Rmi Verif RC Columns 3 2

ROBOT Millennium
VERIFICATION MANUAL
FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE
COLUMNS
Version 3.2, April 2008
ROBOT Millennium Verification Manual for RC Column Design
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................... 3
1. AMERICAN CODE ACI 318-02 ..................................................................................................................... 4
VERIFICATION PROBLEM 1 - COLUMN SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND UNI-AXIAL BENDING ................................... 5
VERIFICATION PROBLEM 2 - COLUMN SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND UNI-AXIAL BENDING ................................... 9
VERIFICATION PROBLEM 3 - COLUMN SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND BIAXIAL BENDING .................................... 13
LITERATURE .............................................................................................................................................. 19
2. FRENCH CODE BAEL 91 MOD. 99 ............................................................................................................ 20
VERIFICATION PROBLEM 1 - COLUMN SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD .................................................................. 21
VERIFICATION PROBLEM 2 - COLUMN SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD .................................................................. 24
LITERATURE .............................................................................................................................................. 32
3. CANADIAN CODE CSA A23.3-94............................................................................................................... 33
VERIFICATION PROBLEM 1 - COLUMN SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND UNI-AXIAL BENDING NON-SWAY FRAME .... 34
LITERATURE .............................................................................................................................................. 45
4. ITALIAN CODE DM 9/1/96 .......................................................................................................................... 46
VERIFICATION PROBLEM 1 - COLUMN SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND BIAXIAL BENDING ..................................... 47
LITERATURE .............................................................................................................................................. 53
5. BRITISH CODE BS 9/1/96 .......................................................................................................................... 54
VERIFICATION PROBLEM 1 - COLUMN SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND BIAXIAL BENDING ..................................... 55
LITERATURE .............................................................................................................................................. 60
6. SPANISH CODE EHE 99 ............................................................................................................................ 61
VERIFICATION EXAMPLE 1 - COLUMN SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND BIAXIAL BENDING ..................................... 62
LITERATURE .............................................................................................................................................. 68
7. NORWEGIAN CODE NS 3473: 2003....................................................................................................... 69
VERIFICATION EXAMPLE 1 - COLUMN SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND BIAXIAL BENDING ..................................... 70
LITERATURE .............................................................................................................................................. 76
Issue 3.2, April 2008 page 2 / 76

INTRODUCTION
This verification manual contains numerical examples for RC columns prepared and calculated by
ROBOT Millennium version 21.0. All examples have been taken from handbooks that include
benchmark tests covering fundamental types of behaviour encountered in structural analysis.
Benchmark results (signed as Handbook) are recalled, and compared with results of ROBOT
Millennium (signed further as ROBOT).
Each problem contains the following parts:

- title of the problem
- specification of the problem
- ROBOT solution of the problem
- outputs with calculation results and calculation notes
- comparison between ROBOT Millennium results and exact solution
- conclusions.

1. American code ACI 318-02

VERIFICATION PROBLEM 1
- Column subjected to axial load and uni-axial bending
Example based on:
[2] E. G. Nawy, Reinforced Concrete. A Fundamental Approach, Fifth Edition, 1987, Example 9.15,
pp. 372
File: Verification manual_ACI_example_1.rtd
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE:
Rectangular tied column is subjected to uni-axial bending. Design the column section and
reinforcement necessary for gravity loads only, assuming lateral sideway due to wind as negligible.
In the following example, the results of the program, concerning the calculations of reinforcement and
buckling analysis are compared to the results of [2]. Moreover, in order to better verify the results,
manual calculations are carried out in parallel.
LOADS:
Pu=726 [kip]
M1=46 [kip-ft]
M2=127 [kip-ft]
GEOMETRY:
lu=18 [ft]
cross section: 21x21 [in]
MATERIAL:
Concrete: fc = 5000 [psi], Ec = 4.29x106 [psi]
Steel: fy= 60000 [psi], Es = 2.9x106 [psi]
Fig.1. Cross section with reinforcement determined in [2] (10 No.9).
IMPORTANT STEPS:
In the dialog box Buckling length set buckling parameter ky as 1.7 (Fig.1.2.).

