Foundation and First

Use of Wind Energy

Inside a Wind Turbine

Types of Windmill

Working of a Windmill
and harnessing of Wind
Energy for generating
Electricity

Machinery of a
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT Windmill

WIND ENERGY BASED MOBILE

BATTERY CHARGING & OTHER APPLICATIONS

Factors affecting Wind
Energy and proper
With the rapid industrialization development and exploitation of functioning of Windmill
natural resources. Many times, condition occurs which result in non-
charging of our daily use gadgets and mobile. But this problem can be
Advantages and
tackled by using renewable energy resources like solar charger, charging
Disadvantages of Wind
pins powered through automobile battery and gadgets through hand
Energy
operated dynamo through a combination of many gears are used for
charging mobile phones. But a problem occurs when there is no sunlight
or the light is not in a proper amount or when the automobile battery is
A Peek in to the Project
not in a condition to charge the other one and also the use of hand
operated gadget is very laborious work and also not effective for long.
In order to overcome these types of problem, exploration has been
Future of Wind Energy
carried out with mobile phone and at present we have come with a
solution of maintaining sustainability of energy stored in the phone
battery by Wind Driven Mobile Battery Charger.
Project Participants Name & Roll No:

Serial No. Name Roll No. Registration No.

1 ABHISHEK MAZUMDER 25500713003 132550110140

2 ARITRA PAUL 25500713022 132550110159

3 AYAN BHATTACHARYA 25500713029 132550110166

4 BISWAJIT RANA 25500713033 132550110170

5 DEBJIT MANNA 25500713037 132550110174

DR. SUDHIR CHANDRA SUR DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Branch: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Section: A

Year: 8TH Semester

Mentor: Mr. Debabrata Paul

PROJECT TOPIC: WIND ENERGY BASED MOBILE BATTERY
CHARGING & OTHER APPLICATIONS.
 Introduction

With the rapid industrialization development and exploitation of natural resources. Many times,
condition occurs which result in non-charging of our daily use gadgets and mobile. But this
problem can be tackled by using renewable energy resources. Technologies like solar charger,
charging pins powered through automobile battery and gadgets through hand operated
dynamo through a combination of many gears are used for charging mobile phones .But a
problem occurs when there is no sunlight or the light is not in a proper amount or when
the automobile battery is not in a condition to charge the other one and also the use of hand
operated gadget is very laborious work and also not effective for long. In order to overcome
these types of problem, exploration has been carried out with mobile phone and at present we
have come with a solution of maintaining sustainability of energy stored in the phone battery by
Wind Driven Mobile Battery Charger. This concept utilizes wind generated electrical energy
to charge the mobile phones battery.
 Foundation and First Usage of Wind Energy

Since early recorded history, people have harnessed the energy of the wind. Wind energy
propelled boats along the Nile River as early as 5000 B.C. By 200 B.C., simple windmills in
China were pumping water, while vertical-axis windmills with woven reed sails were grinding
grain in Persia and the Middle East.
New ways of using the energy of the wind eventually spread around the world. By the
11thcentury, people in the Middle East used windmills extensively for food production.
Returning merchants and crusaders carried this idea back to Europe. The Dutch refined the
windmill and adapted it for draining lakes and marshes in the Rhine River Delta. When settlers
took this technology to the New World in the late 19th century, they began using windmills to
pump water for farms and ranches and later to generate electricity for homes and industry.
American colonists used windmills to grind wheat and corn, to pump water and to cut wood
at sawmills. With the development of electric power, wind power found new applications in
lighting buildings remotely from centrally generated power. Throughout the 20th century,
small wind plants, suitable for farms and residences, and larger utility-scale wind farms that
could be connected to electricity grids were developed.
 During World War II, the largest wind turbine known in the 1940s, a 1.25-megawatt turbine
that sat on a Vermont hilltop known as Grandpas Knob, fed electric power to the local utility
network.
The oil shortages of the 1970s changed the energy picture for the U.S. and the world. It created
an interest in alternative energy sources, paving the way for the re-entry of the wind turbine
to generate electricity.
From 1974 through the mid-1980s, the U.S. government worked with industry to advance the
technology and enable development and deployment of large commercial wind turbines.
Large-scale research wind turbines were developed under a program overseen by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration to create a utility-scale wind turbine industry in the
United States. With funding from the National Science Foundation and later the U.S.
Department of Energy, 13 experimental turbines were put into operation using four major
wind turbine designs. This research and development program pioneered many of the multi-
megawatt turbine technologies in use today. The large wind turbines developed under this
program set several world records for diameter and power output.
Today, wind-powered generators operate in every size range, from small turbines for battery
charging at isolated residences to large, near-gigawatt-size offshore wind farms that provide
electricity to national electric transmission systems.
 Inside a Wind Turbine

