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Chemistry of Life
Study Guide B
Answer Key
slightly negative oxygen atom of another
SECTION 1. ATOMS, IONS, AND
water molecule
MOLECULES
5. A large amount of energy is needed to
1. An element is a certain type of atom.
produce an increase in water temperature;
2. Sketch should resemble one of the
water resists changes in temperature.
illustrations in Figure 1.2 in Section 1.
6. Water molecules stick to each other.
Nucleus should be in the center with
7. Water molecules stick to other
protons and neutrons. Electrons should be
substances.
labeled in a ring surrounding the nucleus.
8. A solvent is present in greater
3. A compound is composed of atoms of
concentration and dissolves the solute.
different elements.
9. ions and polar molecules
4. an atom that has gained or lost one or
10. nonpolar molecules, such as fats and oils
more electrons
11. Effect on H+ concentration: acids
5. the number of protons no longer equals
increase H+ concentration; bases decrease
the number of electrons
H+ concentration
6. Sketch should resemble the first
Effect on pH: acids lower pH; bases raise
illustration in Figure 1.3, with one atom
pH
losing an electron (becoming a positive
12. Sketch should resemble Visual Vocab in
ion) and the other accepting that electron
Section 2 of the text. Solution:
(becoming a negative ion).
homogeneous mixture of substances;
7. A bond that forms between two atoms that
solvent: substance present in greater
share a pair of electrons.
amount in which other substances
8. the number of electron pairs that it needs
dissolve; solute: substance that dissolves
to share to fill its outer energy level
in a solvent.
9. molecule
10. compound SECTION 3. CARBON-BASED
11. element MOLECULES
12. ion 1. Carbon atoms are the basis of the
13. Ionic bonds form between oppositely- molecules that make up most living
charged ions; covalent bonds form when things.
atoms share a pair of electrons. 2. Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds
with up to four other atoms, including
SECTION 2. PROPERTIES OF
other carbon atoms.
WATER
3. Sketches should resemble Figure 3.1 in
1. a molecule with a slightly positively
Section 3.
charged region and a slightly negatively
4. broken down as a source of chemical
charged region
energy; part of cell structure
2. The oxygen nucleus pulls the electrons in
5. sugars, starches, cellulose
the molecule more strongly than the
6. broken down as a source of chemical
hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atoms
energy; part of cell structure
have a slight positive charge and the
7. fats, oils, phospholipids
oxygen atom has a slight negative charge.
8. many functions, including movement,
3. an attraction between a slightly positive
transport, chemical catalysts
hydrogen and a slightly negative atom
9. enzymes, hemoglobin
4. between the slightly positive hydrogen
10. store genetic information, build proteins
atom of one water molecule and the
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
All living things are based on atoms and their interactions.
VOCABULARY
Vocabulary Check
element compound ion molecule
_______________ 9. atoms held together by covalent bonds
_______________ 10. composed of different types of atoms
_______________ 11. composed of one type of atom
_______________ 12. atom that has gained or lost electrons
13. What is the difference between how ionic and covalent bonds form?
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Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Waters unique properties allow life to exist on Earth.
VOCABULARY
Complete the table by writing short descriptions about the properties of water.
Property Description
Cohesion 6.
Adhesion 7.
Effect on H+
concentration in a
solution
Effect on pH
Vocabulary Check
12. In the space below, sketch a solution using the Visual Vocab in Section 2 as a
reference. Label the solution, solvent, and solute. Next to these labels, write
brief definitions for the terms.
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
VOCABULARY
Carbohydrate 4. 5.
Lipid 6. 7.
Protein 8. 9.
Vocabulary Check
14. The prefix mono- means one, and the prefix poly- means many. How are
these meanings related to the terms monomer and polymer?
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Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Life depends on chemical reactions.
VOCABULARY
Vocabulary Check
10. Write one sentence that uses the words chemical reaction, reactant, and
product.
_______________________________________________________________
11. Write your own analogy to remember the meaning of activation energy.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
12. The term equilibrium is based on two Latin roots that mean equal and
balance. How do these meanings tell you the meaning of equilibrium in a
chemical reaction?
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13. The prefix exo- means out, and the prefix endo- means in. What do these
prefixes tell you about exothermic and endothermic reactions?
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Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Enzymes are catalysts for chemical reactions in living things.
VOCABULARY
catalyst substrate
enzyme
MAIN IDEA: Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled
conditions.
4. Take notes about enzymes by filling in the Main Idea Web below.
Why enzymes How structure
are necessary: affects function:
Enzymes
Vocabulary Check
6. The word catalyst comes from the Greek word meaning to dissolve. How
does this definition relate to the meaning of catalyst?
_______________________________________________________________
7. How are substrates like keys and enzymes like locks?
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