Fig. 1.2. Buckling parameters of the column.
In the Loads dialog box put the axial force N, moments at the ends of the column My A, My B, and the
moment in the mid-height My C = MyA, since the authors of [2] assume Cm=1 (Fig.1.3.).
Fig. 1.3. Loads.
In the Calculation Option/ General dialog box check: Design unidirectional bending: My direction
(Fig. 1.4.).
Fig. 1.4. Unidirectional bending.
RESULTS OF REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION:
The reinforcement generated by the program (Fig 1.5.) is different than that calculated in [2]. The
authors of [2] find the reinforcement of 5 No. 9 bars at each side, thus the total area is equal to
2
10.99in . The calculations with the program result in reinforcement with 20 No. 6 bars, thus the total
area is equal to 8.84 in2. The reinforcement determined by the program is more optimal solution. It
should be noted, that if we fix the bars diameter as No. 9 (Reinforcement pattern dialog), we obtain the
same reinforcement as the authors of [2] (five No. 9 bars at each side).

Fig. 1.5. Reinforcement generated by the program (20 No. 6).
In order to verify the results of buckling analysis, after the modification of reinforcement to the form as
in [2], the verification is carried out.
RESULTS OF BUCKLING ANALYSIS:
Formula
number in ROBOT Manual
Quality [2]
[1] Millennium calculations
(Unit)
klu 10.7
58.2 60.5723 60.5723
r (-)
Ig (in4 ) 16207 16207 16207
I se (in4 ) - 640 640
(0, 2 E c I g E s I se

1 d 10.11, 128634
EI max 10.12
150194 150206
0,4 Ec I g uses only 10.12
1 d (kip-ft2 )
2 EI 10.10
Pc 1356 1583 1583
(klu ) 2 (kip)
10.13
Cm 1,0 (-) 1,0 1,0 1,0
*10.12.3.1
Cm
Pu
10.9
ns max 1 3.495 2.57 2.57
0,75Pc (-)
1
M 2 10.14
M 2 max 127 127 127
Pu (0,6 0,003h) (kip-ft)
10.8
M c ns M 2 444.16 326.86 326.82
(kip-ft)

FINAL VERIFICATION:
NOTE: the results of reinforcement calculation concern the automatic calculation of reinforcement. In
the case of buckling analysis, the reinforcement obtain in the program is modified to a form as in the
reference example, in order to enable the comparison of total moments.
ROBOT
Quantity [2]
Millennium
As 10.99 in2 8.84 in2
Mc 444.16 kip-ft 326.82 kip-ft *
* The reason of greater final moment determined in [2] is the use of equation 10.12 only. ROBOT
Millennium uses the maximum of values from equation 10-11 and 10-12, thus the critical force is
calculated more accurately.

- Column subjected to axial load and uni-axial bending
Example based on:
[3] S.K. Ghosh, D.A. Fanella, B.G. Rabbat Notes on ACI 318-95. Building code requirements for
structural concrete, First Edition, 1996, Example 13.1, page 13-21
Design A3 column in the non-sway frame.

In the following example, the results of the program, concerning the calculations of buckling are
compared to the results of [3]. Moreover, in order to better verify the results, manual calculations of
slenderness effects are carried out in parallel.
Finally, the calculations of reinforcement and calculations of capacity are compared to the results of
the pcaColumn v.3.64 software.
LOADS:
Pu = 1096 [kip]
Mu.top = 116.2 [kip-ft]
Mu.bot = 59.3 [kip-ft]
GEOMETRY:
lu=21.33 [ft]
cross section: 20x20 [in]
MATERIAL:
Concrete: fc =5000 [psi], Ec =4.29x106 [psi]
Steel: fy=60000 [psi], Es = 2.9x106 [psi]
IMPORTANT STEPS:
In the dialog box Buckling length set buckling parameter ky as 0.84.
In order to obtain the same Young modulus as in [3], the unit weight of concrete should be set as
0.144[kip/ft3].
In the Loads dialog box put the axial force N, moments at the ends of the column MyA, My B (Fig. 2.1.)
Let the My C in the mid-height be calculated automatically.
Fig. 2.1. Loads.
In the Calculation Options/General dialog box check: Design unidirectional bending: My direction.