Wind turbines harness the power of the wind and use it to generate electricity. Simply stated, a
wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan,
wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-
like blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to
create electricity. This illustration provides a detailed view of the inside of a wind turbine, its
components, and their functionality.
The crucial components of a Wind Mill are:

Anemometer:

Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.

Blades:

Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin. Most turbines have
either two or three blades.

Brake:

Stops the rotor mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically, in emergencies.

Controller:

Starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts off the
machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at wind speeds above about 55 mph because
they may be damaged by the high winds.

Gear box:

Connects the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increases the rotational speeds from
about 30-60 rotations per minute (rpm), to about 1,000-1,800 rpm; this is the rotational speed
required by most generators to produce electricity. The gear box is a costly (and heavy) part of
the wind turbine and engineers are exploring "direct-drive" generators that operate at lower
rotational speeds and don't need gear boxes.

Generator:

Produces 60-cycle AC electricity; it is usually an off-the-shelf induction generator.

High-speed shaft:

Drives the generator.

Low-speed shaft:

Turns the low-speed shaft at about 30-60 rpm.

Nacelle:

Sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator, controller,
and brake. Some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land on.

Pitch:

Turns (or pitches) blades out of the wind to control the rotor speed, and to keep the rotor from
turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.

Rotor:

Blades and hub together form the rotor.

Tower:

Made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice. Supports the structure of the
turbine. Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more
energy and generate more electricity.

Wind direction:

Determines the design of the turbine. Upwind turbineslike the one shown hereface into the
wind while downwind turbines face away.

Wind vane:

Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the turbine properly
with respect to the wind.

Yaw drive:

Orients upwind turbines to keep them facing the wind when the direction changes. Downwind
turbines don't require a yaw drive because the wind manually blows the rotor away from it.

Yaw motor:

Powers the yaw drive.

 Types of Windmill

The various types of Windmill are:

1) Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)

Horizontal axis wind turbines, also shortened to HAWT, are the common style that most
of us think of when we think of a wind turbine. A HAWT has a similar design to a windmill,
it has blades that look like a propeller that spin on the horizontal axis.
Horizontal axis wind turbines have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top
of a tower, and they must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple
wind vane placed square with the rotor (blades), while large turbines generally use a wind
sensor coupled with a servo motor to turn the turbine into the wind. Most large wind
turbines have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the rotor into a faster rotation that
is more suitable to drive an electrical
generator.

Since a tower produces turbulence behind it,

the turbine is usually pointed upwind of the
tower. Wind turbine blades are made stiff to
prevent the blades from being pushed into
the tower by high winds. Additionally, the
blades are placed a considerable distance in
front of the tower and are sometimes tilted
up a small amount.
Downwind machines have been built,
despite the problem of turbulence, because
they don't need an additional mechanism for
keeping them in line with the wind.
Additionally, in high winds the blades can be
 allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance. Since
turbulence leads to fatigue failures, and reliability is so important, most HAWTs are
upwind machines.

2) Vertical axis Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)

Vertical axis wind turbines, as shortened to VAWTs, have the main rotor shaft
arranged vertically. The main advantage of this arrangement is that the wind turbine
does not need to be pointed into the wind. This is an advantage on sites where the
wind direction is highly variable or has turbulent winds.
With a vertical axis, the
generator and other primary
components can be placed near
the ground, so the tower does
not need to support it, also
makes maintenance easier. The
main drawback of a VAWT
generally create drag when
rotating into the wind.
It is difficult to mount vertical-
axis turbines on towers,
meaning they are often installed
nearer to the base on which they
rest, such as the ground or a
building rooftop.
The wind speed is slower at a
lower altitude, so less wind energy is available for a given size turbine. Air flow near
the ground and other objects can create turbulent flow, which can introduce issues of
vibration, including noise and bearing wear which may increase the maintenance or
shorten its service life. However, when a turbine is mounted on a rooftop, the building
generally redirects wind over the roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine.
If the height of the rooftop mounted turbine tower is approximately 50% of the building
height, this is near the optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind
turbulence.
3) VAWT subtypes

