition. Our
digestive system remains ideally fit. Our muscles become strong due to games. They keep us away from
anxiety and worries of leisure.
Games mould our character. They teach us discipline, tolerance, patience. They develop a sense of
cooperation, self- confidence. When we are in the playground, we are bound to follow the rule that
teaches us in our later life to become law - binding citizens. They have also their social and moral values.
To conclude, it is now obvious that games have a great importance in human life. These make us healthy,
strong and happy. These create a sense of responsibility, the sense of cooperation and unity. These make
us self- confident and disciplined in every field of life. These have, therefore, become an inevitable part
of education in the modern age. 356
12. A VISIT TO A HISTORICAL PLACE

Man wants change from routine life. It provides refreshment, joy and entertainment. An escape from
monotonous life is a must. A picnic provides all these. It is a good opportunity to go out of doors in the
open amidst nature. A picnic is an occasion to away from the boring and familiar surroundings.
The main objective of the visit is to change the atmosphere to have some fun and study of the behavior
and manner of the people during the visit. Another purpose for the students is to introduce them to some
novel places and people.
Last Sunday, we decided to go for out going. I had not seen the tomb of Jahangir. So, all got agreed that
this historical place should be visited. So we started preparing for this visit. We hired a taxi and reached
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there in one hour. The magnificent Tomb of Jahangir was before our eyes. It is a very attractive and
convenient place. There are vast lawns, open spaces, green surroundings and many tree groves. The
artificial water channels and water falls add more to its attraction.
We reached there in the morning at about 10. We spread a big bed sheet and sat there enjoying the natural
surroundings. It was pleasant day of early March. There was fragrance in the air and many types of
flowers had began to blossom. They presented a colorful feast to eyes. Birds were chirping on the trees
and in the bushes. There were the moments of sheer delight.
We took a stroll. In an inner room sleeps the great Mughal Emperor. The emperor was lying in his grave
silent, friendless and alone. This was the great king who had led a life of luxury, surrounded by countries.
Now he was helpless and companionless. The walls of this room have curious and coloured designs on
them. The huge mausoleum has a vast terrace. The main building of the mausoleum is a fine and
impressive specimen of the Mughal Art and architecture. In each corner, a minaret soars up in the sky
went up and from the platform of a minaret saw the city of Lahore, a wonderful sight.
At about 2:30 p.m. in the afternoon, we took our lunch to our heart content. Mother had prepared a
number of special and tasty dishes. In dessert we enjoyed some sweets and ice-creams. Then we had
some rest amidst the pleasant and quiet surroundings. After the rest, we played badminton.
In the evenings when the sun began to set in the west, we packed our belongings. We reached home quite
refreshed.
It was an enjoyable visit we made the most of it. It was quite informative as well. I gained much
information and was highly pleased with what I saw. 459
13. A PICNIC PARTY / A VISIT TO HILL STATION

Man wants change from routine life. It provides refreshment, joy and entertainment. An escape from
monotonous life is a must. A picnic provides all these. It is a good opportunity to go out of doors in the
open amidst nature. A picnic is an occasion to away from the boring and familiar surroundings.
The main objective of the visit is to change the atmosphere to have some fun and study of the behavior
and manner of the people during the visit. Another purpose for the students is to introduce them to some
novel places and people.
To pass the vacations or leisure time while living in Lahore is almost very simple. People often chose to
visit a nearby hill station which is none other than Murree. The scorching heat of July was blaring
everything. We were dying to leave the blazing heat of Lahore as soon as possible. Last July, we, a party
of five friends, went on a picnic to Murree Hills. We left Lahore early in the morning on a luxury bus.
There were so many fascinating scenes on the way as we passed through green fields, rivers, mountains
and residential areas. After five hours journey, we reached Islamabad.
It was a totally different ride from Islamabad to Murree. The scenery on both the sides was gorgeous and
picturesque. We crossed a number of mountain torrents of clear water. We enjoyed bathing in them. After
two hours we reached Murree.
Murree was cool even in the month of July. We left our baggage in an already booked hotel room and
came out on the mall road. Wandering on the mall road in Murree is one of the most pleasant experiences
of my life. Although we were tired, we walked a long walk and took photos. Our appetite sharpened as
we saw many food stalls around. We hurried to one of the stalls and ate to our fill. It was enough for the
day and we decided to get back to our hotel to sleep.
Next day, we visited Ayubia and Nathia Gali. To fly around on a chair lift was a wonderful experience. It
was so fascinating and fairy-tale like. Pears and apples grew in abundance in the valley below. We came
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down and took some more photographs. We freely mixed with the people on the way. We found the local
people very frank, innocent and hospitable
We were thankful to Allah Almighty who has blessed Pakistan with such Eden-like places. The hills,
pastures, natural water falls and lakes are the weak point of every aesthetic person. We had some rest
amidst the pleasant and quiet surroundings. After the rest, we played badminton.
In the evenings when the sun began to set in the west, we packed our belongings. We reached home quite
refreshed.
It was an enjoyable visit we made the most of it. It was quite informative as well. I gained much
information and was highly pleased with what I saw. 495
14. MY HOBBY
The word 'Hobby' is derived from a "Hobby Horse" which is a stick fitted with a wooden horse and on
which small children ride for their amusement. So, hobby is a useful work in which one takes interest and
drives pleasure by doing it in spare time without any monetary benefit.
The number of hobbies is endless. Photography, music, stamp - collecting, traveling, gardening, playing
with children, teaching illiterate adults, playing games etc are some of the well known hobbies.
Hobbies make life more meaningful and enjoyable. After a day's hard work and labour, a hobby is so
refreshing and interesting. Hobbies prepare us for more hard work in the next day. They are very cheap
source of entertainment, enjoyment and meaningful use of leisure time. This is an activity purely to pass
the time. When the daily grinding routine and materialism makes a person bored and depressed, there
must be something to divert attraction. And this work is done, by a hobby.
Gardening is my favourite hobby through which I can see nature and enjoy it. Nature is a true and
dependent guide of man. Wordsworth contents that nature never betrays anyone who loves her.
My hobby is a good hobby. It is useful in many ways. It gives me pleasure. It refreshes me then I am
tired after the day's hard work. In the morning, it brings me in touch with green plants and flowers. In
this way, the lungs are filled with pure air and this is good for health. Besides this, it provides the family
with fresh vegetables.
My hobby is not just an activity. Now it gives me a lot of money. I planted some precious flowers and
vegetables. People come to me and buy them. It not only gives me satisfaction and pleasure but also
money. I am happy that I am earning enough to cover my college expenses, books and stationery.
Hobby, thus, is an interesting pursuit through which one desires pleasure, recreation and amusement in
the leisure. Hobby removes the monotony and melancholy of mind. Rather, hobbies have a great
educative value. Moreover, hobby gives a stimulus to better living. 358
15.CO-EDUCATION
Co- education means the teaching of boys and girls in the same school and under the same roof. It also
means imparting the same education to both the sexes without any distinctions. This system of education
aims at bringing boys and girls together.
Concept of co-education is not a new one in the formal set up of education. The great Greek philosopher
Plato had propagated the system of co - education will create a feeling of comradeship between boys and
girls. He felt that if men and women were taught together, it would develop their personality to the
maximum. They will not feel any shyness from each other. He advocates that it was the only method in
which both could become useful members of the society.
Co-education gives an early chance to boys and girls to know each other. Boys and girls educated and
trained together make better citizens, parents and couples.
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Economically also co-education is best suited to our country. Pakistan is a poor country and it cannot
afford to open separate schools for the boys and girls. Co - education is an economical system, because
both boys and girls can study in the same schools and the same staff can teach them.
It reaches a sense of healthy competition among them. In this manner they will work hard and pay
serious attention to their studies. A feeling of comradeship will also develop between the boys and the
girls. The boys will not indulge in even - teasing and the girls will not be afraid of the boys.
The co- education helps in making a right choice of partners in marriage. Girls become smart, intelligent
and practical and can choose their own husbands. There is no harm in educating girls and boys together
and what are needed are a little more imagination, watchfulness and cure. Students in co-education
colleges and schools should be given more personal attention and care. They need personal counseling
and guidance. They should be given education but with care and caution. If proper care is taken there
would be no harmful results.
Conservative people criticize the system of co education. Their arguments is that first of all it is un-
Islamic. They also fear that coeducation will develop immoral relationship between boys and girls. They
believe that in this system both the boys and girls will be spoilt. But these arguments do not hold much
water. Let us, therefore, accept that changing order and open more and more co-education institution in
future.
It is also right to say that an individual or a nation or a country, lacking in computer education or
computer literacy, will not be able to make progress in any field or activity of human life. 454
16. EDUCATION FOR WOMEN

