Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 6

Chemical Engineering Journal 243 (2014) 16

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Chemical Engineering Journal


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cej

Treatment of secondary efuent using a three-dimensional electrode


system: COD removal, biotoxicity assessment, and disinfection effects
Wang Can , Huang Yao-Kun, Zhao Qing, Ji Min
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

h i g h l i g h t s

 Secondary efuent of mixed industrial wastewater is treated by 3D electrode system.


 Kinetic analysis shows that CODCr degradation follows pseudo-rst-order kinetics.
 Wastewater toxicity increases after treatment due to active chlorine generation.
 Three-dimensional electrode system shows good disinfection effects simultaneously.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A three-dimensional electrode system was used to treat secondary efuent from industrial wastewater.
Received 5 August 2013 The removal efciency for chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) in the three-dimensional electrode system
Received in revised form 15 December 2013 was about 50%, while it was 20% in a two-dimensional electrode system. Energy consumption after
Accepted 18 December 2013
60 min of treatment at a current density of 5 mA cm2 is about 180 kW h kg1 CODcr, which is much
Available online 29 December 2013
lower than that for the two dimensional electrode system (300 kW h kg1 CODcr). Kinetic analysis shows
that the abatement of organics follows apparent rst-order reaction. For the low values of the current
Keywords:
density (lower than 7.5 mA cm2), the abatement of CODcr is mainly inuenced by the current density,
Three-dimensional electrode
Biotoxicity
suggesting an electron oxidation reaction control process. However, a mass transfer limitation occurs
Disinfection at high current density, since the abatement dose not depend on the current density but on the ow
Active chlorine dynamic pattern. Acute biotoxicity of the wastewater has been investigated and is found to increase rap-
Secondary efuent idly (more than 95% inhibition) after 30 min of treatment. Further analysis using the three-dimensional
uorescence spectra shows no more toxic organics generation by electrochemical treatment, suggesting
that the acute biotoxicity is caused primarily by the free chlorine generated. Furthermore, the system
shows good disinfection effects by 3-log reduction of colony-forming units after 30 min of treatment.
2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction This system consists of a two-dimensional electrode with gran-


ular or powdery working electrode materials (particle electrodes or
The rise of discharge standards and re-use of wastewater have bed electrodes) loaded between the two electrodes, which are
drawn more attention alongside the increasingly serious problems called the third dimensional electrode [4]. Active carbon or metal
of water pollution and global water shortage. Therefore, the ter- particles are typically used as particle electrodes. The small
tiary treatment of wastewater is necessary for both industrial particles in the three-dimensional electrode system form charged
wastewater aiming at pollutants removal and domestic wastewa- micro-electrodes under the inuence of an electric eld [4]. The
ter aiming at water reuse. As advanced oxidation process, electro- mechanisms of organic degradation include both direct oxidation
chemical treatment is an effective method for the degradation of on the surface of the main anode or micro-electrode [3] and indi-
refractory organics because of its simple requirements in terms rect oxidation in the solution with oxidants such as active chlorine,
of equipment, easy operation and maintenance, and no secondary ozone, hydrogen peroxide, peroxodisulfuric acid, and so on [5].
pollution [1,2]. Among the electrochemical oxidation processes, Furthermore, the active carbon can also be a catalyst, accelerating
the three-dimensional electrode system is a signicant developed the electro-generated hydrogen peroxide to produce more hydro-
method [3]. xyl radicals [6]. The three-dimensional electrode system is charac-
terized by its large specic surface area [2,3], lower energy cost [7],
and higher mass transfer [5] but more complicated [8] compared
Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 22 27406057. with conventional two-dimensional electrode systems.
E-mail address: wangcan@tju.edu.cn (W. Can).