The reinforcement generated by the program (Fig. 2.3.) is different than that assumed for all
calculations in the reference [3]. However, the latter one does not fulfill the capacity requirements (in
[3] it is increased up to 8 bars No.9, but after the calculations).
Nevertheless, the reinforcement has been modified (Fig. 2.4) in the program (the number of bars has
been decreased down to 8 bars No.7), in order to compare the results of buckling analysis with the
results from [3].
Fig. 2.3. Reinforcement generated automatically by the program (16 No.7).
Fig. 2.4. Manually modified reinforcement (8 No.7), equal to that assumed for calculations in [3].
Formula
number in ROBOT Manual
Quantity [3]
[1] Millennium calculations
(Unit)
klu 10.7
36 37 37
r (-)
Ig (in4 ) 13333 13333 13333
I se (in4 ) 213 213 213
(0, 2 E c I g E s I se

1 d 10.11, 10.12 11.8x106
EI max 2 11.8x106 11.8x106
0,4 Ec I g (kip-in )
1 d

2 EI 10.10
Pc 2519 2523 2523
(klu ) 2 (kip)
M1
0,6 0,4 10.13
C m max M2 0.8 0.8 0.8
0,4 (-)

Cm
Pu
10.9
ns max 1 1.9 1.93 1.91
0,75Pc (-)
1
M 2 10.14 116.2 116.2 116.2

M 2 max (kip-ft) max max max
Pu (0,6 0,003h) 109.6 109.6 109.6
10.8
M c ns M 2 220.8 222.1 222.1
(kip-ft)
FINAL VERIFICATION:
the case of buckling analysis, the reinforcement obtained in the program is modified to a form as in the
ROBOT
Quantity [2]
Millennium
As 7.99 in2 9.62 in2
Mc 220.8 kip-ft 222.1kip-ft
VERIFICATION WITH THE OTHER SOFTWARE:
According to the current code [1], the reinforcement 8 No.9 assumed finally in the reference [3] is not
sufficient. Thus, we let ROBOT Millennium to calculate the reinforcement automatically (see Fig. 2.3),
and then check the results with pcaColumn v.3.64 software.
pcaColumn ROBOT
Quantity
v.3.64 Millennium
Mc 214.8 kip-ft 222.1kip-ft
capacity (interaction
see Fig. 2.5
diagrams)

Fig. 2.5. Comparison of the interaction diagrams
CONCLUSIONS:
The results of the calculations of slenderness effects are with agreement with those from [3].
The results verified against the software pcaColumn v.3.64 show that the calculations of slenderness
effects and of capacity are correct.

- Column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending
Following example illustrates the procedure of dimensioning of biaxial bending of column, which is
non-sway in one direction, whereas sway in the other. The results of the program are accompanied by
the manual calculations.
1. SECTION DIMENSIONS
2. MATERIALS
Concrete: fc' = 3.50 (ksi)

Longitudinal reinforcement: Grade 60 fy = 60.00 (ksi)
Transversal reinforcement: Grade 60 fy = 60.00 (ksi)
3. BUCKLING MODEL
As can be seen the sway column is assumed for Z direction, and the non-sway column for Y direction

4. LOADS
NOTE: The column is sway for Z direction, thus the ratio of non-sway moment to total moment should
be defined in the load table.
NOTE: Let us assume, the moments in Y direction are linearly distributed along the height of the
column. Thus, we define only the ends moments for Y direction. In Z direction however, we assume
the mid-height moment is not a result of the linear distribution. For such a case, ROBOT Millennium let
the user define the moments in the mid-section explicitly.
5. CALCULATED REINFORCEMENT:
The program generates the reinforcement 4 No.18.
6. RESULTS OF THE SECTION CALCULATIONS:
The dimensioning combination is 1.2 DL1+1.6 LL1