A) Darrieus wind turbine

Darrieus wind turbines are commonly called "Eggbeater" turbines, because they look
like a giant eggbeater. They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple
and cyclic stress on the tower, which contributes to poor reliability. Also, they
generally require some
external power source, or an
additional Savonius rotor, to
start turning, because the
starting torque is very low.
The torque ripple is reduced
by using three or more blades
which results in a higher
solidity for the rotor. Solidity
is measured by blade area
over the rotor area. Newer
Darrieus type turbines are not held up by guy-wires but have an external
superstructure connected to the top bearing.

B) Savonius wind turbine

A Savonius is a drag
type turbine, they are
commonly used in
cases of high
reliability in many
things such as
ventilation and
anemometers.
Because they are a
drag type turbine
they are less efficient
 than the common HAWT. Savonius are excellent in areas of turbulent wind and
self-starting.

Working of a Windmill and harnessing of Wind Energy

for generating Electricity

Most modern windmills (some people call them wind turbines by the way) have three blades. A
number of variations have been tried, two blades, even one blade but three blades works the
best, its won the evolutionary battle so to speak.
And most modern windmills rotate clockwise. We dont think theres any particular reason for
that and there have been some that rotate the other way. But if you see a windmill in Britain and
its rotating anti clockwise youre looking at it from behind.
Windmills are computer controlled. One of the main jobs is to keep the windmill facing the wind.
To do this the computer monitors the direction and speed of the wind using instruments on top of
the windmill. With this data, the hub of the windmill (the bit the three blades are attached to) is
kept turned so that the blades are always facing into the wind. And the blades themselves are
pitched (twisted) to either be catching the wind or shedding it, if the circumstances require it.
Windmills might shed the wind in a gale for example (when theres too much energy in the wind)
or if there was a fault with the grid or the windmill itself.
The blades of a windmill are aerodynamically optimised to make the most of the energy in the
wind and turn it into rotational energy making the blades spin round.
These blades are connected to a generator, sometimes through a gearbox (in whats known as
fixed speed machines) and sometimes connected directly (in what are known as variable speed
or direct drive machines) in both cases the generator converts the mechanical energy the
rotation of the blades into electrical energy.
Electricity. Green electricity of course.

Fixed speed machines run at one speed of rotation,

whatever the wind speed. While variable speed
machines speed up and down as the wind speeds up
and down which it does all the time.
Fixed speed windmills use a gearbox to create
electricity at the right frequency for the grid, 50Hz
for the UK. Variable speed machines use electronics
to do the same job we sometimes think of this as an
electronic gearbox.
In both cases, once the electricity is made, and made
suitable to enter the local grid, thats where we send
it - via underground cables. From where it can be
used to power your home, or someone elses.
The energy payback of a modern windmill (the time
it takes to get back the energy used to manufacture
and install each windmill) is between 6 and 9 months
depending on location (some places are windier
than others). After that, for perhaps another 20 to 25
years, windmills bring a big net gain of clean energy
and avoided carbon emissions.
 Machinery of a Windmill

Gears inside a windmill convey power from the rotary motion of the sails to a mechanical
device. The sails are carried on the horizontal wind shaft. Wind shafts can be wholly made of
wood, or wood with a cast iron poll end (where the sails are mounted) or entirely of cast iron.
The brake wheel is fitted onto the wind shaft between the front and rear bearing. It has the brake
around the outside of the rim and teeth in the side of the rim which drive the horizontal
gearwheel called wallower on the top end of the vertical upright shaft. In grist mills, the great
spur wheel, lower down the upright shaft, drives one or more stone nuts on the shafts driving
each millstone. Post mills sometimes have a head and/or tail wheel driving the stone nuts
directly, instead of the spur gear arrangement. Additional gear wheels drive a sack hoist or other
machinery. The machinery differs if the windmill is used for other applications than milling
grain. A drainage mill uses another set of gear wheels on the bottom end of the upright shaft to
drive a scoop wheel or Archimedes' screw. Sawmills use a crankshaft to provide a reciprocating
motion to the saws. Windmills have been used to power many other industrial processes,
including papermills, threshing mills, and to process oil seeds, wool, paints and stone products
 Factors affecting Wind Energy & proper functioning of a
Windmill

Factors affecting the magnitude of power generation by windmills are:

1) Annual average wind speed:

It is an important factor determining annual energy output. In general, if the wind speed is
higher, the rotor speed will become faster, so the output energy will be increased. On the
contrary, when wind speed is lower, the rotor will become slower.

