Air Flow Through Orifices

Volume of free air in CFM that will flow thru round holes from a receiver into the atmosphere. Cubic feet of
air per minute measured at absolute pressure of 14.7 lbs. per sq. in. and 70¼ F.

Air Flow Through Orifices

Guage Pressure in Reciever - Pounds

Dia. of
Orifice
(In.) 2 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 125 150
1/64 0.04 0.062 0.077 0.105 0.123 0.14 0.158 0.176 0.194 0.211 0.29 0.267 0.3 0.335 0.37 0.406 0.494 0.583
1/32 0.158 0.248 0.311 0.42 0.491 0.562 0.633 0.703 0.774 0.845 0.916 1.06 1.2 1.34 1.48 1.62 1.98 2.32
3/64 0.356 0.568 0.712 0.944 1.1 1.26 1.42 1.58 1.75 1.91 2.06 2.38 2.7 3 3.33 3.66 4.44 5.25
1/16 0.633 0.993 1.24 1.68 1.96 2.25 2.53 2.81 3.1 3.38 3.66 4.23 4.79 5.36 5.92 6.49 7.9 9.1
3/32 1.43 2.23 2.8 3.78 4.41 5.05 5.69 6.31 7 7.63 8.25 9.5 10.8 12 13.3 14.6 17.8 20.9
1/8 2.53 3.97 4.98 6.72 7.86 8.98 10.1 11.3 12.4 13.5 14.7 16.9 19.2 21.4 23.7 26 31.6 37.3
3/16 5.7 8.93 11.2 15.2 17.65 20.2 22.8 25.2 28 30.5 33 38 43.2 48.3 53.2 58.5 71 84
1/4 10.1 15.9 19.9 26.9 31.4 35.9 40.5 45 49.6 54.1 58.6 67.6 76.7 85.7 94.8 104 126 149.3
3/8 22.8 35.7 44.7 60.5 70.7 80.9 91.1 101 112 122 132 152 173 193 213 234 284 336
1/2 40..5 63.5 79.6 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 235 271 307 343 379 415 506 596
5/8 63.03 99.3 124.5 168 196 225 253 281 310 338 366 423 479 536 592 649 790 932
3/4 91.2 143 179.2 242 283 323 365 405 446 487 528 609 690 771 853 934 1138 1340
7/8 124 195 244.2 329 385 440 496 551 607 662 718 828 939 1050 1161 1272 1549 1825
1 162 254 318.2 430 503 575 648 720 793 865 938 1082 1227 1371 1516 1661 2023 2385
1 - 1/8 205 321 402.5 544 637 727 820 910 1004 1094 1187 1370 1552 1734 1918 2101 2560 3020
1 - 1/4 253 397 498 672 784 900 1019 1124 1240 1352 1464 1693 1917 2144 2370 2596 3160 3725
1 - 3/8 307 482 604 816 954 1091 1230 1367 1505 1643 1780 2054 2330 2607 2880 3153 3840 4525
1-1/2 364 572 716 968 1132 1293 1460 1620 1783 1946 2112 2335 2760 3081 3412 3734 4550 5360
1 - 3/4 496 780 972 1318 1540 1760 1985 2205 2429 2650 2875 3310 3755 4200 4645 5085 6195 7300
2 648 1015 1274 1720 2120 2300 2594 2880 3173 3460 3752 4330 4915 5480 6070 6650 8100 9540

Table is based on 100% coefficient of flow. For well rounded entrance, multiply values by 0.97. For sharp
edge orifices, a multiplier of 0.65 may be used. This table will give approximate results only. The formula
Q=14.5 PD2, where Q is CFM, P is absolute pressure and D is orifice diameter in inches, may be used for
any points not given in table. (Applies only above 15 pounds gauge.)
 

Compressed Air Requirements

 Tool/Equipment Size or Type Air Pressure (PSI) Air Consumed (CFM)
(pounds per sq. in.) (cu. ft. of free air per min.)
Air Bushing Small or Large 80-90 15-25

Air Filter Cleaner   70-100 3

Air Hammer Light to Heavy 70-90 4.0-40
Air Hoist 1,000 lb and under 70-90 1 cf/ft.lift
Air Hoist 2,000lb to 10,000lb 70-90 5 cf/ft. lift
Air Hoist 10,000lb And larger up to 70-90 15 cf/ ft. lift
Angle Nut Setters 5/16" weighing 8 lbs. 1/2" 70-90 20
Angle Nut Setters to 3/4" weighing 8 lbs. 70-90 30