The dimensioning section (where the most unfavorable set of forces is found) is for that combination
the section in the mid-height of the column.
Since the column is found as slender, the second-order effects are taken into account in both
directions.
In parallel the other sections (at the ends of the column) are checked for all combinations of loads.
In the top and bottom ends sections of the column in Y direction, the influence of buckling has not
been taken into account, since the structure is non-sway in this direction. In Z direction however, the
influence of slenderness is taken into account for all three sections of the column.
All the results of total forces for each combination and each section of the column may be seen in the
table Intersection at the Column-results layout.
7. CALCULATIONS OF TOTAL MOMENT:
7.1. LOADS
For the dimensioning combination, the loads are:
N MyA MyB MyC MzA MzB MzC

Case
(kip) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft)
1 G1 250 40 60 52 60 80 90*
2 Q1 150 20 10 16 0 10 12*
Dimensioning
1.2G1+1.6Q1 540 80 88 84.8 72 112 127.2
combination
where A, B and C denote upper, lower and mid-height sections of the column respectively.
* - the values are written by hand by the user (see point 4 Loads)

7.2. THE INFLUENCE OF SLENDERNESS
Two independent calculations of the total moment for both directions are carried out.
Y DIRECTION
Slenderness:
k lu
= 72.25
r
k lu = 504 (in)
r = 6.93 (in)
M1
34 12 = 23.09
M2
M1
= 0.909
M2
k lu M1
> 34 12 column is slender
r M2
The initial moments at the end of the column:
M1 = 80.00 (kip-ft) M2 = 88.00 (kip-ft)
Calculation of critical force:

2 EI
Pc
(klu ) 2
(0,2 E c I g E s I se )

1 d
EI max (10-11), (10-12)
0, 4 Ec I g
1 d
I s As z 2 = 16.00 (12 3.1285) 2 =1259.5 in4

I g 18432.00 in4
E c = 3686.82 ksi
E s = 29000.00 ksi
d is calculated as a weighted average from the load cases. The weight factors are assumed
according to the axial forces. Thus:
1.2 250 1.6 150
d = 0.3 0.5 =0.389
540 540
(0,2 E c I g E s I se )
36081620 kip - in 2
1 d
EI max
0, 4 Ec I g 19569609 kip - in 2
1 d

Thus,
EI 36081620 kip-in2
Pc 1402 kip
The coefficient ns :
Cm
ns = 1.981
Pu
1
0,75 Pc
M1
0.6 0.4
C m max M 2 = 0.964
0.4

M 2 88 kip ft
M 2 max = 88 (kip-ft)
Pu (0,6 0,003h) 540 0.11 59.4kip f
The dimensioning moment in Y direction is equal to:
M c ns M 2 = 174.3 (kip-ft)
Z DIRECTION
NOTE: In most cases, the sway column is calculated for the end moment M2, taking into account the
effects of slenderness.
In this case however, the presence of moment in Y direction (which is also increased due to
slenderness), causes the mid-height section to be the most unfavorable (even though the end moment
in Z direction is greater).
Slenderness:
k lu
= 38.97
r
k lu = 504 (in)
r = 6.93 (in)
k lu
> 22 the column is slender
r

The following table illustrates how the division of moments into sway and non-sway is carried out for
the particular load combination.
Case MzC Load factors MzC Mzns/Mz Mzns = Mzs =