The life is full of challenges and we have to struggle to overcome these problems. Education gives us
awareness of these problems and provides guidelines for their solution. Men and women are equally
responsible to make their lives worth living. Therefore education is equally important for men and
women.
Education plays an important role in moulding and building the character of an individual. It provides
him better understanding of his person and his environments. The development of personality does not
concern with men only. It is only necessary for women who compose an equally important portion of
human society. The need for female education, therefore, can never be denied.
Islam has emphasized on getting education and there is no discrimination in this regard. Even the first
verse that was revealed on The Holy Quran (PBUH) said that it is the obligation of every Muslims man
and women to get knowledge.
Education not only helps women to look after their won selves but also guides them in their family
affairs. The importance of education for women can never be over emphasized. By educating one man,
we educate an individual but education of a woman has its effort over the whole family. She is
responsible for rearing up of younger generation. Educated women only can infuse ideas in the mind of
their children and can make responsible citizens.
In developed countries women are sharing their responsibilities by taking equal part with men in
different fields of life. Moreover there is no sense in keeping half the population idle. Women must play
their part to the make their country strong. It is the duty of every Pakistani men and women to get rid of
the baseless conventions and popularize the idea of female education. The masses should be convince
that education enlarged the vision of women folk and raises them above the petty differences so common
in their sex.
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Nowadays the financial priority is at the forefront of every nation, it has become vital to employ this
large working force. And it is not possible without educating our women. It is because educated women
are now running schools, financial organizations, banks and medical institutes. Western societies have
realized this economic boosting factor and they are far ahead of us in almost every walk of life. Without
education a women a nation cannot dream of becoming a progressive and prosperous society because in
this way half of the population does not work and take part in nation building.
It is our duty to realize this fact and propagate it to our fellow brethren, if we want to become a proud
nation among the comity of nations. 442
17. MY FIRST DAY AT COLLEGE