Backfill Tamper   70-100 7

Bead Breaker   125-150 12

Blow Gun   70-90 3

Body Polisher   70-100 2

Body Sander Orbital 70-100 5

Brake Tester   70-100 4

Burring Tool Small 70-100 4
Burring Tool Large 70-100 6
Burring Tool 14,000lb cap 70-90 10
Bus or Truck Lift 8,000lb cap 70-90 6

Car Lift   70-90 6

Car Rocker   70-100 3

Carbon Remover   70-90 10.0-15.0

Carving Tools   70-90 10.0-15.0

Carving Tools Monumental 70-100 7
Chain Saw Lightweight 70-100 22
Chain Saw Heavy Duty 70-90 28-30
Chipping Hammers Weighing 2-4 lbs 70-90 39
Chipping Hammers Heavier than 13 lbs 70-90 30
Chipping Hammers Weighing 10-13 lbs 70-90 12

Concrete Vibrators   70-100 4

Die Grinder   70-100 7

Drill   70-90 50-110

Drills, Piston   70-90 20-90

Drills, Rotary   70-100 3

Dusting Blow Gun   70-90 5

Engine, Cleaning   70-100 9

Fender Hammer   70-90 20

File & Burr Tools   70-90 18

Filing/ Sawing Machine Small 90-100 3
Filing/ Sawing Machine Large 90-100 5

Grease Gun   70-90 3

Grease Gun Hi Pressure 120-150 4
Grinders W" Wheel 70-90 50
Grinders Z" Wheel 70-90 20
Grinders - Horizontal 6" to 8" wheel 70-90 50
Grinders - Horizontal 2"-2 1/2" wheels 70-90 14-20
Grinders - Horizontal 1-1/2" wheels and under 70-90 10
Grinders and Sanders - Vertical Large 70-90 53
Grinders and Sanders - Vertical Medium 70-90 30
Grinders and Sanders - Vertical Small 70-90 22
Hoist 1 ton 70-100 1

Hydraulic Floor Jack   125-150 6

Hydraulic Lift   145-175 6

Impact Wrench/ Screw Driver Small to Large 70-90 4-10.0
Impact Wrenches to-1/2" 70-90 5
Impact Wrenches 1/2" to 3/4" 70-90 10
Impact Wrenches 3/4" to 1 1/4" 70-90 20
Impact Wrenches 1-1/4" to 2" 70-90 30
Impact Wrenches 2" to 3" 70-90 55
Impact Wrenches 3" to 12" 70-90 100

Laboratory Outlet/ Station   40-70 1

Nailers and Staplers   70-100 5.0-8.0

Nut Setters & Runners 1/4" cap to 3/4" cap 70-90 6-30.0
Paint Sprayers Protection gun 40-70 20
Paint Sprayers Small Hand 70-90 2.0-7.0

Plug Drills   70-90 40-50

Pneumatic Door   40-90 2

Pneumatic Garage Door   120-50 3

Radiator Tester   90-100 1

Rammers Small 70-100 4
Rammers Medium 70-100 9
Rammers Large 70-100 10

Rim Stripper   100-120 6

Rivet Buster   70-90 35-39

Riveters Small-Large 70-90 Oct-35
Riveters 3/32"-1" rivets 70-90 12
Riveters Larger weighing 18-22 lbs. 70-90 35

Riveting Hammer   70-100 8

Rotary Sanders   70-90 30

Sand Blasting
(Blasting Data Pg J-17) Wide Variation 90 6-400

Sand Hammer   70-90 25-40

Sand Rammers and Tampers 1" x 4" cylinders 70-90 25
Sand Rammers and Tampers 1-1/4" x 5" cylinders 70-90 28
Sand Rammers and Tampers 1-1/2" x 6" cylinders 70-90 39

Scaling Hammer   70-100 3

Screwdrivers Nbr. 2 to 6 screw 70-90 5
Screwdrivers Nbr. 6 to 5/16" screw 70-90 10
Spark Plug Cleaner Reach 36-45 70-90 5