1385-8947/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.044
2 W. Can et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 243 (2014) 16

The three-dimensional electrode system has been successfully power supply


used to treat various kinds of wastewater [913]. Zhou el al. [10]
used the three-dimensional system to treat p-nitrophenol, and
found that active carbon was in a dynamic state of adsorption
and in situ electrochemical regeneration. Zhao et al. [11] investi- 10 cm
gated the degradation pathway of acid orange 7 treated using the
three-dimensional electrode system. They found that the decom-
position of acid orange 7 was initiated by the cleavage of AN@NA,
Cathode Anode
which resulted in the decolorization of the solution. Using this sys-
tem, Rao et al. [12] studied the kinetics of the electrooxidation pro-
cess and proposed a two-stage pseudo-rst-order kinetic model for

14 cm
micropore
the electrooxidation of landll leachate. Despite many researches

10 cm
devoted to the three-dimensional electrode system, few studies particle electrode

plate
on the use of a three-dimensional electrode system for tertiary
treatment have been reported. After the secondary biological pro-
cesses, pollutant content in wastewater is relatively low, and the
kinetics of degradation and energy consumption by the three
dimensional-electrode system may be different. Pumped air
Further, less attention has been paid to wastewater toxicity,
since the previous studies mainly focused on the removal of organ-
ics by a three-dimensional electrode system. Decreasing the quan- water discharge hole
tity of organics in wastewater may not necessarily be effective in
reducing health and environmental risks, because some degrada- Fig. 1. Scheme of three-dimensional electrode system.
tion products may actually be more toxic than their parent com-
pounds [14]. A former research reported remarkably increased
toxicity resulting from the conversion of chlorobenzene to more
Table 1
toxic products during the photodegradation process [15]. Wang
Wastewater characteristics.
et al. [16] analyzed the acute toxicity removal in the pretreatment
of heavy oil renery wastewater during wastewater treatment Parameters Mean values (standard deviation)

process, and found that acute toxicity initially increased, then CODCr (mg L1) 92 (10)
decreased. Therefore, more information on the toxicity of waste- Chloride (mg L1) 850 (50)
NH3N (mg L1) 5.5 (0.5)
water treated by a three-dimensional electrode system is needed.
Salt content (mg L1) 5000 (500)
These results will be essential in establishing the ecological safety Conductivity (mS cm1) 7.5 (0.5)
and feasibility of this technology. pH 8.5 (8.5)
The pathogenic microorganisms in wastewater are also po-
tential health risks. With the three-dimensional electrode sys- mersed in wastewater several times before the experiment. The
tem, active chlorine can be produced from the chloride ion experiments were operated in a batch mode and under different
remaining in wastewater. The active chlorine is a biocide and hydrodynamical conditions (with and without aeration). Sampling
can therefore act as a disinfectant against microorganisms. How- was carried out at designated time intervals for related determi-
ever, few studies have been undertaken to show the disinfection nations (including COD removal, biotoxicity assessment and disin-
effects of industrial wastewater by three-dimensional electrode fection test) during electrolysis.
systems.
In the current work, a three-dimensional electrode system, re-
garded as tertiary treatment, was set up to treat secondary efuent 2.2. Wastewater characteristics
from an industrial wastewater treatment plant. Its removal perfor-
mance was compared with that of the traditional two-dimensional The experimental wastewater was collected from the secondary
electrode system. The energy consumption and kinetics of organic efuent of an industrial wastewater treatment plant in Hangu,
degradation of this system were evaluated. Furthermore, wastewa- Tianjin City, China. The raw wastewater was produced from food
ter toxicity and disinfection effects were investigated to evaluate handing and chemical manufacturing factories [17]. The character-
the ecological safety and feasibility of the three-dimensional elec- istics of the wastewater are given in Table 1.
trode system.

2.3. Analytical methods


2. Experimental
2.3.1. Acute biotoxicity measurements
2.1. Three-dimensional electrode system Acute biotoxicity measurements were conducted by photo-bac-
terium bioassay using Luminometer (DXY-2, Nanjing soil institute.
The experiment was conducted in an undivided electrolysis China). The principle of the method lies in its quantication of the
reactor with dimensions of 14  10  14 cm (Fig. 1). Ti/PbO2 and decrease in light emission from the bioluminescent bacterium,
stainless steel (Baiyang Corp., China), with dimensions of Photobacterium phosphoreum (Nanjing soil institute. China), result-
10  10 cm, were used as the anode and cathode materials, ing from exposure to pollutants. The extent of luminescence inhi-
respectively. The space between the electrodes was lled with bition after 15 min of exposure was standardized into an
granular activated carbon and quartz sand (Baiyang Corp., China, equivalent concentration of Zn2+ (Zn2+ is a common toxic ion to
volume ratio 1:1). The granular activated carbon was cylindrical the luminescent bacteria), which was used to express the degree
shape with diameters from 0.8 to 4 mm. The surface area of the of pollutant effects on the bacterium. Greater luminescence inhibi-
activated carbon was 9201020 m2 g1. The particles were im- tion corresponds to a higher equivalent concentration of Zn2+ [16].
W. Can et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 243 (2014) 16 3

