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SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCION
INGENIERIA DE PETROLEOS
2
Well Inflow Performance
3
Flow Models for Stabilized Well Inflow
LINEAR
RADIAL
4
Pressure drawdown in the Wellbore
Well re
rw
Pe
P
P
PDD
Pwf
Pwf
5
Darcys Law
L
Area A
q q
p1 p p2
k dp kAdp
v q vA
dx dx
= fluid viscosity
6
The Radial Diffusivity Equation
1 k p p
( r r ) c
r r t
pressure : radius : time
Homogeneous reservoir
Isotropic Permeability
Radial Flow
7
Radial Flow
re
r
dr
h
pe pwf pe
h
rw re
8
Flow Regimes
There are three flow regimes:
Steady-state flow
Unsteady-state flow
Pseudosteady-state flow
Steady-State Flow
The flow regime is identified as a steady-state flow if the
pressure at every location in the reservoir remains
constant, i.e., does not change with time.
Mathematically, this condition is expressed as:
Flow Regimes
The above equation states that the rate of change of pressure p with
respect to time t at any location i is zero. In reservoirs, the steady-
state flow condition can only occur when the reservoir is completely
recharged and supported by strong aquifer or pressure maintenance
operations.
Unsteady-State Flow
The unsteady-state flow (frequently called transient flow) is defined as
the fluid flowing condition at which the rate of change of pressure with
respect to time at any position in the reservoir is not zero or constant.
This definition suggests that the pressure derivative with respect to time
is essentially a function of both position i and time t, thus
Pseudosteady-State Flow
P
tpss
time
13
Steady-State Flow (SS)
Pressure wave has reached the reservoir outer boundary, the outer
boundary pressure is constant, and the rate of fluid flow into the reservoir
at the outer boundary is equal to the well production rate. dp/dt = 0.
Pseudo-Steday-State Flow (PSS)
Well treatment
Line source well (rw 0)
Cylindrical source well (rw 0)
Constant terminal pressure solution (inner boundary)
(Aquifer influx model)
Reservoir Well Flow Regimes
3 common conditions of flow
162.6qo Bo o
pi pwf {log t log c r 2 3.23}
k0
ko h o t w
18
Reservoir Well Flow Regimes
3 common conditions of flow
p and r
141.2qB 141.2qB r
Expressed in pe pwf
r
{ln re 12} pe pwf {ln re }
terms of: kh w kh w
p = pe at r = re
21
Darcys law for noncircular drainage area(1 )
k o h ( pr pwf )
qo
141 . 2 o B o ( ln(0,472X) s )
X is obtained from next slide for different shapes
and well positions in a drainage area.
rw 2.206A1/2
1
rw
0.604A1/2 2
rw 1.925A1/2
1
rw
0.678A1/2 4
1/3 rw
1 6.590A1/2
1
0.668A1/2 1
rw
2 rw 4
1 1.368A1/2 9.360A1/2
1
4
rw rw
1
2.066A1/2 4
5 rw
0.610A1/2
0.884A1/2
60o rw
rw
1.485A1/2
r
Factor (X) for different shapes and positions in a
drainage area (cont.)
X
SYSTEM
1.724A1/2
rw
1.794A1/2
1
rw
2
4.072A1/2
1
rw
2
9.523A1/2
1
rw
2
10.135A1/2
rw
PRODUCTIVITY INDEX CONCEPT
BOTTOM HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf
Pr
Q
Pwf = Pr - Q/J J=
Pr - Pwf
Slope = - 1/J
Intercepts: Pr y Qmax
0
Pr Pwf: DRAW-DOWN
0
FLOW RATE, Q Qmax
Straight-Line IPR Relationship
pwf1
q omax
q1 q
qo1 qo1 qo max qo1 qo2
PI J tan
p p pwf 1 p pwf 2 pwf 1
26
The Productivity Index (PI)
qo
pwf pR
J
27
EXERCISE
APPLICATION OF PRODUCTIVITY INDEX CALCULATIONS
A well that is producing from a reservoir having an average pressure of 2085 psig
produced at a rate of 282 STB/D when bottomhole flowing pressure was 1765 psig.