Spray Gun Engine Cleaner   90-100 5

Spring Oiler   40-70 4

Spring Oiler   90-100 4

Steel Drills, Piston Type Capacity 1/2"-3/4" 13-15 lbs. 70-90 45
Steel Drills, Piston Type Capacity 7/8"-1-1/4" weighing 25-30 lbs. 70-90 75-80
Steel Drills, Piston Type Capacity 1-1/4"-2" weighing 40-50 lbs. 70-90 80-90
Steel Drills, Piston Type Capacity 2"-3" weighing 55-75 lbs. 70-90 100-110
Steel Drills, Rotary Motors Capacity up to 1/4" weighing 1 1/2-4 lbs. 70-90 18-20
Steel Drills, Rotary Motors Capacity 1/4"-3/8" weighing 6-8 lbs. 70-90 20-40
 Steel Drills, Rotary Motors Capacity 1/2"-3/4" weighing 9-14 lbs. 70-90 70
Steel Drills, Rotary Motors Capacity 7/8"-1" weighing 25 lbs. 70-90 80
Steel Drills, Rotary Motors Capacity 1-1/4" weighing 30 lbs. 70-90 95
Sump Pumps 145 gals. At 50 foot head 70-90 70
Tapper to 3/8" 70-100 5

Tire Changer   70-90 1

Tire Changer   125-150 2

Tire Hammer   90-100 12

Tire Inflater   70-90 2

Tire Inflation Line   125-150 2

Tire Rim Stripper   125-150 6

Tire Spreader   70-90 1

Tire Spreader   125-150 2

Touch Up Paint Spray Gun   90-100 4

Transmission/ Differential Flusher   70-100 3

Undercoat Paint Spray Gun   90-100 19

Vacuum Cleaner Shop   100-120 6

Valve Grinder   70-90 2

Vertical Disc Sander   90-100 10

Wood Borers 1"-2" 70-90 40-80
Wood Borers 1" diameter weighing 4 lbs 70-90 40
Wood Borers 2" diameter weighing 26 lbs. 70-90 80

Air Line Pipe Size

Figures in body of chart are pipe sizes on a 100 PSI air system to carry air at about a 1 PSI per 100 feet pressure loss. When
measuring piping distances, to be conservative, count each pipe fitting as equal to 5 feet of pipe. At other than 100 PSI, flow
capacity will be in inverse proportion to pressure (as based on PSIA (absolute) pressure levels and calculated by Boyle's Law).

SCFM Length of Run - Feet

Flow 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 500 1000

6 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/4 3/4

18 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 1 1

1-
30 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 1 1 1 1/4 1-1/4

1- 1-
45 3/4 3/4 1 1 1 1 1/4 1/4 1-1/4

1- 1- 1- 1-
60 3/4 1 1 1 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/2 1-1/2

1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1-
90 1 1 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 2

1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1-
120 1 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 1/2 2 2

1- 1- 1- 1- 1-
150 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 2 2 2 2-1/2

1- 1- 1- 1- 2-
180 1/4 1/2 1/2 1/2 2 2 2 1/2 2-1/2

1- 1- 1- 2- 2-
240 1/4 1/2 1/2 2 2 2 1/2 1/2 3

1- 2- 2-
300 1/2 2 2 2 2 1/2 1/2 3 3

1- 2- 2- 2-
360 1/2 2 2 2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3 3

2- 2-
450 2 2 2 1/2 1/2 3 3 3 3-1/2

2- 2- 2- 3-
600 2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3 3 3 1/2 4

2- 2- 3- 3-
750 2 1/2 1/2 3 3 3 1/2 1/2 4

Valve Sizing
Valve Sizing With Cv = 1 Table

This method can be used if the required air flow is known or has been calculated with the formulas
as shown below:

 
Air Flow Q (SCFM) for Cv = 1 Example 2: Find Cv if air
flow Q (SCFM) is given.
Inlet Air Flow Q
Pressure (SCFM) To
(PSIG) 2 PSID 5 PSID 10 PSID 15 PSID 20 PSID Atmosphere
10 6.7         12
20 7.9 11.9       16.9 Flow through valve from
30 9 13.8 18.2     21.8 Table 28 for Cv = 1:30
40 9.9 15.4 20.6 23.8   26.6 SCFM
50 10.8 16.9 22.8 26.7 29.2 31.5
60 11.6 18.2 24.8 29.2 32.3 36.4 Cv = Air Flow Q (SCFM)
70 12.3 19.5 26.7 31.6 35.1 41.2
        Air Flow at Cv = 1
(SCFM)
80 13 20.7 28.4 33.8 37.7 46.1
90 13.7 21.8 30 35.8 40.2 51
Cv = 60 SCFM
100 14.4 22.9 31.6 37.8 42.5 55.9
              30         = 2.0
110 15 23.9 33.1 39.6 44.7 60.7
120 15.6 24.9 34.5 41.4 46.8 65.6
A valve with a Cv of
130 16.1 25.8 35.8 43.1 48.8 70.5 minimum 2 should be
140 16.7 26.7 37.1 44.7 50.7 75.3 selected.
150 17.2 27.6 38.4 46.3 52.5 80.2
160 17.7 28.4 39.6 47.8 54.3 85.1 Example 3: Find Cv if air
170 18.2 29.3 40.8 49.3 56 90 flow Q (SCFM) to
180 18.7 30.1 42 50.7 57.7 94.8 atmosphere is given.
190 19.2 30.9 43.1 52.1 59.4 99.7
200 19.6 31.6 44.2 53.4 60.9 104.6
Primary Pressure P1 = 90
PSIG
210 20.1 32.4 45.2 54.8 62.5 109.4
Air Flow to atmosphere Q =
220 20.5 33.1 46.3 56.1 64 114.3 100 SCFM
230 21 33.8 47.3 57.3 65.5 119.2
240 21.4 34.5 48.3 58.6 66.9 124 Flow to atmosphere through
250 21.8 35.2 49.3 59.8 68.3 128.9 valve from Table 28 for Cv =
1:51 SCFM
 