2.3.2. Three-dimensional uorescence spectrum 50% CODCr. The efuent could achieve the discharge limit of
Fluorescence spectroscopy was often used to identify the major 50 mg L1 (GB18918-2002). Since the activated carbon particles
contaminants present in the wastewater [18]. Fluorescence spectra were previously immersed in wastewater several times, the CODCr
were recorded on a Hitachi (Japan) F-2500 instrument. Emission removal by absorption could be ignored in this study. Therefore,
spectra from 280 to 560 nm were obtained for each excitation the results indicate that the three-dimensional electrode system
wavelength between 220 and 420 nm at 5 nm intervals. The spec- is more effective than the two-dimensional electrode system.
tra were then concatenated into a three-dimensional excitation It is well known that the mechanism for oxidation of pollutants
emission matrix. Three-dimensional plots and contour maps were in three-dimensional electrode system include direct oxidation
produced using the OriginPro 7.5 software. Each set of contour (direct electron transfer on the anode) and indirect oxidation (elec-
maps was plotted using the same uorescence intensity scale. tro-generated oxidizing species, e.g., H2O2, Cl2, HClO). In indirect
The detection limit of this method was as low as lg/L in water. oxidation, the hydroxyl radicals are supposed to be generated from
water electrolysis [8]. Furthermore, many researches conrmed
2.3.3. Other analytical methods that activated carbon could be a catalyst to decompose hydrogen
CODCr was determined using the dichromate method [19]. Free peroxide to hydroxyl radicals due to the presence of polyaromatic
chlorine in the water samples was measured by the N,N-diethyl- moieties and functional groups [3], which led to the concentration
p-phenylene diamine (DPD) method. Total chlorine (free chlorine of hydroxyl radicals in three-dimensional system was much higher
and combined chlorine, such as monochloramine and dichlora- than that in two-dimensional system [8]. Moreover, the active car-
mine) and other oxidizing substances which can oxidize iodide bon in the three-dimensional electrode system forms numerous
to iodine were measured using the iodometric method [20]. The micro-electrodes in the electric eld, which is benecial for direct
total bacteria count, expressed in colony-forming units per electrochemical oxidation. With the existence of particle elec-
milliliter (CFU mL1) was determined using the plate count agar trodes, the three-dimensional electrochemical process shows a
method [19]. better performance than conventional two-dimensional electro-
chemical system. Zhang et al. [8] offers a general summarization
2.4. Electrical energy per mass (Esp) on different performance between three-dimensional and two-
dimensional system under similar conditions for different pollu-
Electrical energy per mass (Esp), i.e., the electric energy in kilo- tants removal. It clearly veries that the COD removal efciency
watt-hours required to degrade a kilogram of pollutant in water, in three-dimensional system is 1050% higher than that in two-
was calculated using the formula for batch operation [21]. dimensional system, demonstrating the advantages of three-
dimensional system sufciently.
UIt
Esp 1
c0  ct V
3.2. Energy consumption evaluation
where c0 and ct (g O2 L1) are the CODCr at time = 0 h and t (h),
respectively, and U is the applied voltage (V), I is the current density An energy consumption evaluation of the treatment cost can be
(A), V is the liquid volume in the reactor (L). undertaken to ascertain the economic feasibility of using the three-
dimensional electrode system for tertiary treatment. The Esp of dif-
3. Results and discussion ferent current densities were calculated, and the results are shown
in Fig. 3. The Esp increases with the rise in current density, a result
3.1. Performance comparison of three-dimensional and two- that may be attributed to the more obvious competitive electrode
dimensional electrode systems reactions, such as O2 and H2 evolution [2224]. The CODCr is re-
duced to less than 50 mg L1 after a 60 min treatment. This result
Fig. 2 shows the performance comparison of the three- satises the national rst level wastewater discharge standard of
dimensional and traditional two-dimensional electrode systems China (GB18918-2002). The Esp after 60 min treatment at
under galvanostatic conditions. The gure illustrates that the 5 mA cm2 current density is about 180 kW h kg1 COD. And the
two-dimensional electrode system removes only about 20% CODCr, Esp is about 300 kW h kg1 COD for the two dimensional electrode
whereas the three-dimensional electrode system removes about system when CODCr reached the same concentration.