Calculate:
0
282
0
Q Qmax
Inflow Performance Relationship (Pwf < Pb)
pR
Straight Line IPR
Pressure
pb
Curved IPR
Flow Rate
Two-phase flow
30
Different Methods when Pb > Pwf
qo pwf pwf 2
1 0. 2( ) 0. 8( )
qo(max) pR pR
32
Vogels dimensionless IPR
1.00
0.80
p
wf 0.60
p
R
0.40
0.20
0
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
q 1. 8 q
L
L
q L ( ) J p
max R
33
EXERCISE
APPLICATION OF VOGEL METHOD
SATURATED RESERVOIR, ZERO SKIN
(Pr<Pb)
A well is producing from a reservoir having an average reservoir pressure
of 2085 psig. A stabilized production test gave 282 STB/D when the flowing
bottomhole pressure is 1765 psig. The bubble point pressure is 2100 psig.
qb=J(Pr Pb)
dq
Pb J=
dpwf
Pwf
FLOW RATE
FETKOVICH METHOD FOR IPR DETERMINATION
qo = C(Pr2 Pwf2) n
qo = producing rate,
Pr = average reservoir pressure,
Pwf = bottom hole flowing pressure,
C = flow coefficient ,and
n = exponent depending on well characteristics.
A plot of Pr2 Pwf2 versus qo on log log scales will result in straight line
having a slope of 1/n and an intercept of qo=C for Pr2 Pwf2 = 1.
PROCEDURE FOR APPLICATION OF FETKOVICH METHOD
EXAMPLE
log104 - log103 1. Plot values of Pr2-Pwf2/103 versus q on log-log
slope = scales, using the data from the multirate test.
log4000 log150
2. Draw the best straight line through the points.
3. Calculate the slope of the straight line, by
calculating the change in flow rate for one cycle
in the vertical log scale.
4. Calculate n=1/slope.
5. Calculate C by substituting a known value of q
and Pwf in the Fetkovich equation.
150 4000 6. Generate the IPR curve by assuming values
of Pwf and calculating the flow rate from the
Fetkovich equation.
FLOW RATE, STB/D
Fetkovich Method - EXAMPLE 2
38
Fetkovich Method - EXAMPLE 2
39
Fetkovich Method - EXAMPLE 2
40
Fetkovich Method - EXAMPLE 2
41
Vogels Practical Application by BEGGS
42
Vogels Practical Application by BEGGS
43
Vogels Practical Application by BEGGS
44
Example - Results
Datos
3500
Presin promedio Reservorio Pr 3.000 psi
Clculos Pb
Presin, [psi]
2000
Indice de productividad J 0,50 bpd/psi
Caudal a Pb qb 435 bbl/d
1500
Caudal Mximo qmax 1.027 bbl/d
1000
Calcular caudal @ Pwf
Presin dinmica Pwf1 1.000 psi 500
Caudal @ Pwf1 867 bbl/d 867
0
0 500 1000 1500
caudal, q [bbl/d]
45
Example for Pwf < Pb
Data from previous example
46
Wiggins (1993) Method
47
Wiggins (1993) Method
48
Wiggins (1996) Method
49
Wiggins (1996) Method
50
The Klins-Clark Method
51
The Klins-Clark Method
52
Oil Well Performance
f f f
54
Predicting Future IPRs
qo = C(Pr2 Pwf2) n
f f f
55
Predicting Future IPRs
56
Future IPR Prediction
Third Approximation Method - Fetkovich
57
Future IPR Prediction
(1)
(2)
(3)
58
Future IPR Prediction
59
Future IPR - EXAMPLE
60
EFFECT OF TURBULENCE
Jones, Blount and Glaze Method for IPR determination
p r p wf
A B(qo )
qo
Coefficients:
r
141.2o * Bo * Ln 0.472* e S
rw
A
(ko *h)
1.88 10 10
b 1.47 0.53 Unconsolidated Sand
k
2.33 10 10
Consolidated Sand
b 1.201
k
62
EFFECT OF TURBULENCE
Jones, Blount and Glaze Method for IPR determination
2.5
2.0
pr pwf
A B (qo )
pr pwf
qo
qo
1.5
B (slope)
0.5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Qo, STB/day
EFFECT OF TURBULENCE
Jones, Blount and Glaze Method for IPR determination
A = A + BxAOF
AOF = Qo (Pwf = 0)
Jones, Blount and Glaze Method for IPR determination
INTERPRETATION OF VARIOUS WELL TESTS
Conclusions based on the plot
(1) if A is low -less than 0.05- no formation damage occurs in the well.