(dimensioning (Mzns/Mz)*Mz (1-Mzns/Mz)*Mz
combination)
G1 72 1.2 108 0.4 43.2 64.8
11.52 7.68
Q1 6 1.6 19.2 0.6
SUM - 96 - 54.72 72.48
M ns 54.72 (kip-ft)
M s 72.48 (kip-ft)
The magnification factor for sway column is equal to:

s 1 /(1 Q) 1.25 (Q coefficient is defined in the Story parameters dialog box)
The dimensioning moment in Z direction is equal to:
M c s M s M ns = 145.32 kip-ft
NOTE: Since the values of moment do not result from the linear distribution, but were defined directly
by the user, we do not deal here with M 1 and M 2 , but use directly the value of the mid-height
moment).
Check if further magnification of the moment is necessary:

lu 35

r Pu
f ' c Ag
lu
= 38.97
r
35
= 55.22
Pu
f 'c Ag
No further magnification of moment is required.
7.3. FINAL RESULT
M cy = 174.3 (kip-ft)
M cz = 145.32 kip-ft

8. CONCLUSIONS
The algorithm of calculations of the total moments (i.e. slenderness effects) in non-sway/sway column
has been presented. The results obtained with the program (see point 6 Results of the Section
Calculations) are in agreement with the manual calculations (see point 7.3 Final Result).
LITERATURE
[1] ACI 318-02 CODE EDITION
[2] Edward G. Navy:Reinforced Concrete, 1987, Fifth Edition
[3] S. K. Ghosh: Notes on ACI 318-95. Building code requirements for structural concrete, 1996, First
Edition
2. French code
BAEL 91 mod. 99

- Column subjected to axial load
Example based on:
[2] J. Perchat, Pratique du BAEL 91, Deuxime dition, Eyrolles, 1998, Example 2, pp. 98
File: Verification manual_BAEL_example_1.rtd
The capacity of the column is determined with the ROBOT Millennium program and verified against
the example solved in [2]. In [2], the reinforcement is assumed a priori, and the capacity is checked for
that reinforcement. For our purpose, we define the axial force equal to the capacity determined in [2],
and then compare the results.
LOADS:
Nu = 1310 (kN)
GEOMETRY:
lf = 2.80 (ft)
cross section: 30x30 (cm)
MATERIAL:
Concrete : fc28 = 25.00 (MPa) Unit weight = 2501.36 (kG/m3)
Longitudinal reinforcement : type HA fe = 500.00 (MPa)
Fig.1. Cross section with reinforcement determined in [2] (4HA16).
IMPORTANT STEPS:
In the dialog box Buckling length set the length lf in both directions (Fig.1.2.). The program calculates
the slenderness for the most unfavorable direction.

In the Loads dialog box put the axial force N, equal to the capacity determined in [2].
Fig. 1.3. Loads.
RESULTS OF THE CALCULATIONS:
The reinforcement generated by the program (Fig 1.4.) is different than that determined in [2]. The
greater reinforcement generated by the program is the result of the fact, that 4HA16 is not actually
sufficient reinforcement. Although the calculations with small accuracy carried out in [2] show, that the
capacity is 1310 kN, after the accurate calculations it can be proven that it is in fact 1308 kN, thus
4HA16 reinforcement is not correct. ROBOT Millennium finds the sufficient reinforcement 8HA12.
The calculation of capacity is illustrated in the calculation note:
Fig. 1.4. Reinforcement generated by the program (8HA12).

2.5.1 Slenderness analysis
Lu (m) K
Direction Y: 2.80 1.00 32.33
Direction Z: 2.80 1.00 32.33
2.5.2 Detailed analysis
= max (y ; z)
= 32.33
< 50
= 0,85/(1+0,2*(/35)^2) = 0.73
Br = 0.08 (m2)
A= 9.05 (cm2)
Nulim = [Br*fc28/(0,9*b)+A*Fe/s] = 1339.79 (kN)
FINAL VERIFICATION:
ROBOT
Quantity [2]
Millennium
Reinforcement 4 HA16 8 HA12
Nu 1310 kN* 1340 kN
* According to accurate calculations should be 1308.5 kN

- Column subjected to axial load
Example based on:
[3] J-P. Mougin, Bton Arm. BAEL 91 et DTU associs, Eyrolles, 1995, Example 1, pp. 113
Determine the reinforcement of three columns. The data is given below.
LOADS:
N1 = 1650 (kN)
N2 = 2150 (kN)
N3 = 2770 (kN)
GEOMETRY:
lf = 3.2 (ft)
cross section: 30x60 (cm)
MATERIAL:
Longitudinal reinforcement : type HAfe = 400.00 (MPa)
IMPORTANT STEPS:
Define three columns separately. For each column, follow the steps as below:
In the dialog box Buckling length set the length lf in both directions (Fig.2.1.). The program calculates
the slenderness for the most unfavorable direction.
In the Loads dialog box put the axial force N.

