SIGNALS SAMPLING THEOREM

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Statement: A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be recovered
back when sampling frequency fs is greater than or equal to the twice the highest frequency
component of message signal. i. e.

f s 2f m .
Proof: Consider a continuous time signal xt . The spectrum of xt is a band limited to fm Hz i.e. the
spectrum of xt is zero for ||>m.

Sampling of input signal xt can be obtained by multiplying xt with an impulse train t of period T s.
The output of multiplier is a discrete signal called sampled signal which is represented with yt in
the following diagrams:

Here, you can observe that the sampled signal takes the period of impulse. The process of
sampling can be explained by the following mathematical expression:

Sampled signal y(t) = x(t). (t) . . . . . . (1)

The trigonometric Fourier series representation of t is given by

(t) = a0 +
n=1 (an cos ns t + bn sin ns t) . . . . . . (2)
T
1 1 1
Where a0 = Ts
T2 (t)dt = Ts
(0) = Ts
2

T
2 2 2
an = Ts
T2 (t) cos ns dt = T2
(0) cos ns 0 = T
2

T
 T
2 2
bn = Ts
2
T (t) sin ns t dt = Ts
(0) sin ns 0 = 0
2

Substitute above values in equation 2.

(t) = 1
Ts
+ 2
n=1 ( T cos ns t + 0)
s

Substitute t in equation 1.

y(t) = x(t). (t)

= x(t)[ T1 + 2
n=1 ( T cos ns t)]
s s

1
= Ts
[x(t) + 2
n=1 (cos ns t)x(t)]

1
y(t) = Ts
[x(t) + 2 cos s t. x(t) + 2 cos 2s t. x(t) + 2 cos 3s t. x(t) . . . . . . ]

Take Fourier transform on both sides.

1
Y () = Ts
[X() + X( s ) + X( + s ) + X( 2s ) + X( + 2s )+ . . . ]

Y () = 1
Ts

n= X( ns ) where n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

To reconstruct xt , you must recover input signal spectrum X from sampled signal spectrum Y ,
which is possible when there is no overlapping between the cycles of Y .

Possibility of sampled frequency spectrum with different conditions is given by the following
diagrams:

Aliasing Effect
The overlapped region in case of under sampling represents aliasing effect, which can be
removed by

considering fs >2fm

By using anti aliasing filters.