Dream of the future are always beautiful and charming than the realities today. As soon as I appeared in
the matriculation examination, I started thinking of free, independent and interesting life of the college. A
college is a place of light of, liberty and of learning. Every schoolboy dreams of going to college and
entering a new world.
I shall remember my first day at college. It was no memorable. I got First Division in the Matriculation
Examination and my father decided to send me to college for further studies. I was very happy because on
that day one of my dreams was going to be realized. On first day I wore my uniform and shining pair of
school. I reached the college well before time.
The first day at college was considered to be important one because there used to be ragging in the
college. The seniors would make the new comers to indulge in strange action. So the seniors had work
out their own strategies and we have decided to act together. So as we entered the college and we met a
few seniors who were approaching you with an air of superiority they ordered us to stand in a line and
March. There are no ways but to obey. We were stamped as "first year fool". I was nervous. Some first
year students enjoyed the activities, some get offended. Later on we came across a few more group of the
seniors but we were able to outwit them somehow or other.
At 8 'O clock the college bell rang. Our first period English was to take place in the Room No.6 we
entered the room. The lecturer arrived and began to call over the roll numbers. It was quite amusing to
hear the boys responding to their roll numbers in different ways. After the roll numbers call, the lecture
spoke to us about the college rule and discipline. Then he introduced us to subject he was to teach. When
the period was over we moved to another room and we waited there for near about 30 minutes but not
teach turned up.
As soon as I moved out of the room I started thinking that in the college perhaps there is no regular
teaching work. We also heard some senior students saying that their courses have not been finished and
they do not know which books to be studied by them. This made me think that school life was better
where we were forced to work. We were supposed to attend only one period whereas no teacher turned
up during the other period. I felt a bit bored.
After the college was over, we were suturing home. My impressions of that day in the college are still
fresh memory. The work 'college' has been a great attraction to me ever since I was a student of tenth
class but the first day at college gave me a complete idea of the life there. It is meaningless and
uninteresting. I felt that life at the college is all play and no work that is also not good for a health
outlook. 523
18. MY LAST DAY AT COLLEGE
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In every college these is a tradition that the junior student give a farewell party to the senior outgoing student.
In this way in the government college every year the student of XI class give a farewell party to the XII class
student are departing for their board examination.
Yesterday was the last day of my college life. It was last day of second year as well.
It often happens that either the first or last days are remembered forever. They are memorable day. For
me it had its own importance. It was happiest day in my life in two ways. One is that it was end of era
and starts of another era and the second I am going to achieve my mission, which I had joined the college
years ago.
As I went to college, the gate looked to me quite different. It had its own attraction. Now it seemed
lovelier than before. Then I thought that from tomorrow, I shall not look at it daily. Then I entered and
saw flowers in the lawn, lush green gram and acacia trees. Everything was looking sad and gloomy.
The student of class XI had beautifully decorated the college with buntings and balloon. In the college
small stage has also been expected. On the stage were our honorable principal, wise principal and other
members of staff. The entire student sat on a carpet, which were spread in our ground. First of all we
assembled in the lawn of our college for the group photograph. After the photograph was taken we
assembled in the hall.
The principal of our college presided over the function. The moment of over of principal arrived, a
student of our garlanded him. After this a few item of culture program like songs, ghazals, jokes etc. were
arranged. There were certain students both in class XI and class XII who gave us well and touching
songs. Some student recited poem and couples befitting the occasion. The cultural program, which was
organized for the entertainment of the student and guests, was a great success.
In the end, our principal gave as his blessing in an inspiring and memorable speech. He advised us to lead a
disciplined and honest life. He also wished us success in our future career. His speech was very impressive. All
the students' clapped when he finished his speech.
After the end of the principals speech we were served with tea, biscuits, cakes and fruits. It was a fine
party which was liked by every one. This was indeed a memorable day in my life. I met my teachers. The
teachers blessed us by extending their good wishes for our forthcoming examination. Thus my happy and
sad day came to an end. But it will never fade from my memory. It was really a golden era with its own
colour. 494
20. PATRIOTISM
It is natural that people have deep, love, respect and support for their country. This feeling gives rise for
patriotism. Nationalism and patriotism are two side of the same coin. Loyalty to one's country is one of
the strongest human sentiments. Patriotism is the real strength of the country. On the other traitors are
sources of great danger. They are like wolves in sheepskin. They never hesitate to betray their country for
personal gains. A country has to guard itself against such elements.
Patriotism means a sort of love of a person with his birthplace, whether it a village a city or a country. On
a large love scale with one's is called patriotism. It is common human passion that compels a person to
sacrifice his dearest life at the altar of his country. It is manifested against invasion, aggression, and
attacks from foreign forces and internal subversive agents.
Annals of history are replete with the example of patriotic feelings. This feeling is not attached to any
particular religion, race or nation. Pakistan has produced so many great patriots and freedom fighters like
Ghazi I 11am Din Shaheed. Some other great leaders and patriots are Siraj-ud-Dula, Sultan Tipu, and
Liaqat Ali Khan and Dr. Abdul Qadir. We should draw lessons and inspiration from them. Even political is
also a sort of patriotism. A true political love his people and serve his compatriots sheer for his patriotic
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feelings. In the political', s word the politics is an eternal romance with his people and country. Roosevelt
the Quaid-I-Azam and Churchill are some prominent examples.
Patriotism is essential for the progress and property of a country. They are a must both in peace and war
Pakistan is full pf millions of patriots. They are ready to lay their lives for the country. They are real
source of Pakistans strength are wealth. But there are a few traitors as well. They act against the interest
of the country. They pass on secrets to India and other hostile neighbors. They explode bombs, spread
violence and create trouble. Such people should be exposed and brought to justice. There are great
dangers. Pakistan has to be vigilant against them. The Tax evaders, black marketers, profiteers and
corrupt people should be brought in account. They serve their selfish interests at the cost of the country.
Patriotism is the foundation of a country.
Faithfulness to one's country is a great virtue. It should be taught and developed in the youth. It means deep
interest in the development of a country. There are many occasions to show one's patriotism. But the best
occasion is during time of crisis. The common means patriotism can be seen in his labour, honesty, sincerity
and proper discharge of his duties.
In nutshell this feelings is quite inters and natural. A nation, which is patriotic, loves its country, its
people, its resources and everything. May God bless us with true patriotism, so that we could save our
country from external and internal enemies. 497
21. A CRICKET MATCH