1.0
600

500

0.8
E sp/KWh Kg-1COD

400
C/C0

300
Discharge limit
0.6
200
Three-dimensional

Two-dimensional 100

0.4
0 30 60 90 120 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time/min
Current density/mA cm-2
Fig. 2. Comparison the CODCr removal of two-dimensional electrode and three-
dimensional electrode. Operation condition: current density = 5mA cm2, intial Fig. 3. Electrical energy per mass (4Esp) under different current density. Operation
CODCr = 80105 mg L1, no aeration, voltage = 11.1 V. condition: current density = 5mA cm2, reaction time = 60 min.
4 W. Can et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 243 (2014) 16

Wang et al. [25] reported an Esp of about 600 kW h kg1 COD 0.01
when paper mill wastewater was treated. Their result is larger than
Aeration
that in the present study. Fockedey et al. [9] reported that the Esp in
their research was only 5 kW h kg1 COD (much lower than that in No aeration
0.008
the present study) when they treated simulated water containing
phenol. The low result of Fockedey et al. may be attributed to the
large CODCr (as large as 2000 mg L1) concentration and distinct

k' /min-1
electrode characteristics, which explored an electrochemical lter 0.006
press cell equipped with Sb-doped SnO2-coated titanium foam
and a RVC cathode.

0.004
3.3. Reaction kinetics analysis

3.3.1. Reaction kinetics


The degradation of organic is tried by the following apparent 0.002
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
rst-order kinetics
Current density /mA cm-2
Lnc
k  t 2 Fig. 5. Effects of current density on reaction constants under aeration and
Lnc0 no-aeration.

where k is the observed reaction constant, c and c0 are the concen- The result shows a different electrochemical behavior under dif-
trations of CODCr at time t and t0, respectively. ferent conditions. For the lower values of the current density (low-
The correlation coefcients (Fig. 4) under various current densi- er than 7.5 mA cm2), both the reaction constants with and
ties are 0.94 (2.5 mA cm2), 0.97 (5 mA cm2), 0.99 (7.5 mA cm2), without aeration increased with rising current density. These re-
and 0.99 (10 mA cm2). This model well ts the experiment, even sults indicate that the abatement of CODcr is mainly inuenced
though a slight deviation occurs at low current density, which by the current density, suggesting the process is mainly under elec-
may be that the organics cannot be immediately degraded at or tron oxidation reaction (including mediated oxidation) control. For
near the micro-electrode surface, and are partly degraded by active higher values of the current density (10 mA cm2), the abatement
chlorine in the bulk solution. This result suggests that degradation was substantially constant with current density without aeration
of organic follows apparent rst-order reaction, which is consistent but increased continuously with aeration in the system. This result
with the previous reports [21]. The observed reaction constants are indicates the mass transfer limitations at high current density,
calculated as shown in Fig. 5. The reaction constant at the current since the abatement did not depend on the current density but
density of 2.5 mA cm2 is 0.0055 min1. Increase in current density on the ow dynamic pattern [2629].
to 7.5 mA cm2, a higher reaction constant is achieved as high as
0.0081. However, further increase in current density cannot lead
to a continue increase in reaction constant. 3.4. Acute biotoxicity assessment and products identication

Fig. 6 shows the effect of the three-dimensional electrode sys-


3.3.2. Effects of aeration tem on acute biotoxicity and corresponding Zn2+ concentration.
The degradation of CODcr by the three-dimensional electrode The acute biotoxicity of raw water is zero. However, the lumines-
system at same current density was compared under both aeration cent bacterium is strongly inhibited by the treatment, with nearly
and no aeration conditions. Under the aeration conditions, the complete inhibition of luminescence (more than 95%). The reason
nitrogen (N2) at 0.1 m3/h bubbling rate was pumped into the sys- in the present research may be that the more toxic organics and
tem to stir the solution, aiming to eliminate the mass transport oxidants were generated during treatment. The inhibition ratio
control. The observed reaction constants of different current densi- slightly decreases at the end of the treatment due to the volatiliza-
ties are shown in Fig. 5. tion of toxic products. The results suggest that the use of the elec-

