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Solution:
a) We use the tabular method to represent the signals values
n 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x(n) 0 0 1
3
2
3
1 1 1 1 0
1
2
3
1
3
n n
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
Solutions to Problem Set
(2 DT Signals and Systems)
1
2
3
1
3
n n
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
This shows that operations on the time variable (folding, shifting) are not commutative.
Solution:
a) We first take the elementary signal, the unit step function u(n).
1
n n
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
The folding operation takes priority over shifting. We first fold u(n) to obtain u(n).
1
n n
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2
Solutions to Problem Set
(2 DT Signals and Systems)
Then we delay the resulting signal by four units to obtain u(n 4).
n n
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
n n
5 6
b) The signal x(n) is composed of two components. The first one is a unit step signal
advanced by three units, u(n + 3), and the second one is a unit step signal delayed by
four units, u(n 4)
u(n + 3)
n n
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
u(n 4)
n n
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
n n
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3
Solutions to Problem Set
(2 DT Signals and Systems)
c) The signal is a unit impulse delayed by six units, with the amplitude multiplied by eight.
x(n) = 8(n)
n n
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
d) As with (b), the signal is composed to two subsignals. The first one is a unit step signal,
2u(n + 6).
2
n n
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
For the second one, we start with a unit ramp signal ur(n)
4
3
2
1
n n
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
6
5
4
3
2
1
n n
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
4
Solutions to Problem Set
(2 DT Signals and Systems)
12
10
n n
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
n n
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
2
4
10
n n
5
Solutions to Problem Set
(2 DT Signals and Systems)
a) x(n 2)
b) x(3 n)
c) x(n 1) u(n)
d) x(n 1) (n)
e) x(1 n) (n 2)
Solution:
a) The resulting signal is just a delayed version of the original.
x(n 2) 2
n n
b) To determine the value of the signal, we perform arithmetic operation on the time
variable n. We use a table for the values:
Let m = 3 n
n 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
m=3n 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
x(m) 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
x(m) = x(3 n) 2
n n
6
Solutions to Problem Set
(2 DT Signals and Systems)
x(n + 3) 2
n n
c) For x(n 1) u(n), we get the delayed version of x(n) then multiply every element to u(n).
x(n 1) 2
n n
u(n)
1
n n
This results in
x(n 1) u(n) 2
n n
2
Since the shifted signal is already causal, that is x(n) = 0 for n < 0, multiplying u(n)
(which is inherently causal), does not change the signal.
7
Solutions to Problem Set
(2 DT Signals and Systems)
d) Similar to (c), but this time we multiply x(n 1) to the unit impulse signal (n).
x(n 1) 2
n n
(n)
1
n n
This results in a signal that is sampled at n = 0, or x(0).
n n
x(1 n) 2
n n
8
Solutions to Problem Set
(2 DT Signals and Systems)
(n 2)
1
n n
We get the signals value at n = 2 or x(2).
x(1 n) (n 2) = x(2)
n n
Multiplying any signal to a shifted unit impulse signal (n k) results in the value of the
signal at k, as with the example where k = 2, and thus x(2). This samples the value of
the signal at k. This is why the unit impulse signal is sometimes called a unit sample
signal.
Solution:
To get the even and odd components, the signal must be symmetrical with respect to n = 0. We
pad zeros to the signal on the negative side of the timeline to balance the number of samples on
either side of n = 0.
x(n) [0 0 0 5 5 3 2 3 5 0 9]
1
x(n) x(n) 0(29) 0 0 ( 5 ) 5 ( 3) 5 2 3 3 2 ( 5 ) 3 5 5 0
0 9 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
xeven (n)
9
2 0 5
2 1 3
2 3
3
2 1 5
2 0 9
2
Indeed x(n) = x(n) for the even component.
9
Solutions to Problem Set
(2 DT Signals and Systems)
1
x(n) x(n) 0(29) 0 0 ( 5 ) 5( 3) 5 2 3 3 2 ( 5 ) 35 5 0
0 9 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
xodd (n)
9
2 0 5
2 4 7
2 0
7
2 4 5
2 0 9
2
This shows us that x(n) = x(n) for the odd component.
10