A friendly cricket match between our College and the Old Boys team was played on the first Sunday of
last month. This was the most popular sport event in our college.
On that day, the Principal, the staff and almost all the students were present in the ground. At 9 am the
play started. The Old Boy's captain had won the toss and decided to bat first. Ali and Shahid opened the
innings for the Old Boys. Our fast bowler Saeed khan had the attack. He bowled quite fast but the
batsman hit him to the boundary. From the other end Zahid bowled the second over and his very first ball
uprooted the middle stump. The spectators went wild with excitement.
The next man appeared to be more confident. He sent the first ball to the boundary. He flashed at the next
ball and hit it again to the boundary. But the last ball of the over beat him and he was caught by the
wicket-keeper. At the other end, Saeed proved very expensive. He conceded 16 runs in the third over.
Zahid, however, was in great forms. In the first two hours, he claimed five wickets for 50 runs. All the
other bowlers failed to get any wicket. The Old Boys had run up a total of 150 for 5 wickets. The next
hour produced 100 runs for the loss of one wicket. At the lunch interval, the Old Boys declared their
innings at 250 for 6.
After the lunch, our team went in to bat. Our openers Rizwan and Saleem played steadily and scored 50
runs in the first hour. Then both were out in the same over. After that a collapse set in and wickets began
to fall at regular intervals. The score moved at a snail's pace. Old Boys' slow bowler Adnan was in a
terrific form. No batsman could face him. Adnan claimed 8 wickets for 60 runs.
The Old Boys were very happy over their success. The spectators were happy too. It was an interesting
game. 342
22. THE IDEAL STUDENT
The aim of education is to produce better men and women. This aim can be achieved only if the students
[
put their heart and soul in their work. A student is a person who devotes himself to the pursuit of
knowledge and learning. It is, therefore, the first and foremost duty of an ideal student to seek
knowledge.
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The pursuit of knowledge demands hard work and full devotion. Unfortunately, some students are
content to learn a few things that will get them through the examination. The ideal student is not satisfied
with this. Learning is a passion with him. It brings him pleasure and happiness, and makes a new man of
him. For him knowledge is not the name of a few formulae and bits of information.
The ideal student respects and honours his teachers who open the door of a new world to him He is
humble and obedient, the more he learns from his teachers, the more grateful he is to them The more
Knowledge he gets, the more humble he becomes. It is because knowledge and humility go together. An
ideal student is not a frog in a small well, but a person with a vision .An ideal student is not a bookworm.
He knows that a healthy body is necessary for a healthy mind. He takes interest in all the activities that
promote physical health. He goes to the playground with the same pleasure and enthusiasm with which
he frequents the library. An ideal student is not an unsociable person. He loves his fellow students and
takes part in all collective activities.
An ideal student believes in simple living and high thinking. He hates cheap and showy things but loves
cleanliness and beauty, he is kind and generous. He does not discourage or injure others by word or deed.
He respects others even if he does not agree to their beliefs and opinions. In short, the ideal student seeks
knowledge passionately, respects his teachers sincerely, loves his fellows and takes pleasure in healthful
activities. (338)
23. AN IDEAL TEACHER
An ideal teacher is a true builder of the nation. He is fearless, sincere and earnest in the discharge of his
duties towards the students and the nation as a whole. An ideal teacher is considered as an object of
admiration and devotion for the students. These days, students do not like to study from harsh and
unsympathetic teachers. An ideal teacher creates such a confidence in his students that they are always
ready to sacrifice for the cause of their teacher. It is found that these days many teachers always try to
find fault with work or deeds of their students instead of looking and changing their own attitudes. An
ideal teacher plays the role of lamp that shatters darkness, become the lighthouses that guide the
wandering ships to their right destinations and prevent accidents. An ideal teacher builds an everlasting
impression on the minds of his students. Such students then always remember ideal teachers and get
them enshrined in their hearts. The hardworking and hard task masters are always remembered and loved
by the students. The students think that whatever position they have, been able to attain is all due to the
able guidance or hard work of their teacher.
An ideal teacher tries to spend most of his time in the pursuit of studies. He is mostly after the latest
information and researches on various subjects. He goes through the journals and magazines to keep him
well-informed and to give up-to-date knowledge to his students. He treats the library of his school or
college as a temple of knowledge. He always tries to make the most difficult subject intelligible to his
pupils. He has the art to understand the difficulties of students and would come down to their level with
compassion and sympathy''. He always tries to be regular and punctual to set an example before his
students. Time is money for an ideal teacher who thinks that loss of a second means loss of hundreds of
minutes to the nation.
An ideal teacher displays extreme simplicity in spite of his extra ordinary academic attainments. He
dedicates his whole life to the cause of education. He never allows his students to be idle or
undisciplined. The vastness of his knowledge deeply impresses every student but an ideal teacher is
never proud of it. An ideal teacher is busy with his books and quest for some knowledge even after he
gets retired. In fact, ideal teachers never get retired. Since with age their depth of information and
knowledge goes on increasing, they always remain source of knowledge and guidance.
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For an ideal teacher, all students are alike. He is never partial to any student and is always fair. An ideal
teacher does not favour any student on grounds of his social status. He treats each student equally. He
always remains simple in his habits.
Ideal teachers are honoured not only at the state level but at the national level. I would love to become an
ardent student of an ideal teacher who is synonyms of honesty.
Everybody can be a teacher but an ideal teacher is 'one in million'. A teacher teaches only in class but an
ideal teacher teaches for a lifetime. 535
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24. MY AIM IN LIFE