RESULTS OF THE CALCULATIONS:
Column 1 2 3
Nu 1650 2150 2770
RESULTS: [3] / ROBOT Millennium [3] / ROBOT Millennium [3] / ROBOT Millennium
As (cm2 ) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 29.5 23.6
4HA14 + 4HA12 + 4HA14 + 4HA12 + 4HA20 +
Reinforcement 6HA25
2HA10 4HA10 2HA10 4HA10 14HA10

NOTE: In ROBOT Millennium the calculations of compression with bending are carried out using EC2
code [4].
2. MATERIALS

Longitudinal reinforcement : type HA fe = 500.00 (MPa)
Transversal reinforcement : type HA fe = 500.00 (MPa)
3. BUCKLING MODEL

As can be seen the sway column is assumed for Z direction, and the non-sway column for Y direction.
4. LOADS
Program generates the reinforcement 6 HA 20.

The dimensioning combination is 1.35DL1+1.50LL1

the section in the mid-height of the column (marked as (C)).
directions.

7.1. LOADS

Case (kN) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
1 DL1 500 100 30 72 20 30 40*
2 LL1 200 50 30 42 10 20 30*
Dimensioning
1.35DL1+1.5LL1 975 210 85.5 160.2 42 70.5 99
combination
Y DIRECTION
Slenderness analysis:
l0
= 40.41
r
Check if lim according to 4.3.5.3.5(2)
15
lim max 25; = 30.38
u
N Sd
u = 0.244
Ac f cd
lim - column is slender
Check, if the slenderness effects have to be taken into account. For this, we check if crit
according to (4.62).
e01
crit 25 (2 ) = 39.82
e02
85.5
e01 = 0.088 (m)
975
210
e01 = 0.215 (m)
975
crit - slenderness effects have to be taken into account.
The abovementioned requirement means that the total eccentricity of the axial force in Z
( e z M y / N ) direction will be:

etot e0 ea e2 (it is decided to consider the additional eccentricity to act in Z direction, thus
increasing moment My )
NOTE: If the requirement 4.62 is fulfilled ( crit ), the total eccentricity would be calculated as
etot e0 e a .
Calculation of initial eccentricity e0
For the mid-height section, we have:

e0 ee 0.4 e01 0.6 e02 = 0.164 (m)
Calculation of additional eccentricity ea
l0
ea = 0.018 (m),
2
1
= 0.0022
100 h
h = 21.0 (m)
1 / 200
We assume = 0.005
Calculation of second-order eccentricity e2
2
l0 1
e2 K 1 = 0.043 (m)
10 r
K1 = 1 ( 35)
1 f yd
2K 2 = 0.009
r 0.9d E s
K2 = 1
d = 0.552 (m)
Es = 200 (GPa)
f yd = 435 (MPa)
The total eccentricity in Z direction:
etot e0 ea e2 = 0.225 (m)
The total moment My:

M y N etot 219 (kNm)
Z DIRECTION
l0
= 41.57
r

Check if lim according to 4.3.5.3.5(2)
15
lim max 25; = 30.38
u
N Sd
u = 0.244
Ac f cd
lim - column is slender
Since the column is sway in Z direction, the slenderness effects have to be taken into account.
The abovementioned requirement means that the total eccentricity of the axial force in Y
( e y M z / N ) direction will be:
etot e0 e2
Calculation of initial eccentricity e0

M sd
e0 = 0.102 (m) (the moment in mid-height section is given directly by the user)
N sd
Calculation of second-order eccentricity e2