1.0 100 12
10 mA cm-2
7.5mA cm-2
10
Acute biotoxicity /mg-Zn2+ L-1

0.8 5 mA cm-2 80
Luminescent inhibition /%

2.5mA cm-2
8
Ln (C/C0)

0.6 60

0.4 40 Luminescent inhibition


4
Acute biotoxicity
0.2 20
2

0.0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 30 60 90 120
Time/min Time /min

Fig. 4. Degradation of CODcr at various current densities under no aeration Fig. 6. Time course of luminescent inhibition and acute biotoxicity. Operation
condition. condition: current density = 5mA cm2.
W. Can et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 243 (2014) 16 5

4
Free chlorine

Total chlorine
3

Active chlorine /mg L-1


2

0
0 30 60 90 120
Time /min

Fig. 8. Production of total chlorine and free chlorine in bulk solution. Operation
condition: current density = 5 mA cm2.

5 0

Total bacteria count/ Log(CFU) mL-1


Total bacteria count
4 -1
log reduction

Log (N /N 0)
3 -2

2 -3

Fig. 7. Fluorescence spectra of wastewater before (A) and after (B) treatment.
Operation condition: current density = 5 mA cm2 reaction time = 120 min.

1 -4
0 30 60 90 120
trochemical method as a tertiary treatment should be adopted Time/min
with care because it can increase acute biotoxicity and result in a
Fig. 9. Effects of disinfection on total bacteria count and Log reduction.
higher ecological risk when the treated wastewater is directly dis-
charged into natural water.
The three-dimensional uorescence spectra were used to char- indicating that the acute biotoxicity generation is caused by elec-
acterize the compounds before and after treatment in wastewater. tro-generated oxidants.
The spectra are depicted as contour maps in Fig. 7. The spectrum of
wastewater before and after treatment has three peaks (AC). The 3.5. Disinfection effects
EXmax (Exitation) and EMmax (Emission) coordinates for each peak
represent different substances [18]. The positions of peaks A and B Some of the electro-generated oxidizing species (e.g., Cl2, HClO)
are indicative of aromatic compounds. The position of peak C is are biocide and can therefore act as a disinfectant against microor-
indicative of organic acids, such as humic acid. The spectrum of ganisms. Therefore, the disinfection effect of industrial wastewater
wastewater after treatment has no new peak, indicating that no by three-dimensional electrode systems, expressed in colony-
new notable compound is generated after the treatment. The color forming units, is tested in this study. The result is shown in
depth of the peaks (especially for peak A) indicates that the con- Fig. 9. The successful inactivation of the bacterium in wastewater
centration of organics decreases after the treatment. On the basis is observed. 3-log reduction was achieved and the total bacteria
of this result and considering that no obviously more toxic organics count was near 100 CFU mL1 after about 30 min of treatment.
are generated by the electrochemical treatment, the oxidants Therefore, the three-dimensional electrode system performs well
(mainly active chlorine) generation may be determinant for the in the simultaneous disinfection of secondary efuent in combined
biotoxicity increase after treatment. with removal of organics.
To verify the deduction, the production of chlorine (free chlorine It has been veried that the electrochemically generated free
and total chlorine) was determined, shown in Fig. 8. The result re- chlorine such as Cl2, ClO1, HClO in the disinfection process played
veals that the total chlorine and free chlorine increased with increas- a dominating role rather than the hydroxyl radicals, which are
ing time. The concentrations slightly decreased at the end of the short-lived free radical species and easily eliminated with typical
treatment. This decrease might occur because of the degradation radical scavengers [20,30]. In contrast to traditional chlorination
of pollutants. To analyze the attribution of the electro-generated and UV irradiation, the main advantages of the electrochemical
oxidants for the increase in biotoxicity, the appropriate amount method involves no need for storage of chemicals, on-site genera-
(30 mg L1) Na2SO3 was added into wastewater to eliminate the tion of electrochemical oxidants, higher tolerance in terms of uc-
electro-generated oxidants. The acute biotoxicity declined to zero, tuating water quality, easy to perform by a simple, space-saving
6 W. Can et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 243 (2014) 16