Aim is very important in life. It provides direction to one's energies. It strengthens and emboldens man.
Robert awning says. "The aim if reached or not makes great the life." The aim is a motivating force. It
determines the course of action one's life. It is a guiding principle. Without aim, life is like a desert where
no flower blooms. Life without a clear aim and goal is worthless and depressing. It is not worth living at
all. It is rather a guiding star that gives direction to our lives and reflects our choice.
Everybody has an aim in his life. Some want to be CSP officers and some doctors. Some want to be
engineers; still others want to become chartered accountants. But I want to be a teacher. My family
members and friends deride for my choice but I don't care. Sometimes they inquire me that it would give
me nothing in the case of monetary reward. But my response is that I don't want it either. I want to
become what my Prophet (PBUH) wanted to become. I am his true follower and I shall follow his
footsteps.
My argument is that when inner satisfaction is achieved there is left nothing except to satisfy hunger,
shelter (o if sip and clothing. And when all these things are met easily we must do what our heart desires
and is satisfied. Hence I am doing what my heart desires.
I think it suits my nature. Teaching has become my second nature. I can't live without teaching. As
everybody is the victim of materialism and wants some job that should give pecuniary gains, there must
be some people to take care of humanity.
I want to serve and build humanity. And only a teacher does so. This is the greatest service to humanity.
Hence holy Prophet (PBUH) said "we have been sent to become teachers". And only the communities of
teachers remain attached with the knowledge. Hence Muslims have been advised by Allah in the Holy
Quran to pray for the increase in their knowledge.
Moreover in the profession of teaching one meets hundreds of personalities and faces. Their manners and
actions give a new insight into the psychology of men. A teacher then shows his feelings. He becomes
more patient and steadfast, and ultimately more humane.
That is the reason that I think teachers are better human beings. And I want to become a better human
being disregarding all comments against my choice. 414
25.WHY I LOVE PAKISTAN
It is quite natural for everybody to love his land, his people and his surroundings. Love for the country is
a part of our creed. These things have always a special appeal for man. People sacrifice their comforts
and their lives for their homeland such people are properly celebrated by the nation. Songs are sung in
their praise and monuments are built in their honour.
Love for the country is a part of our creed. It is neither developed nor created. Shakespeare says. "He,
who does not love his country, can love nothing." Love for Pakistan is deep rooted in our bones because
it was founded after a number of sacrifices. This love is beyond any description or claim.
I am thankful to God that my heart is also full of love for my dear country. My body and soul belongs to
it. My forefathers have been emotionally attached to it. My country has given me a lot. I have visited a
few other countries as well but the sweetness of my own country cannot be available anywhere else.
I never raise the question, "What has my country given to me?" I very often ask myself, "What have I
given to my country?" As a student I have not yet given something solid to my country but I have great
aims; As a student I believe in the policy of merit. I hope I will do something important when time
comes.
The love for my country is so strong in me that I find it difficult to narrate the reasons. Firstly, I love my
country because it is my country. It has given me my identity. On its land I learned to crawl and learned
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to walk. Its towns and villages have given me facilities and pleasure. Its institutions have given me
education.
Secondly, I love Pakistan because it was established in the name of Islam. It is one of the very few
countries which have ideology. We have to protect this ideology. The two-nation theory is root of this
ideology. Just to save the Muslims of the sub-continent from the cruel Hindus the Quaid-e-Azam worked
hard. This country is the result of his efforts for the Muslims and Islam. For this reason my love for my
country is great.
Thirdly, I love Pakistan because our elder generation has offered sacrifices. The Quaid's struggle was
peaceful and he managed to win freedom without bloodshed. But because of the evil designs of the
Hindus and the English important districts were given to India. The result was that the people had to
leave those districts. In the process, they underwent troubles which is very hard to describe.
Fourthly, I love Pakistan because its people are loving and co-operative. No doubt, they speak different
languages and have different cultures, but they are one nation. Wherever they are their hearts beat with
one rhythm.
Fifthly, I love Pakistan because its soil is rich. It is matchless for the production of foodstuff. God has
blessed us with a vast fertile piece of land. Our irrigation system is simply the best. Dams, rivers and
canals make our fields green and give us food full of energy.
Sixthly, I love Pakistan because of its natural beauty. Our fields are lush green and our hilly areas have
amazing scenic beauty. Tourists from other countries love to come here. Its area has a lot of variety, From
sandy deserts to the snow-capped mountains, everything is beautiful.
Seventhly, I love Pakistan because it is an Islamic country. Being a Muslim, I like to live with other
Muslims in the country where I can freely practise my religious obligations. I love Pakistan from the
heart, and I shall always love it. There is nothing sweeter on earth than my country.
Lastly, I feel sorry for Pakistan because its internal and external enemies are numerous. They are making
every effort to destroy it. It is my aim to defend my country to the last drop of my blood. I will always
keep its flag up. Long live Pakistan
26. TERRORISM
Terrorism means use of force and threats against persons, groups or governments for political or other
purposes. This use of force may be in the form of bomb blasts, killings on the roads and in the houses,
kidnapping for ransom, dacoities, damages done to the private and public property through fires, etc.
Terrorism is not a modern activity. Hundreds of years ago, the societies were not so organized as they are
today with modern facilities of roads, telephone, regular police force, and so on. Then heads of strong groups
of people, robbers and warriors made use of force and threats to life and property to get their aims.
Acts of terrorism have been on the rise in our country and in other countries for several years. Now
terrorism itself is quite organized activity. There are terrorist organizations which train terrorists for their
purposes. Sometimes these organizations are supported by foreign governments and huge funds and
modern weapons are easily provided to them. We should first of all consider the general causes of
terrorism.
Firstly, general frustration of common people promotes antisocial activities like terrorism Extreme
inequality, absence of opportunities for educated young men and injustice sometimes force them to become
enemies of the social system or the government.
Secondly, the whole social system is responsible for terrorism. We have two classes of very rich feudal
lords and poor farmers or labourers in the villages. In cities, there are rich businessmen, industrialists and
capitalists as well as poor masses. So, a wide gap of social difference between the two classes exists.
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Some of the have-nots desire to use force against the rich and the most powerful people and also against
the government for revenge or for snatching what others possess.
Thirdly, there are some regular terrorist organizations that usually work against the government. They try
to damage key government buildings, offices and public places like railway stations and airports with
bombs and destructive weapons.
Fourthly, religious leaders or parties engage in acts of terrorism as a result of sectarian differences. It is a
strange reality that religious differences and the existence of religious groups and parties lead to the use
of force and killing of people.
Terrorism needs to be checked very carefully. The government should force all the people illegally
present in the country to leave. It should make arrangements to stop the illegal forms of arms and money
into the country from abroad.
27. VILLAGE AND CITY LIFE
A village is composed of small population that is not advanced whereas a city is very advanced and has
large population. Life in a village is completely different from life in a city. This difference is like
distinction between earth and sky. These lifestyles are totally different from each other. It is hard to find
similarities between persons of different characteristics and same as with life in villages and cities. Cities
are getting more advanced everyday and it has forced people to leave their village pride behind and
become more city oriented. City and village life has characteristic that are similar and different.
Village life and city life are somewhat provincial. People can't think of a life beyond the boundaries of
their village or their city. Villagers think that villages are the best place to live, and people living in urban
places think that they are more fortunate. There are some similarities between both locations. Children in
the villages have their desires and ambitions like city children. They also want to be something in their
lives. Villagers, like urban people, are hard workers.
Education is the fundamental step for a child to begin his life. In this technologically advanced society, a
person can't do anything without education. Children in the cities are fortunate enough to have schools.
Every child goes to school with his aim focused, but children in villages don't have this opportunity.
Villages can't afford schools. Instead of going to schools, the children go to fields to work and to support
their families. Their aims mix with that soil. Maybe some children have dreams to be well educated, but
their dreams shatter because they don't get the opportunity to fulfill it.
City life is civilized and advanced; whereas village life is uncivilized and not advanced. Cities have
facilities to such an extent that it is difficult for villagers to achieve these facilities. Their standard of
living is very high as compared to villagers. Still both lives have significance of their own. Cities were a
part of villages someday. It is only the human mind that makes cities more advanced than the villages
and here education plays a major part. Education makes the mind broad.
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NOTES
ON
CORRECTION
(05 marks)
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Use of Noun
Incorrect Correct
1. The sceneries of Swat are lovely. The scenery of Swat is lovely.
2. The furnitures in this room are good. The furniture in this room is good.
3. She gave me two advices. She gave me two pieces of advice.
4. She shouted vulgar abuses at me. She shouted vulgar abuse at me.
5. She wrote three poetries She wrote three poems.
6. The hen ate many rices. The hen ate many grains of rice.
7. He made many mischiefs. He made many pieces/acts of mischief.
8. He ran into many troubles. He ran into much trouble.
9. He gave me two informations. He gave me two pieces of information.
10. She told me two news. She told me two pieces of news.
11. She took tea with her family members. She took tea with the members of her family.
12. Cattle is eating grass. Cattle are eating grass.
13. Cattles are eating grass. Cattle are eating grass.
14. Ten miles are a long distance. Ten miles is a long distance.
15. He gave me a fifty rupees note. She gave me a fifty rupee note.
16. Her hairs are curly. Her hair is curly.
17. Politics are a game. Politics is a game.
18. Two sheeps are eating grass. Two sheep are eating grass.
19. I like fresh fruits. I like fresh fruit
20. He grows a variety of fruit. He grows a variety of fruits.
21. I bought two dozens eggs. I bought two dozen eggs.
22. She bought some stationeries. She bought some stationery.
23. He caught two fishes. He caught two fish.
24. I have two works to do. I have two pieces of work to do.
25. I have a business in the office. I have a piece of business in the office.
26. We spent the summer vacations in Swat We spent the summer vacation in Swat
27. The United States are a rich country. The United States is a rich country.
28. The United Nations are not working for us. The United Nations are not working for us.
29. We have read many poetries. We have read many poems
30. He issues order to release him. He issues orders to release him.
31. He takes pain over his work. He takes pains over his work.
32. I have an urgent work/business at home. I have an urgent piece of work/business at home.
33. The tables leg is broken. The leg of table is broken.
34. She has Naeems book. She has book of Naeem.
35. I was busy in my study. I was busy in my studies.
36. I am twenty years old. I am twenty year old.
37. Vermin is seen everywhere in rainy season. Vermin are seen everywhere in rainy season.
38. He killed two deers. He killed two deer.
39. I saw many deers. I saw many deer.
40. He bought four scores of oranges. He bought four score of oranges.
41. For God sake, help me. For Gods sake help me.
42. For justices sake, I did so. For justice sake, I did so.
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43. Measles are spreading rapidly. Measles is spreading rapidly.
44. Please put your sign here Please put your signature here
Use of Pronoun
Incorrect Correct
45. I and he are friends. He and I are friends.
46. He and you are friends You and he are friends.
47. This pens is my. This pen is mine.
48. I, you and he will help the poor. You he and I will help the poor.
49. I, you and he deceive others. I, he and you deceive others.
50. Any one can do if one tries. Any one can do if he tries.
51. One of the dogs bite. One of the dogs bites.
52. One of the teacher died in blast. One of the teachers died in blast.
53. Neither of the three girls are my sister. None of the three girls is my sister.
54. None of the two boys are there. Neither of the two boys is there.
55. Either of the three girls are my sister. Anyone of the three girls is my sister.
56. Anyone of the two boys are there. Either of the two boys is there.
57. He along with his teachers are going. He along with his teachers is going.
58. He as well as you is in the wrong. He as well as you are in the wrong.
59. Neither he nor I is working. Neither he nor I am working.
60. Either you or she have done some thing wrong. Either you or she has done some thing wrong.
61. He is one of those boys who is mischievous. He is one of those boys who are mischievous.
62. I want a teacher for my son who is over forty. For my son, I want a teacher who is over forty.
63. It is I who are to blame. It is I who am to blame.
64. It is she not you who are to blame. It is she not you who is to blame.
65. He is taller than me. He is taller than I.
66. He is happy as her. He is happy as she.
67. This is yours book. This is your book. Or This book is yours.
68. Your work is better than mine work. Your work is better than my work. OR Your
work is better than mine.
69. One should do his duty. One should do one's duty.
70. A man should do one's duty. A man should do his duty.
71. He keeps himself away from smoking. He keeps away from smoking.
72. She was bathing herself in the pool. She was bathing in the pool.
73. Wise people avail of every opportunity. Wise people avail themselves of every
opportunity.
74. He enjoyed in the class. He enjoyed himself in the class.
75. Aslam and I are thieves. I and Aslam are thieves.
76. I and Aslam are social workers. Aslam and I are social workers.
77. Ali is the boy which I like the best Ali is the boy whom I like the best
78. I saw a bird who was pretty. I saw a bird which was pretty.
79. He is such a boy who is liked by me. He is such a boy as is liked by me.
80. He is the same boy who won the prize. He is the same boy that won the prize.
81. He is the boy who I like. He is the boy whom I like.
82. Whom is singing a song? Who is singing a song?
83. Who do you like the most? Whom do you like the most?
84. It is him. It is he.
85. Let she come in. Let her come in.
86. The matter is between she and I. The matter is between her and me.
87. None of the girls has done their work. None of the girls has done her work.
88. Neither of the two boys is doing their duty. Neither of the two boys is doing his duty.
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89. Either of die two boys is learning their lesson. Either of the two boys is learning his lesson.
90. Anyone of these boys is reading their book Anyone of these boys is reading his book.
91. Every boy is doing their duty. Every boy is doing his duty.
92. Each of us has paid their dues. Each of us has paid his dues.
93. The four girls are fighting with each other. The two girls are fighting with one another.
94. The jury was divided in its verdict The jury were divided in their verdict
95. The jury were united in their opinion. The jury was united in its opinion.
96. I saw a girl in the school who is lovely. In the school, I saw a girl who is lovely.
97. Both of they have gone. Both of them have gone.
98. He braver than we all. He braver than us all. Or all of us.
99. The two boys are helping one another. The two boys are helping each other.
100. One of the girl is wise. One of the girls is wise.
101. Yours truly. Yours truly
102. This pen is like me. This pen is like my pen.
103. Those who work hard they will pass. Those who work hard will pass.
104. He who is proud he is not liked. He who is proud is not liked.
105. You and I do your work You and I do our work.
106. They and we do their duty. They and we do our duty.
107. You and they obey their parents. You and they obey your parents.
Use of adjective
Incorrect Correct
108. Please give me any milk. Please give me some milk.
109. He did not give me some milk. He did not give me any milk.
110. She made tea with little milk. She made tea with a little milk.
111. She made tea with a little milk I brought. She made tea with the little milk I brought.
112. He earns few rupees daily. He earns a few rupees daily.
113. He spent a few rupees he had. He spent the few rupees he had.
114. She is taller than me. She is taller than I.
115. She is the tallest than her sister. She is taller than her sister.
116. He is the taller of the three. He is the tallest of the three.
117. She is more taller than I. She is taller than I.
118. This book is more ideal than that This book is ideal.
119. This car is more preferable than that This car is preferable to that
120. He is the most unique doctor in the city. He is a unique doctor in die city.
121. This cloth is more superior than that This cloth is superior to that
122. He is senior than me. He is senior to me.
123. She is the most tallest girl in the class. She is the tallest girl in the class.
124. He gained a first prize. He gained die first prize.
125. He loves every of his two sisters. He loves each of his two sisters.
126. I am elder than he. I am older than he.
127. She is my older sister. She is my elder sister.
128. She is the tallest of the two. She is die taller of die two.
129. The number of boys in our school are less. The number of boys in our school is small.
130. Yours sincere friend. Yours sincerely. OR your sincere friend.
131. He is a coward man He is a coward. OR He is a cowardly man.
132. She is much beautiful. She is very beautiful.
133. He spent whole the money. He spent the whole money.
134. He spent the all money. He spent all die money. ,
135. She has no any money to buy a pen. She has no money to buy a pen.
136. She is very tired to run. She is too tired to run.
137. Of the two, he is the best. Of the two, he is the better.
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138. It much fine today It very fine today
139. It is too cold today. It is very cold today.
140. He is a best student. He is a good student.
141. He is more fatter than I. He is fatter than I.
142. He is my older brother. He is my elder brother.
143. This story is much interesting. This story is very interesting.
144. She is elder than I. She is elder to me.
145. Where are your family members? Where are the members of your family?
146. His result is much encouraging. His result is much encouraging.
147. I was much happy. I was much happy.
148. I am much pleased to see you. I am much pleased to see you.
149. I am very obliged to you. I am very obliged to you.
150. He is a miser man. He is a miserly man.
151. All is the eldest man in the town. All is the oldest man in the town.
152. She is my oldest daughter. She is my eldest daughter.
153. What is the last news of the match? What is the latest news of the match?
154. She is a miser woman. She is a miserly woman. OR She is a miser.
155. This book is too much thick. This book is much too thick.
156. He is coward boy. He is cowardly boy. Or He is coward.
157. The braves are always respected. The brave are always respected.
158. This is a worth seeing place. The is a place worth seeing
159. Health is more preferable than wealth. Health is more preferable to wealth.
160. She is the most unique teacher in school. She is a unique teacher in school.
161. Please keep quietly. Please keep quiet.
162. This orange tastes sweetly. This orange tastes sweet.
[[
Use of verb
Incorrect Correct
163. She never speaks a lie. She never tells a lie.
164. She opened the knot She untied the knot
165. She has written a letter last night She wrote a letter last night
166. The boat drowned into the lake. The boat sank into the lake.
167. Two men sank in the sea. Two men drowned in the sea.
168. A duck was swimming in the pool. A duck was floating in the pool.
169. A boy was floating in the canal A boy was swimming in the canal.
170. A picture was hanged on die wall. A picture was hung on the wall.
171. The murderer was hung yesterday. The murderer was hanged yesterday.
172. The hen has lain an egg. The hen has laid an egg.
