DC/AC inverter (1)

This is the circuit which outputs 100 V of the alternating current from the input of 12 V of the direct current.
It is convenient to use the equipment which works in the alternating current using the battery (DC12V) of the
car.
It is using the IC-type multi-vibrator for the oscillator of the alternating current. The frequency is about 60
Hz. I used 7400 as the IC for the oscillator but 7404 is OK.
The signal of the oscillator has the switching operation with TR1-TR4. TR2 and TR4 are the transistor for
the main switching. Because these transistors are difficult to drive directly from the IC, they make amplify in
the electric current using TR1 and TR3.
The connection between TR1 and TR2, and TR3 and TR4 connects in the way of being called "the
Darlington connection".
The transformer that the input is 100 V and the output is 24 V in the one with the 12 V center tap makes the
input and the output opposite and uses.
Because the comparatively big electric current (about 3 A) flows through the part of the line that the circuit
diagram is bold, the thick wiring materials are used.
The output voltage is the square wave ( ).
Depending on the equipment, there is one which can not be used.
When the load is added, the wave form of the output voltage changes by the inductance of the transformer.
I was asked about 220V output from some readers. The output voltage of the inverter is decided only in the
transformer. You can use the transformer with 220V as for primary(input) and 12V as for secondary(output).
At my circuit, primary and secondary should be used oppositely. Then, you will be able to get AC220V from
DC12V.
 Item Rating

VCEO (V) 40

IC (A) 3

PC (W) 25
2SD880 Transistor.
hFE 40 - 240

fT (MHz) 3

Item Rating

VCEO (V) 100

IC (A) 15

2N3055 Transistor PC (W) 115

hFE 20 - 70

fT (MHz) 3

A-stable multivibrator
(IC type)
I will introduce the a-stable multivibrator circuit which used inverter IC.
This is the circuit to make do the blink of LED(Light Emitting Diode) with the a-stable multivibrator circuit
which used inverter IC.
CIRCUIT DRAWIING
 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION

First, it supposes that the input of the inverter A is the low level. At this time, the output of the inverter A
becomes high level.

If supposing that the electric charge isn't stored up

in Cy, the electric current flows with the inverter A
output Cy Ry Dy inverter B output.
At first, the condition of the inverter B is unsettled
but because the output of the inverter B is not
totally in the high level condition, above-mentioned
electric current flows.
When the electric charge begins to store up in Cy,
Cy can be seen like the short circuit condition. So,
the input of the inverter B becomes the high level
condition. The output of the inverter B becomes the
low level and above-mentioned electric current
route is fully formed.
However, because it is a small amount, most of the
electric currents flow in the route which passes Ry.
When the electric charge is stored up in Cy, the electric current decreases. Input voltage of the inverter B
goes down with it and approaches the threshold voltage of the inverter B. Because the output of the inverter
B is the low level (being 0V almost), the electric current alwayses fall through more through Ry, Dy and the
input voltage of the inverter B becomes the threshold voltage (VT).

Then, the output of the inverter B reverses

and becomes the high level condition.
When the output of the inverter B
becomes high level, the voltage of
cathode side of Dy becomes high and the
electric current which passes Ry stops.
The output of the inverter B is conveyed
to the input of the inverter B through Ry
when there is not Dy. Then, it repeats the
operation that the input of the inverter B
becomes high level again and that the
output becomes the low level and the
inverter B has worked in the oscillation.

The high level output of the inverter B

makes the input of the inverter A the high
level condition through Cx. At this time, the electric current flows with the inverter B output Cx Rx Dx
inverter A output. When the input of the inverter A becomes the high level condition, the output of the
inverter A becomes the low level. The electric charge that the side of the output of the inverter A is positive
already is stored up in Cy. Because the output of the inverter A becomes the low level (0V) in the condition,
the voltage on the side of the input of the inverter B starts from the negative potential. The discharge of the
electric charge of Cy is done in electric current's flowing through the inverter B input Cy inverter A
output. When the electric charge is stored up in Cx, the electric current decreases and input voltage of the
inverter A goes down. When the input voltage of the inverter A becomes the threshold voltage, the output of
the inverter A becomes high level.

In this, it returned to the first condition of

the explanation.
After that, it repeats this operation.

There may be question here.

First, it made the input of the inverter A the
low level.
When turning on, the condition of the
inverter isn't decided. Each inverter characteristic isn't the same. The output of either the inverter becomes
high level earlier and it fixes the condition. When there is an ideal inverter circuit, it is possible to think of
repeat's not being worked, too. However, actually, there is not such one and it works repeatedly.