and low maintenance and moderate operational and investment [7] L.Y. Wei, S.H. Guo, G.X. Yan, C.M. Chen, X.Y. Jiang, Electrochemical
pretreatment of heavy oil renery wastewater using a three-dimensional
costs [20]. Therefore, the electrochemical disinfection could be a
electrode reactor, Electrochim. Acta 55 (2010) 86158620.
promising alternative for biologically treated efuents. [8] C. Zhang, Y.H. Jiang, Y.L. Li, Z.X. Hu, L. Zhou, M.H. Zhou, Three-dimensional
electrochemical process for wastewater treatment: a general review, Chem.
Eng. J. 228 (2013) 455467.
4. Conclusions [9] E. Fockedey, A.V. Lierde, Coupling of anodic and cathodic reactions for phenol
electro-oxidation using three-dimensional electrodes, Water Res. 36 (2002)
Effective three-dimensional electrode treatment of industrial 41694175.
[10] M.H. Zhou, L.C. Lei, The role of activated carbon on the removal of p-
wastewater was conducted and the following conclusions could nitrophenol in an integrated three-phase electrochemical reactor,
be acquired form this study. Chemosphere 65 (2006) 11971203.
The three-dimensional electrode system presents higher CODcr [11] H.Z. Zhao, Y. Sun, L.N. Xu, J.R. Ni, Removal of Acid Orange 7 in simulated
wastewater using a three-dimensional electrode reactor: removal
abatement over the two-dimensional electrode system, which is
mechanisms and dye degradation pathway, Chemosphere 78 (2010) 4651.
caused by the numerous micro-electrodes in the electric eld [12] N.N. Rao, M. Rohit, G. Nitin, P.N. Parameswaran, J.K. Astik, Kinetics of
and electro-catalysis of activated carbon. The electrical energy electrooxidation of landll leachate in a three-dimensional carbon bed
electrochemical reactor, Chemosphere 76 (2009) 12061212.
per mass Esp decreases with an increase in current density. Energy
[13] P. Trinidad, F.C. Walsh, S.A. Sheppard, S.P. Gillard, S.A. Campbell, The effect of
consumption is about 180 kW h kg1 COD after a 60 min treatment operational parameters on the performance of a bipolar trickle tower reactor, J.
at 5 mA cm2 current density, which is much lower than that for Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 79 (2004) 954963.
the two dimensional electrode system (300 kW h kg1 COD) when [14] G. Prez, P. Gmez, R. Ibaez, I. Ortiz, A.M. Urtiaga, Electrochemical
disinfection of secondary wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) efuent,
CODcr reached the same concentration. Water Sci. Technol. 62 (2010) 892897.
The degradation of organic follows apparent rst-order reaction [15] C. Wang, J.Y. Xi, H.Y. Hu, Y. Yao, Advantages of combined UV photodegradation
and presents a different electrochemical behavior under various and bioltration processes to treat gaseous chlorobenzene, J. Hazard. Mater.
171 (2009) 11201125.
conditions. For the low values of the current density (lower than [16] L.S. Wang, D.B. Wei, J. Wei, H.Y. Hu, Screening and estimating of toxicity
7.5 mA cm2), the abatement of CODcr is mainly inuenced by formation with photobacterium bioassay during chlorine disinfection of waste
the current density, suggesting an electron oxidation reaction con- water, J. Hazard. Mater. 141 (2007) 289294.
[17] Y.K. Huang, S. Li, C. Wang, M. Ji, Simultaneous removal of COD and NH3N in
trol process. However, a mass transfer limitation occurs at high high-salinity industrial wastewater by electrochemical oxidation, J. Chem.
current density, since the abatement dose not depend on the cur- Technol. Biotechnol. 87 (2012) 130136.
rent density but on the ow dynamic pattern. [18] W. Chen, P. Westerhoff, J.A. Leenheer, Fluorescence excitationemission
matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter,
Acute biotoxicity of the wastewater has been investigated and
Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 57015710.
is found to increase rapidly (more than 95% inhibition) after [19] Chinese EPA, Water and Wastewater Monitoring Analysis Method, the fourth
30 min of treatment. Further analysis using the three-dimensional ed., Chinese Environmental Science Press, Beijing, China, 2002.
[20] V. Schmalz, T. Dittmar, D. Haahen, E. Worch, Electrochemical disinfection of