The degree of damage will increase with increasing values of A
(2) If the value of A/A is low -less than 2- little or not turbulence is
occurring in the well formation system
(3) If the values of A and A/A are low, the well has a good completion
(4)If the value of A is low and A/A is high (2-3), stimulation is not
recommended. The low productivity is caused by insufficient open
perforated area. Additional perforations would be recommended
(5) if the value of A is high and A/A is low, stimulation is recommended
Exercise
1.- Using the data from the four tests, find A, B and qo(max).
2.- Find the relationship A/A and made recommendations
67
Solution
A = A + BxAOF
A = 2.45
A / A = 2.33
68
Inflow Equations incorporating Skin
141.2qo Bo r
General (p, r ) relationship
p pwf (ln S )
koh rw
Semi-steady state flow
141.2q o Bo re 3
in terms of Average pR pwf (ln S )
reservoir pressure ko h rw 4
69
The Skin effect (Hawkins thick Skin)
ra
S [kk 1]ln( r )
a e
rw
re
ra
70
INFLOW PERFORMANCE IN HORIZONTAL WELLS
71
APLICATION OF HORIZONTAL WELLS
Kv>>>Kh
72
METHODS TO DETETRMINE IPR IN HORIZONTAL WELLS
Mathematical Models
Borisov
Giger-Reiss-Jourdan
Joshi
Renard-Dupuy
Babu
Un,erical Simulations
Empirical Correlations
Bendakhlia y Aziz
Fetkovich
Cheng
73
Drainage Area of a Horizontal Well
METHOD 1 (JOSHI)
A) Longitudinal View
a
kv
Assumption: The drainage h
area is represented by two kh
half circles in each end of L
the horizontal section
which radius is b
(equivalent to the radius of
a vertical well, rev ) plus a B) Plant View
rectangle with dimensions
Lx2b.
b L
2b
a
74
Drainage Area of a Horizontal Well
METHOD 1 (JOSHI)
Plant View
b L
2b
Plant View
b
a b
76
Drainage Area Comparison between both Methods
b
b L
2b a
L
77
EQUVALENT DRAINAGE RADIUS FOR A HORIZONTAL WELL
78
IPR in Horizontal wells
JOSHI
DRAINAGE PATTERN OF A
HORIZONTAL WELL AFTER JOSHI
79
IPR in Horizontal wells
JOSHI
Where
and
80
IPR in Horizontal wells
JOSHI
where
and
81
IPR in Horizontal wells
BABU-ODEH METHOD
Problem was analyzed in the same way as a vertical well with partial penetration,
assuming pseudosteady state flow.
0.00708 (Lx ) k y k z (o Bo )
Jhh
PI
( )
ln Ly h rw ln(CH ) 0.75 S R
CH Shape factor which depends on the
position of the well in the reservoir
82
IPR in Horizontal wells
BABU-ODEH METHOD
Ly k z 1 y w y w
2
ln(CH ) 6.28
h k y 3 Ly Ly
o z w Ly k
ln sin180 0.5 ln z
1.088
h h k y
83
Exercise
sol
84
Formation damage in horizontal wells
(Economides)
k 1 4 aH,max aH,max
2
seq - 1 ln 2 1
ks (Iani 1) 3 rvw rvw
Iani
85
IPR in Horizontal wells
Empirical Correlations
Bendakhlia y Aziz
Fetkovich
Cheng
86
IPR in Horizontal wells
BENDAKHLIA Y AZIZ
q Pwf Pwf n
= 1V( ) - (1-V) ( )2
qomax Pr Pr
87
IPR in Horizontal wells
FETKOVICH
qo = C(Pr2 Pwf2) n
88
IPR in Horizontal wells
CHENG
(Pr<Pb)
89
Performance Improvement Factor (PIF)
PIhor Lhor kv
PIF
PIvert Lvert kh
where:
PI Productivity Index
Lhor Net pay zone of horizontal section
Lvert Net pay zone of vertical section
Kv Vertical Permeability
Kh Horizontal Permeability
90