2) Tower height:

If the tower is taller, the wind speed will be higher and so as the energy output. If the tower is
shorter, the wind speed will be lower and the same is to the energy output.

3) Air density:

When air density is lower, the strength of the wind will be weaker, and the starting wind speed
and rated wind speed will be increased, and as a result the annual energy output will be less.
On the contrary, when air density is higher, the annual energy output will be more.

4) Wind shear exponent:

It is a parameter that can measure the wind speed and installing height. The best hub height
can be chosen depending on it. If the wind shear exponent is too big, the wind load on the
swept area of the blade will be imbalanced, which will lead the blades and nacelle to a shorter
life span and operating security problems.

5) The power of wind turbine:

Wind turbine power is a main factor influencing annual energy output. When the power is
greater, the output energy will be more. On the contrary, when the power is weaker, the output
energy will be less.
6) Installing height:

The turbine can be installed on the ground or on the roof, which can also affect the output
energy. So, the turbine installed on the roof can operate better with the help of the height of
the building than on the ground at the same condition.

7) Annual valid operating period:

As is known to all, when the operating period is longer, the annual energy output will be more.
By contrast, when the operating period is shorter, the output energy will be also less.

8) External temperature:

Within the temperature range from -20 degrees to 50 degrees, the wind turbine can operate
regularly. However, when the temperature is beyond this range, it will influence the output
energy. If the temperature is too high, the air density will be low, which will lessen the energy
output. If the temperature is too low, the blades and other parts might be frozen, and the wind
turbine will stop working.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy

Advantages of Wind Energy

1) Wind Energy is an inexhaustible source of energy and is virtually a limitless resource.
2) Energy is generated without polluting environment.
3) This source of energy has tremendous potential to generate energy on large scale.
4) Like solar energy and hydropower, wind power taps a natural physical resource.
5) Windmill generators dont emit any emissions that can lead to acid rain or greenhouse effect.
6) Wind Energy can be used directly as mechanical energy.
7) In remote areas, wind turbines can be used as great resource to generate energy.
8) In combination with Solar Energy they can be used to provide reliable as well as steady supply of
electricity.
9) Land around wind turbines can be used for other uses, e.g. Farming.
Disadvantages of Wind Energy
1) Wind energy requires expensive storage during peak production time.
2) It is unreliable energy source as winds are uncertain and unpredictable.
3) There is visual and aesthetic impact on region.
4) Requires large open areas for setting up wind farms.
5) Noise pollution problem is usually associated with wind mills.
6) Wind energy can be harnessed only in those areas where wind is strong enough and
weather is windy for most parts of the year.
7) Usually places, where wind power set-up is situated, are away from the places where demand of
electricity is there. Transmission from such places increases cost of electricity.
8) The average efficiency of wind turbine is very less as compared to fossil fuel power plants. We
might require many wind turbines to produce similar impact.
9) It can be a threat to wildlife. Birds do get killed or injured when they fly into turbines.
10) Maintenance cost of wind turbines is high as they have mechanical parts which undergo wear and
tear over the time.