uorescence spectra shows no more toxic organics generation by
biologically treated wastewater from small treatment systems by using boron-
electrochemical treatment, suggesting that the acute biotoxicity doped diamond (BDD) electrodes-contribution for direct reuse of domestic
is caused primarily by the free chlorine generated. Furthermore, wastewater, Water Res. 43 (2009) 52605266.
the system shows good disinfection effects by 3-log reduction of [21] J.R. Bolton, K.G. Bircher, W. Tumas, C.A. Tolman, Figures-of-Merit for the
technical development and application of advanced oxidation technologies for
colony-forming units after 30 min of treatment. both electric- and solar-driven systems, Pure Appl. Chem. 73 (2001) 627637.
[22] I. Sirs, P.L. Cabot, F. Centellas, J.A. Garrido, R.M. Rodrguez, C. Arias, E. Brillas,
Acknowledgements Electrochemical degradation of clobric acid in water by anodic oxidation.
Comparative study with platinum and boron-doped diamond electrodes,
Electrochim. Acta 52 (2006) 7585.
This research was supported by Major Science and Technology [23] C.A. Martnez-Huitle, M.A. Quiroz, C. Comninellis, S. Ferro, A.D. Battisti,
Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment in China (No. Electrochemical incineration of chloranilic acid using Ti/IrO2, Pb/PbO2 and Si/
BDD electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 50 (2004) 949956.
2012ZX07203-004-42). [24] M. Panizza, P.A. Michaud, G. Cerisola, C. Comninellis, Electrochemical
treatment of wastewaters containing organic pollutants on boron-doped
References diamond electrodes: prediction of specic energy consumption and required
electrode area, Electrochem. Commun. 3 (2001) 336339.
[25] B. Wang, W.P. Kong, H.Z. Ma, Electrochemical treatment of paper mill
[1] C. Comninellis, A. Kapalka, S. Malato, S.A. Parsons, I. Poulios, D. Mantzavinos,
wastewater using three-dimensional electrodes with Ti/Co/SnO2-
Advanced oxidation processes for water treatment: advances and trends for
Sb2O5 anode, J. Hazard. Mater. 146 (2007) 295301.
R&D, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 83 (2008) 769776.
[26] P. Caizares, M. Daz, J.A. Domnguez, J. Garca-Gmez, M.A. Rodrigo,
[2] G.F. Lv, D.C. Wu, R.W. Fu, Performance of carbon aerogels particle electrodes
Electrochemical oxidation of aqueous phenol wastes on synthetic diamond
for the aqueous phase electro-catalytic oxidation of simulated phenol
thin-lm electrodes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 (2002) 41874194.
wastewaters, J. Hazard. Mater. 165 (2009) 961966.
[27] P. Caizares, A. Gadri, J. Lobato, B. Nasr, R. Paz, M.A. Rodrigo, C. Saez,
[3] X.P. Zhu, J.R. Ni, X. Xing, H.G. Li, Y. Jiang, Synergies between electrochemical
Electrochemical oxidation of azoic dyes with conductive-diamond anodes, Ind.
oxidation and activated carbon adsorption in three-dimensional boron-doped
Eng. Chem. Res. 45 (2006) 34683473.
diamond anode system, Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011) 12701274.
[28] A. Dominguez-Ramos, R. Aldaco, A. Irabien, Electrochemical oxidation of
[4] Y. Yavuz, R. Shahbazi, Anodic oxidation of reactive Black 5 dye using boron
lignosulfonate: total organic carbon oxidation kinetics, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47
doped diamond anodes in a bipolar trickle tower reactor, Sep. Purif. Technol.
(2008) 98489853.
85 (2012) 130136.
[29] O. Scialdone, C. Guarisco, A. Galia, Oxidation of organics in water in
[5] H. Zhang, Y.L. Li, X.G. Wu, Y.J. Zhang, D.B. Zhang, Application of response
microuidic electrochemical reactors: theoretical model and experiments,
surface methodology to the treatment landll leachate in a three-dimensional
Electrochim. Acta 58 (2011) 463473.
electrochemical reactor, Waste Manage. 30 (2010) 20962102.
[30] A.M. Polcaro, A. Vacca, M. Mascia, S. Palmas, R. Pompei, S. Laconi,
[6] Z.C. Wu, Y.Q. Cong, M.H. Zhou, T.E. Tan, P-Nitrophenol abatement by the
Characterization of a stirred tank electrochemical cell for water disinfection
combination of electrocatalysis and activated carbon, Chem. Eng. J. 106 (2005)
processes, Electrochim. Acta 52 (2007) 25952602.
8390.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi