Explain the process of diffusion.
Diffusion is the net movement of non-polar
Functions of membranes at cell surfaces:
Functions of membranes within cells
Outline functions of membranes at cell
surfaces in terms of permeability:
Outline functions of membranes at cell
surfaces in terms of absorption through
membrane:
Outline functions of membranes at cell
surfaces in terms of movement by bulk flow:
Outline functions of membranes at cell
surfaces in terms of movement by
recognition:
Outline functions of membranes within cells
in terms of movement by intracellular report:
Why do substances enter cells
Why do waste products move out
Types of movement across membranes
molecules or small substances down their
concentration gradient. Eg. Fat soluble
substances.
Barrier, permability, absorption through
membrane, movement by bulk flow,
recognition
Form compartments, provide a large surface
area and intracellular support
Partially permeable (not semi-permeable) as
some substances can pass through
phospholipid bilayer and transmembrane
proteins
Cell membranes extended into microvilli to
increase surface area for absorption through
phospholipid bilayer and transmembrane
proteins
Substances that cannot pass through the
bilayer or transmembrane proteins are carried
to or from the cell membrane in small vesicles
or large vacuoles
Receptors have binding sites for cell-
signalling molecules such as hormones and
growth factors
Vacuoles and vesicles move substances from
cell surface membrane into the cell, from
RER to Golgi body and Golgi body to cell
surface membrane
:
Cells need these substances as raw materials
They may be toxic and cell products leave to
be used elsewhere or because they function
outside the cell
Passive or active
What is passive movement ?
What are examples of active processes?
What are examples of passive processes?
Explain facilitated diffusion.
Definition of simple diffusion
Explain active transport.
What are endocytosis and exocytosis not
required?
Describe the process of exocytosis.
The cell does not need to use its own energy
to move the molecules, the energy comes
from the kinetic energy of the molecules
though metabolic energy may be used to
create the gradient in the first place for
example: oxygen from the air in the alveoli in
the lungs into the blood requires on a gradient
maintained by breathing out and the flow of
blood from the heart
Active transport, bulk transport that is
endocytosis and exocytosis.
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.
This is the diffusion of polar molecules or
ions through protein channels (open all the
time to allow movement) or carrier proteins
(only allows movement or opens if a molecule
binds to it) in a cell membrane down their
concentration gradient.
Even distribution of molecules from an area
of high concentration to an area of low
concentration down the concentration or
electro-chemical gradient. Fat soluble
substances such as ethanol pass readily
through the bilayer. Oxygen and carbon
dioxide are able to pass through as both are
small and uncharged
This is the way substances are moved up their
concentration gradient by using ATP by
carrier proteins. The carrier proteins accept
the molecules on one side of the membrane,
change its shape to move the molecules from
one side to the other, and then release them.
When the movement is down a concentration
gradient.
Exocytosis is when cells move substances in
bulk across the membrane.
The substance to be released from the cell is

Describe the process of endocytosis.
Water potential
contained in a membrane bound sac called a
vesicle.
The vesicle is moved to the plasma membrane
along microtubules.
The membrane around the vesicle fuses
withthe plasma membrane emptying the
vesicle's content outside the cell.
The cell spreads around a substance outside
the cell which may have sticked onto the csf.
The area enclosed becomes a vesicle.
The contents of the vesicle are absorbed into
the cytoplasm and the vesicle membrane is
recycled. It is the process in which cells
intake molecules
The tendency for water to move from one
place to another. The highest is 0 and
becomes less the more distance gained from
the source
What the water potential is determined by:
The quantity of water present, the
concentration of solutes such as ions and
sugars and the pressure exerted by the cell
wall (in plant cells and prokaryotes, not in
animal cells)