Cv = Air Flow to atmosphere
Example 1: Find an air flow Q(SCFM) if Cv is known. Q (SCFM)
Cv = 1.8         Air Flow to Atmosphere
at Cv = 1 (SCFM)
Flow through valve from Table 28 for Cv = 1:21.8 SCFM

Q = Cv of valve x air flow at Cv = 1 (SCFM)

Q = 1.8 x 21.8 = 39.2 SCFM

Cv = 100
         51

Flow given is equivalent to

valve with Cv = 2. This
conversion is often
necessary to size a valve
properly, since some
manufacturers do not show
the standard Cv to allow a
comparison.

Example 4: Find Cv if
cylinder size and stroke
speed is known, using

 
 Handy Rules Of Thumb For Estimating

Air Compressors:

1. Air compressors are normally rated to deliver 4 to 5 CFM per horsepower at 100 PSIG discharge
pressure.

2. Depending on the the size of the system, compressed air costs about 25 to 42 cents per
thousand cubic feet of free air ingested by the compressor (including operating and maintenance
costs).

3. A 50 horsepower compressor rejects approximately 126,000 BTU per hour for heat recovery.

4. Motor amperage draw:    1 Phase                 115V - 10 Amps per HP

                                                                         230V - 5 Amps per HP
                                           3 Phase                 230V - 2.50 Amps per HP
                                                                         460V - 1.25 Amps per HP

Air Receivers:

1. Size air receiver tanks for about 1 gallon capacity for each CFM of rotary compressor capacity.
Standard receiver tank sizes are listed below:
Gal. Dimensions Gal. Dimensions
30 16" x 38" 400 36" x 96"
60 20" x 48" 660 42" x 117"
80 20" x 63" 1060 48" x 144"
120 24" x 68" 1600 54" x 170"
200 30" x 72" 220 60" x 190"
240 30" x 84" 2560 60" x 220"
 

2. Cubic Feet: Gallons x 0.13368

Water Content:

1. The water vapor content at 100¼ F of saturated compressed air is about two gallons per hour for
each 100 CFM of compressor capacity.

2. Every 20¼ F temperature drop in saturated compressed air at constant pressure, 50% of the
water vapor condenses to liquid.
 
Water-Cooled Aftercoolers:
1. Most water-cooled aftercoolers will require about 3 GPM per 100 CFM of compressed air at
Discharge Air Tempera- ture at 100 psig.

Compressor Discharge Temperature (Before Aftercooling):

1. Approximate discharge temperatures (before aftercooling) at 80¼ F ambient:
       

  PRESSURE 100 PSIG 150 PSIG 200 PSIG

Single-Stage 510 615 ---
Two-Stage 325 365 395
Rotary (Oil-Cooled) 180 - 200 190 - 205 200 - 215
 

Horsepower & Power Cost:

1. Every 2 psig change in pressure equals 1% change in horsepower.

2. Most AIR MOTORS require 30 CFM at 90 psig per horsepower.

3. 10¢/ KWH Electric Power Rate = $806/ Year for 1 HP/3 shift Constant Run.

4. KW = HP x 0.7457

Saturated Compressed Air

1. At 100 psig every 20¼ F increase in saturated air temperature doubles the amount of moisture in
the air.

Ventilation Required
The following formula will estimate the required ventilation air in cfm to adequately control ambient
heat rejection from an air compressor Ð BE SURE TO USE FULL ABSORBED HORSEPOWER!
            EXAMPLE:
                          WHEN
                                          TOTAL BHP = 110                             CFM = 110 HP x 2546
                                          Start Temp. (T1) = 80F                                  (1.08)(20¼)Temp. Rise =
280,060
                                          Max. Allow Temp. (T2) = 100F
21.60

                                          CFM = (Sensible Heat BTU/ Hr.)                    CFM = 12,966 CFM Vent.