2
l 1
e2 K 1 0 = 0.057 (m)
10 r
Since the column is sway, and the slenderness effects have to be considered, we take into account
the influence of long-term effects (creep), increasing the buckling length of the column:
l 0 n l 0 = 6.79 (m)
N sd
n 1
N sd

The ratio of long-term load to total load is calculated as a weighted average from the
load cases. The weight factors are assumed according to the axial forces. Thus:
N sd 1.35 500 1.5 200
1.0 0.3 = 0.785
N sd 975 975
Thus, the influence of creep is taken into account by means of n =1.3359
The other parameters are:
K1 = 1 ( 35)
1 f yd
2K 2 = 0.014
r 0.9d E s
K2 = 1

d = 0.351 (m)
Es = 200 (GPa)
f yd = 435 (MPa)
etot e0 e2 = 0.158 (m)
The total moment My:

7.3. FINAL RESULT
M y = 219 (kNm)
M z = 154 (kNm)
8. CONCLUSIONS
Calculations) are in agreement with the manual calculations (see point 7.3 Final Result)
LITERATURE
[1] B.A.E.L. 91. Rgles techniques de conception et de calcul des ouvrages et constructions en bton
arm suivant la mthode des tats-limites. Mod. 99.

3. Canadian code CSA A23.3-94

- Column subjected to axial load and uni-axial bending non-sway
frame
Example based on:
[2] Canadian Portland Cement Association, Concrete Design Handbook, Second Edition, 1998,
Example 8.1, pp. 8-6
File: Verification manual_CSA_example_1.rtd
Design the rectangular column in a non-sway frame.

In the following example, the results of the program, concerning the calculations of reinforcement and
buckling analysis are compared to the results of [2].
LOADS:
Factored Loads
Unfactored Loads: Dead Load Live Load
(1.25 DL + 1.5 LL)
Axial Load (kN) 1776 1320 4200
Top Moment (kNm) 112 66 239
Bottom Moment (kNm) 12 7 26
GEOMETRY:
lu=8.1 [m]
cross section: 50x50 [cm]
MATERIAL:
Concrete : CONCRETE 40 fc' = 40.00 (MPa)
Longitudinal reinforcement : Grade 400 fy = 400.00 (MPa)
Fig.1. Cross section with longitudinal reinforcement determined in [2] (12 No.25).
IMPORTANT STEPS:
In the dialog box Buckling length set buckling parameters (Fig.1.2.).

In the Loads dialog box put the forces and the ratio of long-term to total load for each load case.
Fig. 1.3. Loads.
In the Calculation Option/ General dialog box check: Design unidirectional bending: My direction
(Fig. 1.4.).
Fig. 1.4. Unidirectional bending
The reinforcement generated by the program (Fig 1.5.) is different than that calculated in [2]. The
authors of [2] find the reinforcement of 12 No. 25 bars, thus the total area is equal to 60.0 cm2. The
calculations with the program result in reinforcement with 10 No. 25 bars, thus the total area is equal
2
to 50 cm . The reinforcement determined by the program is more optimal solution. As shown by the
verification of two reinforcement patterns, carried out in the program, the capacity coefficients are
equal to 1.03 and 1.01 for 12 No. 25 and 10 No. 25 respectively.

Fig. 1.5. Reinforcement generated by the program (10 No.25).
In order to verify the results of buckling analysis, after the modification of reinforcement to the form as
in [2] (see Fig. 1), the verification is carried out.
ROBOT
Quality (Unit) [2]
Millennium
klu
(-) 45.42 47.1
r
Ig (mm4 ) 5.2 x 109 5.2 x 109
I se (mm4 ) 1.6 x 108 1.5 x 108
(0,2 E c I g E s I se )
(Nmm2 ) 4.1 x 1013 4.1 x 1013
EI max 1 d
0.25 E I
c g
2 EI
Pc (N) 8741 x 103 8743 x 103
(klu ) 2
M1
C m 0.6 0.4 (-) 0.56 0.56
M2
C m M 2 Pu (15 0.03h) (kNm) 126 126

