Experiment no:

Study of Anti-lock Braking System

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Aim: to study anti-lock braking system used in vehicles.

Theory:

ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM (ABS) :The ABS system is an incredible invention

that used widely in the world to improve the control of vehicle for drivers. ABS can
improve vehicle control during braking,and reduce stopping distances on slippery road
surfaces by limiting wheel slip and minimizing lock up.Reducing wheel slip improves
vehicle stability and control during braking,since stability increases as wheel slip
decreases. It releases the brakes in pulse. When driver hit the brakes, pads at both sides of
a wheel wont lock for a long time in that moment, it will lock the wheel and release
periodically. Vehicles can change direction even your foot is still hitting the brake pad (as
shown in figure ). Thus, the ABS system keeps the stability and avoids the side slip or
roll-over.

Vehicles with ABS can still change direction while braking

Pressure modulation: when the brake pedal is pumped or pulsed the pressure is quickly
applied and released at the wheels. This is called pressure modulation.pressure
modulation works to prevent the wheel locking. ABS can modulate the pressure to the
brake as 15 times per second.ABS precisely controls the slip rate of wheels to ensure
maximum grip force from the tire and it there by ensures maneuverability and stability of
the vehicle.
ABS components:

1.Accumulator:an accumulator is used to store hydraulic fluid to maintain high pressure

in the brake system.

2.anti-lock hydraulic control valve assembly:This assembly controls the release and
application of brake system pressure to the wheel base assemblies.

3.Booster pump:booster pump is used to provide pressurized hydraulic fuel to ABS.

4.Booster/master cylinder assembly:it is needed to modulate hydraulic pressure in the

wheel circuit during ABS operation.

5.Fluid accumulator : it temporary stores brake fluid that is removed from the brake
wheel brake unit during ABS cycle.

6.Hydraulic control unit:The unit may have one pump and one motor on it have one
motor and two pumps.

7.modulator unit: the modulator unit controls the flow of pressurized brake fluid to the
individual wheel circuit.

8.Solenoid Valves:solenoid valves are located in the modulator unit and are electrically
operated by signals from the control module.

Electrical/Electronic components

1.ABS control module: it monitors system operation and controls anti lock functions
when needed.
2.Brake pedal sensor: its function is to switch on the brake lights to alert other vehicles
that the car is slowing down and/or is going to stop.

3.Wheel speed sensor: used for sensing the wheel speed.

Working of ABS:
ABS works in a closed loop with a series of inputs and outputs.
The most important inputs are from the wheel speed sensors.
The main output is brake system pressure control by the ECU commands.
The ECU compares the signals from each of the wheel sensors and measures the
acceleration or deceleration of an individual wheel..
From this data and pre-programmed look-up tables, brake pressure to one or more of the
wheels is regulated.
Through the ECU command, the brake pressure can be-
Reduced
held constant
allowed to increase.
In ABS, following variables are sensed, used or controlled:
Pedal Force: determined by the driver
Brake Pressure: Under ABS action, it can be reduced, increased or
regulated
Controlled variable: Actual changes in brake pressures in other
words, change in the wheel speed which then allows acceleration,
deceleration and slip to be determined.
Road/vehicle conditions : From the wheel speed sensor inputs, the ECU calculates the
following:
 Vehicle reference speed: Determined by the combination of two diagonal wheels. ECU
takes this as reference after the start of the braking the start of the braking
Wheel acceleration & deceleration : It is a real time measurement which is constantly
changing
Brake slip: Though it can not be directly measured, a value can be computed from the
reference speed. This decides whether / when ABS should take over the control of the
whether / when ABS should take over the control of the brake pressure
Vehicle deceleration: The ECU uses the reference speed as the starting point and
decreases it linearly. The rate is determined by the evaluation evaluation of all signals all
signals from the wheel speed sensors.
Driven and non-driven wheels must be treated differently
The actual control strategy for ABS varies depending upon The actual control strategy
for ABS varies depending upon the operating conditions.

Advantages of ABS:
1.it allows the driver to maintain directional stability and control over steering during
braking.
2.Self and effective while driving
3.Automatically changes the brake fluid pressure at each wheel to maintain optimum
wheel performance.
4.ABS absorbs the unwanted turbulent shocks waves and modulates the pulses thus
permitting wheel to continue turning under maximum braking pressure.

Disadvantages of ABS:
1.it is very costly.
2.Maintenance cost of car equipped with ABS is more.

Conclusion:

1. statistics show that approximately 40% of automobile accidents are due to skidding.
2. This problem commonly occur on vehicle with conventional brake system which can
be avoided by adding devices called ABS
3. If there is an ABS failure,the system will revert to normal brake operation.Normally
the ABS warning light will turn on and let the driver know there is fault.