Air Required
                                                     (1.08)(T1 - T2)Temp. Rise
 

Air Reciever Capacity Chart

Capacity Ratings of Air Receivers In CFM for Constant Speed Operation
Gauge Air Receiver Size and Volume In Cubic Feet
12 x 14 x 6x 18 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 24 x 30 x 36 x 42 x 48 x 54 x 60 x 66 x
Pressure 36 46 38 72 48 63 72 72 84 96 120 144 168 192 216
PSI 2 3.6 4 9.7 7.7 10.1 17.2 17.2 31.3 51.6 88.1 138.8 210 294 404.4
15 12 20 22 55 43 56 65 95 170 285 480 1060 1560 220 3000
20 14 24 27 66 52 68 78 114 204 342 576 1270 1872 2640 3600
25 15 28 31 77 61 80 91 133 238 400 672 1480 2185 3080 4200
30 18 32 36 88 69 91 104 152 272 456 768 1692 2500 3520 4800
35 20 37 41 100 78 102 117 170 306 513 865 1905 2810 3960 5400
40-125 24 41 46 110 87 114 130 190 340 570 960 2115 3120 4400 6000
126-350 36 57 63 165 122 160 182 285 510 855 1440 3172 4680 660 9000
351-500 48 82 91 220 174 228 260 380 680 1140 1920 4230 6240 880 12000
501-620 60 102 113 275 217 285 325 475 850 1425 2400 5288 7800 11000 15000
621-720 72 121 134 330 261 343 390 570 1020 1710 2880 6346 9360 13200 18000
721-800 84 144 160 385 305 400 455 665 1190 1995 3360 7404 10920 15400 21000
801-880 96 164 182 440 348 457 520 760 1360 2280 3840 8462 12480 17600 24000
881-950 108 184 204 495 391 513 585 855 1530 2565 4320 9520 14040 19800 27000
951-1000 120 205 228 550 435 571 650 950 1700 2850 4800 10578 15600 22000 30000

 
 Determine the Water Volume

The following chart was created to simplify the procedure necessary to determine the amount of
water vapor that is present in a cubic foot of air at various temperature and humidity conditions. The
design conditions are based on sea level (14.7 PSIA), and 35¼ pressure dew point.

Gallons Per Hour Per CFM

Percentage Of Saturation
Temp º F 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
35 0.001 0.0012 0.0015 0.0017 0.002 0.0022 0.0024
40 0.0012 0.0015 0.0017 0.0021 0.0024 0.0026 0.0029
45 0.0014 0.0018 0.0021 0.0025 0.0028 0.0032 0.0035
50 0.0017 0.0021 0.0025 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042
55 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045 0.005
60 0.0024 0.003 0.0036 0.0042 0.0048 0.0054 0.006
65 0.0028 0.0035 0.0042 0.0049 0.0056 0.0063 0.007
70 0.003 0.0041 0.005 0.0058 0.0066 0.0075 0.0083
75 0.0039 0.0049 0.0058 0.0068 0.0078 0.0088 0.0097
80 0.0045 0.0057 0.0068 0.008 0.0091 0.0102 0.0114
85 0.0053 0.0066 0.0079 0.0093 0.0106 0.0119 0.0132
90 0.0061 0.0077 0.0092 0.0108 0.0123 0.0138 0.0154
95 0.0071 0.0089 0.0107 0.0125 0.0142 0.016 0.0178
100 0.0082 0.0103 0.0123 0.0144 0.0164 0.0185 0.0205
105 0.0095 0.0118 0.0142 0.0166 0.0189 0.0213 0.0236
110 0.0108 0.0136 0.0163 0.019 0.0217 0.0244 0.0271
115 0.0124 0.0155 0.0186 0.0217 0.0248 0.0279 0.031
120 0.0142 0.0177 0.0212 0.0248 0.0283 0.0319 0.0354
To use this chart, determine your maximum temperature and humidity condition. (In the event you
are between ratings, please round up to the next number present.) Locate the factor that is at the
intersection point of these two conditions. Take the CFM rating of the air compressor system that
you intend to dehydrate. Multiply the CFM by the factor at the intersection of the proper conditions.
The answer you get is the total amount of water in gallons per hour that would be condensed when
chilled to 35¼ F