A Peek in to the Project

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A) Propeller
A propeller is a type of fan that
Transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure difference is
produced between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil -shaped blade, and a fluid (such
as air or water) is accelerated behind the blade. Propeller dynamics can be modeled by both
Bernoulli and Newtons third law. A propeller is often colloquially known as screw. The
number of blades decides the rotational speed of the propeller and differs with the pitch angle
and the angle between the blades. If the number of blades is more the speed output is more
and thus give more output voltage and vice versa. Normally the propeller is chosen according
to the type of application.
B) 12-volt D.C Generator
A simple D.C generator is preferred over the A.C generator so as to avoid the use of rectifier
circuit and to make the circuit cheap and compact and also to avoid extra cost. The main
difference in the A.C and D.C generator lies in the manner in which the rotating coil is
connected to the external circuit connecting the load. In an A.C generator both end of the coil
is connected to the external circuit via brushes. In this manner, the emf Eext. in the external
circuit is always the same as the emf E generated around the rotating coil. In a D.C generator
the two ends of the coil are attached to the different halves of a single split ring which co-
rotates with the coil. The split ring is connected to the external circuit by means of metal
brushes.
The combination of split rings and the stationary metal
brushes is called a commutator. The purpose of the
commutator is to ensure that the emf Eext. In the external
circuit is equal to the emf E generated around the rotating
coil for half the rotating period, but is equal and opposite of
polarity of this emf for the other half. In the special case as
theoretical, the emf seen in the external circuit is simply.
Eext. = E =Emax. sin(2ft)
If Eext. Plotted as a function of time according to the Formula. The variation of the voltage
with respect to time is Very similar to that of an A.C generator, except that when the negative
polarity of an A.C generator is reversed to the positive one by the commutator. So, as to avoid
the use of diodes in the A.C generator D.C generator is preferred. So, as a result a bumpy
direct emf which rises and fall but never changes the direction is achieved at the output
terminals.
C) Charging Regulator Circuit
This is a combination of a 6v/22f capacitor 7805, charging pin.
6V/22f capacitor: The bypass capacitor is hooked up at the output terminal of the DC
generator. The capacitor is there to filter out any noise coming from the voltage source (the
generator). The voltage regulator I.C will work best if a clean D.C is fed to it. To avoid any
A.C noise (ripple) imposed on the D.C line voltage, the capacitor in essence act as a bypass
capacitor. It shorts the A.C signal of the voltage signal (which is noise on the voltage signal)
to ground and only the D.C portion of the signal goes to the regulator.
I.C 7805: I.C. 7805 voltage regulator employ built in current limiting, thermal shutdown,
and safe area protection which make them virtually immune to damage from output overload.
 With adequate heat sinking it can deliver in excess of 0.5 A of current. Typical application
will include local regulators which can eliminate the noise and degrade performance
associated with single point regulation. As the most prominent voltage for charging the
mobile phones is 5 Volts. So, I.C 7805 is used as a regulator.
Battery: In ordinary mobile, a 3.7 volts Li+ battery is used 3.70 Wh rating the battery when
fully charged shows the voltage of about 3.95 volt and when discharged it shows 1.75volts.

SL No. Module Specifications

1 Wind Driven Generator Gen. voltage

(12V max.)

2 Wind Speed Range 40 kmph (min.)

3 Bypass Capacitor 6V/22f

4 Voltage Controller IC 7805

5 Battery 3.7V,970 mAh

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SEPIC CONVERTER

In a single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) design, the output voltage can be
higher or lower than the input voltage. The SEPIC converter shown in Figure 2 uses two
inductors: L1 and L2. The two inductors can be wound on the same core since the same
voltages are applied to them throughout the switching cycle.
 Figure 2: Basic Sepic Topology

The basic wave form of the septic converter has been

shown in the figure3.

Figure 3: Sepic converter switching waveforms (VQ1:

Q1 Drain to Source Voltage)
Design Parameters:

1) Duty Cycle Consideration:

For a SEPIC converter operating in a

continuous conduction mode (CCM), the
duty cycle is given by:

2) Inductor Selection: A good rule for determining the inductance is to allow the peak-to-
peak ripple current to be approximately 40% of the maximum input current at the
minimum input voltage. The ripple current flowing in equal value inductors L1 and
L2 is given by:
3) Power Mosfet selection: The parameters governing the selection of the MOSFET are
the minimum threshold voltage Vth(min), the on- resistance RDS(ON), gate-drain
charge QGD, and the maximum drain to source voltage, VDS(max). Logic level or
sub logic-level threshold MOSFETs should be used based on the gate drive voltage.
The peak switch voltage is equal to Vin + Vought. The peak switch current is given
by:

PQ1, the total power dissipation for MOSFETs includes conduction loss (as shown in
the first term of the above equation) and switching loss as shown in the second term.
IG is the gate drive current. The RDS(ON) value should be selected at maximum
operating junction temperature.