Discharging by Cx, Cy
After the inverter is turned, Cx or Cy must discharge.
With this discharge, the electric current which pours off the inverter input becomes necessary. When it isn't
possible to do this discharge, at the next period, because the electric charge starts from the stored condition,
the input voltage of the invertor becomes the threshold voltage immediately. That is, the period of the repeat
becomes short or the repeat isn't done. The period doesn't sometimes become long without discharge's being
sufficiently done even if it makes the value of the capacitor big to make the repeat period long, too.
When using 74HC04 as the inverter, because the input electric current flows hardly, the discharge isn't done
and doesn't do the normal operation. Indeed, I attempted to work the circuit using 74HC04. At first,
seemingly, it did the normal operation, but both LEDs lit up at the same time and didn't do the normal
operation in case of being for a while.

PARTS EXPLANATION

1. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

The light-emitting diode has various shapes.You can select the type of your taste.

2. CAPACITORS
This capacitor is used to decide a repeat period. I used cheap Electrolytic Capacitors. The capacitor of the
other type can be used if the capacity is same.
3. RESISTORS
The resistor which is the type that the permission electric power is 1/8 W is used. The size of more than 1/8
W resistor is larger.

4. DIODE (1S1588)
I used a switching diode. The diode for the rectification can be used because it is low-frequency.

5. Inverter IC ( 74LS04 )
This IC is power saving type inverter IC. (LS:Lowpower Shottky) It isn't possible to use a CMOS-type
inverter for this circuit. Because the electric current flows through the input of the inverter hardly, the electric
charge of the capacitor doesn't run away.

4. LED control transistor ( 2SC1815 )

This is a transistor for the small signal amplification. This transistor is used for the lighting-up control of the
LED.
The other transistor can be used if the collector permissible current is about 100mA and the hFE is about
100. Because the L level inflow permissible current of 74LS04 is 8mA, the LED can be controlled even if it
doesn't use a transistor if suppressing an LED electric current with the resistor.

Calculation of the blink period

for A-stable multivibrator
(IC type)

The turning-over period of the inverter is decided by capacitor(C), resistance(R) and

threshold voltage(VT). Strictly, it changes more with the discharge situation of C, too.
In case of inverter A, Cx and Rx are related and in case of inverter B, Cy and Ry are
related.

The electric current change when voltage (V) is applied to the circuit which capacitor
(C) and resistor (R) were connected with in series can be calculated by the following
formula.

i : Electric current which changes in the time (A)

V : Applied voltage (V)
R : Resistance value (ohm)
Base of the natural logarithm
e :
(2.71828)
t : Elapsed time after the charging beginning (sec)
CR : Capacitive time constant (C x R)

The change of the voltage which is applied to the both edges of the resistor (R)
becomes the following formula.

The time that this value becomes equal to the VT becomes the reversing time of the
inverter.

In the reversing time (t), it becomes the following formula.

This value is time with half period.

It attempts to adapt the actual value. The value of the logarithm see the logarithm
table.

Condition
C = 47F R = 12k-ohm VT = 1.4V V = 4.5V

t= - ( 47 * 10-6 ) * ( 12 * 103 ) * ln ( 1.4 / 4.5 )

= - ( 564 * 10-3 ) * ln ( 0.31 )
= - ( 564 * 10-3 ) * ( -1.17 )
= 660 * 10-3
= 0,66 sec

With the time (TH) of the high level condition and the time (TL) of the low level
condition supposing that it is the same, the frequency is as follows.
f = 1 / ( TH + TL ) = 1 / ( 0.66 + 0.66 )
= 0.76 Hz

Because the threshold voltage (VT) depends on the IC little, it is sometimes different
from the calculation result. When the value of the combination of C6 and R1, and the
value of the combination of C5 and R2 are different, the time (TH) of the high level
condition and the time (TL) of the low level condition are different. The condition
with the time of the high level and the same time of the low level is called 50% of the
duties.

It was to 0.93 Hz be when measuring the frequency

of the circuit which was made this time.
The main cause when the period doesn't suit the computation result includes the
following.
Discharging of the capacitor
When to discharge of the capacitor isn't done, the time which reaches
the threshold voltage becomes short.

High level voltage(V)

The high level voltage of the inverter output influences.
The circuit this time is passing the electric current which is bigger
than the rating because of the transistor drive. In the measurement, it
becomes about 4.5 V. When this voltage becomes low, the period
becomes short.

Threshold voltage(VT)
It depends on the kind of the IC. The lower this voltage is, the longer
the period becomes.

Voltage drop of the diode

The voltage drop of the diode influences. With the electric current
which flows through the diode, the voltage drop occurs with the
diode. The bigger this value is, the shorter the period becomes.