173. She was laying in the bed. She was lying in die bed.
174. You will pass if you will work hard. You will pass if you work hard.
175. If he worked hard, he win pass. If he worked hard, he would pass.
176. If he had worked hard, he will have passed. If he had worked hard, he would have passed
177. She said that she is ill. She said that she was ill
178. I fear to pass die exam. I hope to pass die exam.
179. I hope to lose die game. I fear to lose die game.
180. He told that he was ill. He told that he was sick
181. The boy has given the examination. The boy has taken the examination.
182. The lion invaded the hunter. The lion attacked the hunter.
183. She has taken admission to the college. She has got admission to the college.
184. He refused that he had told a lie. He denied that he had told a lie.
185. He denied to help me. He refused to help me.
186. He refuses the existence of God. He denies the existence of God.
187. She with her daughters are taking tea. She with her daughters is taking tea.
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188. I as well as you were wrong. I as well as you was wrong.
189. Either he or I are wrong. Either he or I am wrong.
190. A number of boys has failed. A number of boys have failed.
191. Majority in Pakistan are poor. Majority in Pakistan is poor.
192. Majority of the people in Pakistan is poor. Majority of the people in Pakistan are poor.
193. Two and two makes four. Two and two make four.
194. Do not let him to go. Do not let him go.
195. She had better to take the exam. She had better take the exam.
196. She works hard lest she should not fail. She works hard lest she should fail.
197. It is raining since morning. It has been raining since morning.
He has been absent for a long time, OR He has been
198. He has been absent for long.
absent since long.
199. Why he ate bread? Why did he eat bread?
200. He makes friend. He makes friends.
201. Each student have done his work. Each student has done his work.
202. Every one of them are lazy. Every one of them is lazy.
203. Black and white TV are Cheap. Black and white TV is cheap.
204. Cutting the grass, a snake bit him. Cutting the grass, he was bitten by a snake.
205. Opening the door, a handle was broken. Opening the door, he broke the handle.
206. Opening the book, the lesson was learnt Opening the book, she learnt the lesson.
207. He had not met me two days ago. He did not meet me two days ago.
208. She is one of those who is liked by me. She is one of those who are liked by me.
209. She prevented me to go there. She prevented me from going there.
210. He knows to swim. He knows how to swim.
211. Ali looks happily. Ali looks happy.
212. He is feeling hunger. He is feeling hungry.
213. Union is consisted in faith. Union consists in faith.
214. She wants that I should help her. She wants me to help her.
215. Every Muslim should wear a beard. Every Muslim should have a beard.
216. Climbing down the tree, an egg was broken While he was climbing down the tree, he broke an egg .
217. Being a rainy day, I could not come. It being a rainy day I could not come.
Use of Article
Incorrect Correct
218. She is making noise. She is making a noise.
219. He is in wrong. He is in the wrong.
220. Horse is a faithful animal. The horse is a faithful animal.
221. She is telling lie. She is telling a lie.
222. I saw snake in the garden. ! saw a snake in the garden.
223. I bought an eggs. I bought eggs.
224. She drank a tea. She drank tea.
225. The health is a wealth. Health is a wealth.
226. Beauty of Swat is matchless. The beauty of Swat is matchless.
227. The iron is found in Pakistan. Iron is found in Pakistan.
228. Gold of this watch is pure. The gold of this watch is pure.
229. I love the Pakistan. I love Pakistan.
230. Pakistan of today is different from Pakistan of The Pakistan of today is different from the Pakistan
1947. of 1947.
231. Earth is a small planet. The Earth is a small planet.
232. A snake I saw in the garden was black. The snake I saw in the garden was black
233. Karachi is biggest city of Pakistan. Karachi is the biggest city of Pakistan.
234. We should love innocent We should love the innocent
235. English are a cunning nation. The English are a cunning nation.
236. Nile is the longest river of the world. The Nile is the longest river of the world.
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237. The sun sets in west The sun sets in the west
238. Holy Quraan is the last book of Allah. The Holy Quraan is the last book of Allah.
239. More we earn, more we want The more we earn, the more we want
240. She is wiser of the two girls. She is the wiser of the two girls.
241. The Aslam is a selfish boy. Aslam is a selfish boy.
242. The all books in this bag are written by me. All the books in this bag are written by me.
243. She is suffering from the diabetes. She is suffering from diabetes.
244. She ate the breakfast late today. She ate breakfast late today.
245. The both sisters are beautiful. Both the sisters are beautiful.
246. She got an employment in the bank. She got employment in the bank.
247. She is of opinion that he is a cheat She is of the opinion that he is a cheat
248. The wisdom is a unique gift Wisdom is a unique gift
249. Wisdom of Ali is unique. The wisdom of Ali is unique.
250. This is the gold. This is gold.
251. Gold of Brazil is very famous. The gold of Brazil is very famous.
Use of Preposition
Incorrect Correct
252. The bird was sitting on the tree. The bird was sitting in the tree.
253. The stars are shining on the sky, The stars are shining in the sky.
254. I hate from cruelty. I hate cruelty.
255. The lion attacked on the hunter. The lion attacked the hunter.
256. We reached at the station in time. We reached the station in time.
257. You can pass in die examination. You can pass the examination.
258. She is kind on me. She is kind to me.
259. The knife is to cut The knife is to cut with.
260. The page is to write. The page is to write on.
261. The house is to live. The house is to live in.
262. The patient has been operated. The patient has been operated upon.
263. He is angry at me. He is angry with me.
264. She is angry with my performance. She is angry at my performance.
265. The letter is written with pencil. The letter is written in pencil.
266. I am writing the letter in pencil. I am writing the letter with pencil.
267. He likes to write with blue ink. He likes to write in blue ink.
268. She could not sit in the exam. She could not sit for the exam.
269. He sat under the shade of a tree. He sat under the in of a tree.
270. She is blind of her right eye. She is blind in her right eye.
271. He is blind in his shortcomings. He is blind to his shortcomings.
272. This cheque is of the United Bank. This cheque is on the United Bank. .
273. This cheque is of Rs. 20000/- This cheque is for Rs. 20000/-
274. I will say it on his face. I will say it to his face.
275. What is he for you? What is he to you?
276. He died from TB. He died of TB.
277. She is ill from fever. She is ill with fever.
278. She congratulated me for my success. She congratulated me on my success.
279. She resembles to her mother. She resembles her mother.
280. The examination will begin from Sunday. The examination will begin on Sunday.
281. He reached at the station. He reached the station.
282. He met me on night. He met me at night.
283. He closes his shop at the afternoon. He closes his shop in die afternoon.
284. We will meet after two days. We will meet in two days.
285. Open die books on page 8. Open the books at page 8.
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286. She is good in cooking. She is good at cooking.
287. He did not agree with my proposal. He did not agree to my proposal.
288. She impressed me from her wisdom. She impressed me with her wisdom.
289. He is lacking of courage. He is lacking in courage.
290. Smoking is injurious for health. Smoking is injurious to health.
291. She was accused with theft. She was accused of theft
292. She is very popular in friends. She is very popular with friends.
293. He cannot part from his books. He cannot part with his books.
294. He has never been in the cinema. He has never been at the cinema.
Use of Conjunction
Incorrect Correct
295. She is as tall as him. She is as tall as he.
296. She no sooner entered the class, the teacher She no sooner entered the class than the teacher
began to teach the lesson. began to teach the lesson.
297. She is not as tall as her sister. She is not so tall as her sister.
298. She is so tall as her sister. She is as tall as her sister.
299. He is as tall as all of we. He is as tall as all of us.
300. She is as wise as both of we. She is as wise as both of us.
301. She is both wise as well as beautiful. She is both wise and beautiful. OR She is wise as
well as beautiful.
302. Although he is old but he can run fast Although he is old yet he can run fast
303. We had hardly reached the class than the teacher We had hardly reached the class when the teacher
began to teach the lesson. began to teach the lesson.
304. She had scarcely reached the station than the She had scarcely reached the station when the train
train steamed off. steamed off.
305. Not only he is fat but also lazy. He is not only fat but also lazy.
306. Not only he writes but also teaches. He not only writes but also teaches.
307. I dont like such boys who are naughty. I dont like those boys as are naughty.
308. This is the same book which I gave you. This the same book that/as I gave you.
309. When he comes then I shall go with him When he comes, I shall go with him
310. As he was there so I met him. As he was there I met him.
311. She talks like her mother does She talks like her mother. Or talks as her mother
does
312. She talks is if she is scholar. She talks is if she were scholar.
313. Walk carefully lest you may not fall. Walk carefully lest you should fall.
314. He cannot succeed unless he doesnt read. He cannot succeed unless he reads.
315. Either she or I is in the wrong. Either she or I is in the wrong.
316. He is no other but Naeem. He is no other than Naeem.
Miscellaneous
Incorrect Correct
317. There are three females in the room. There are three ladies/women in the room.
318. The attested copy of the certificate is attached The attested copy of the certificate is attached.
herewith.
319. The students should keep good health. The students should enjoy good health.
320. There is no place in this compartment. There is no room in this compartment
321. He was writing in his copy. He was writing in his note book.
322. Good evening, I am going to sleep. Good night, I am going to sleep.
323. Good night, I am glad to see you. Good evening, I am glad to see you.
324. She could not help but weep. She could not help weeping.
325. I went there with a view to help him. I went there with a view to helping him.
326. She met me in the way. She met me on the way.
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327. What to speak of milk, even water could not be Not to speak of milk, even water could not be had
had there. there.
328. It is half past seven in my watch. It is half past seven by my watch.
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English - II Final