4) Output Diode Selection: The output diode must be selected to handle the peak current
and the reverse voltage. In a SEPIC, the diode peak current is the same as the switch
peak current IQ1(peak). The minimum peak reverse voltage the diode must withstand
is:
 Similar to the boost converter, the average diode current is equal to the output current.
The power dissipation of the diode is equal to the output current multiplied by the
forward voltage drop of the diode. Schottky diodes are recommended in order to
minimize the efficiency loss.

5) Sepic Converter Selection: The selection of SEPIC capacitor, Cs, depends on the
RMS current, which is given by:

The SEPIC capacitor must be rated for a large RMS current relative to the output
power. This property makes the SEPIC much better suited to lower power
applications where the RMS current through the capacitor is relatively small (relative
to capacitor technology). The voltage rating of the SEPIC capacitor must be greater
than the maximum input voltage. Tantalum and ceramic capacitors are the best choice
for SMT, having high RMS current ratings relative to size. Electrolytic capacitors
work well for through-hole applications where the size is not limited and they can
accommodate the required RMS current rating. The peak-to-peak ripple voltage on Cs
(assuming no ESR):

A capacitor that meets the RMS current requirement would mostly produce small
ripple voltage on Cs. Hence, the peak voltage is typically close to the input voltage.
Output Capacitor Selection: In a SEPIC converter, when the power switch Q1 is
turned on, the inductor is charging and the output current is supplied by the output
capacitor. As a result, the output capacitor sees large ripple currents. Thus, the
selected output capacitor must be capable of handling the maximum RMS current.
The RMS current in the output capacitor is:

The ESR, ESL, and the bulk capacitance of the output capacitor directly control the
output ripple. Assume half of the ripple is caused by the ESR and the other half is
caused by the amount of capacitance. Hence,

The output cap must meet the RMS ESR and capacitance requirements. In mount
applications, tantalum, polymer electrolytic, and polymer tantalum, or layer ceramic
capacitors are recommended the output.

Input Capacitor Selection

Similar to a boost converter, has an inductor at the input. Hence, current waveform is
continuous and the inductor ensures that the input capacitor fairly low ripple currents.
The RMS current input capacitor is given by
The input capacitor should be capable of handling the RMS current. Although the
input not so critical in a SEPIC application, a 10 F or higher value, good quality
capacitor would impedance interactions with the input supply.

Experimental Results

Proposed Block Diagram of Wind Energy based mobile battery charging and battery
applications:

Proposed Circuit of Sepic Converter is shown in figure 4. A fixed voltage is boosted to

a voltage level necessary to charge a battery. It is boosted with the design parameters
and simulated using the mat lab. The output voltage and the current waveforms are
shown in the figure 4.1 and 4.2 respectively.
CONCLUSION

In this a wind battery charger has been investigated to charge the mobile phone or battery
while travelling. This technology can help to meet the emergency power requirement when
grid electricity is not available. The wind driven mobile charger is also portable, cost-
effective and energy efficient. By further suitable modifications, the system could be used
to charge gadgets for daily use. In the Future work charging of laptop and high power
gadgets will be accomplished.
 Future of Wind Energy

In just a few short decades wind energy has matured dramatically, making wind one of the fastest
growing sources of electricity in the world today. Due to technological advancements, policy
initiatives, and economic drivers, wind energy is now able to make a cost-competitive
contribution to our growing energy needs.

Turbines today are sleek and slender machines, a far cry from their wooden ancestors. Around
the world, wind turbines of all sizes have become a familiar sight; ranging from home or farm-
scale machines of 1 kilowatt (kW), all the way up to arrays of large 5 megawatt (MW)
machines for off-shore use.

Modern wind turbines are up to the task of producing serious amounts of electricity. A popular
sized machine in the U.S. today is a state-of-the-art 2 MW turbine that stands as tall as a 30-
story building and costs roughly $2 million to $5 million installed. With a good wind resource,
this size turbine can produce 5 million kWh of electricity each year, or enough energy to run
500 average American households.

Technological advancements and supportive policy measures have the ability to dramatically
increase the future of wind energy development in our nation and our world. Wind power has the
unique ability to provide even greater sources of distributed energy production, which means less
risk and a stronger energy portfolio. Americas ingenuity and drive for independence are well
suited to increased wind energy development in the future. Stay tuned to advancements at industry
and policy levels as wind energy continues to grow.