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English - II Final

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Naeem series By Naeem Akhtar (M.

Phill NUML) 03214346076

1. THE DYING SUN 3

1. FIRST YEAR AT HARROW 14-15

Good Bye Mr. Chips 3-12

Idioms & Phrases 13-18

1. THE DYING SUN

2-USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

3-WHY BOYS FAIL IN COLLEGE

6- THE MAN WHO WAS A HOSPITAL

8-CHINAS WAY TO PROGRESS

9- HUNGER & POPULATION EXPLOSION

1. FIRST YEAR AT HARROW

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

2. HITCH - HIKING ACROSS THE SAHARA

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

3. SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING

11.Describe the reforms introduced by Mustafa Kamal with reference to

Good Bye Mr.

Goodbye, Mr. Chips

Mr. Chips Profile

51. What was the effect of Katherine's death on Chips?

253. Set off ( to start) We shall set off Lahore tomorrow.

1. OUR COLLEGE LIBRARY

3. LIFE IN A COLLEGE HOSTEL

4. SCIENCE IN THE SERVICE OF HUMANITY

6. COMPUTER/MODERN AGE AND COMPUTER

10. MY FAVOURITE POET

11. IMPORTANCE OF GAMES

12. A VISIT TO A HISTORICAL PLACE

13. A PICNIC PARTY / A VISIT TO HILL STATION

16. EDUCATION FOR WOMEN

17. MY FIRST DAY AT COLLEGE

21. A CRICKET MATCH

24. MY AIM IN LIFE

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