Cm M 2
Mc
Pu (kNm) 373 371
1
0.75Pc

FINAL VERIFICATION:
the case of buckling analysis, the reinforcement obtain in the program is modified to a form as in the
ROBOT
Quantity [2]
Millennium
As 60.0 cm2 50.0 cm2
Rd / Sd 1.03 1.01
Mc 373 kNm 371 kNm

File: Verification manual_CSA_example_2.rtd
2. MATERIALS
Concrete : CONCRETE 30 fc' = 30.00 (MPa)

Longitudinal reinforcement : Grade 500 fy = 500.00 (MPa)
Transversal reinforcement : Grade 400 fy = 400.00 (MPa)
3. BUCKLING MODEL
As can be seen the sway column is assumed for Z direction, and the non-sway column for Y direction

4. LOADS
NOTE: The column is sway for Z direction, thus the ratio of non-sway moment to total moment should
be defined in the load table.
The program generates the reinforcement 16 No.30.
The dimensioning combination is 1.25 DL1+1.5 LL1

the section in the mid-height of the column.

directions.
7.1. LOADS

Case
(kip) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft)
1 DL1 600 100 80 92 50 20 60*
2 LL1 200 40 30 36 40 10 45*
Dimensioning
1.25G1+1.5Q1 1050 185 145 169 122.5 40 142.5
combination

Y DIRECTION
Slenderness:
k lu
= 56.12
r
k lu = 8.1 (m)
r = 0.144 (m)
M1
25 10
M 2 = 41.03
Pf /( f c ' Ag )
M1
= 0.78
M2
M1
25 10
k lu M2
> column is slender
r Pf /( f c ' Ag )
The initial moments at the end of the column:
M1 = 145.00 (kNm) M2 = 185.00 (kNm)

2 EI
Pc
(klu ) 2
(0,2 E c I g E s I se )

EI max 1 d (10-11), (10-12)
0.25 E I
c g
The moment of inertia of steel is calculated according to the scheme:

I s As i z i = 22554 (cm4)
i
I g 416667 (cm4)
E c = 28325 (MPa)
E s = 200000 (MPa)
1.25 600 1.5 200
d = 1 0 =0.714
1050 1050
(0,2 E c I g E s I se )
40082 kPa m 4
EI max 1 d
0,25 E I 29505 kPa m 4
c g
Thus,
EI 40082 kPa m4
Pc 6030 kN
Check if C m M 2 Pu (15 0,03h) - OK
M1
0.6 0.4
C m max M 2 = 0.91
0.4

Pu (15 0,03h) = 31.5 kNm
C m M 2 = 169 kNM (note, that it is the same value as MyC in table in point 7.1 Loads)
Cm M 2
Mc = 220 (kNm)
Pu
1
0,75Pc
Z DIRECTION
NOTE: In most cases, the sway column is calculated for the end moment M2, taking into account the
effects of slenderness.
In this case however, the presence of moment in Y direction (which is also increased due to
slenderness), causes the mid-height section to be the most unfavorable (even though the end moment
in Z direction is greater).
Slenderness:
Since the column is sway, the slenderness effects are taken into account.

The following table illustrates how the division of moments into sway and non-sway is carried out for
the particular load combination. We consider here directly the mid-height moment (its values have
been given directly in the load table).
MzC Mzns = Mzs =

Case MzC Load factors (dimensioning Mzns/Mz
combination) (Mzns/Mz)*Mz (1-Mzns/Mz)*Mz
G1 60 1.25 75 1 75 0
33.75 33.75
Q1 45 1.5 67.5 0.5
SUM - 142.5 - 108.75 33.75
M ns 108.75 (kNm)
M s 33.75 (kNm)
The magnification factor for sway column is equal to:

s 1 /(1 Q) 1.25 (Q coefficient is defined in the Story parameters dialog box)
I
M c s M s M ns = 150.94 kNm
NOTE: Since the values of moment do not result from the linear distribution, but were defined directly
by the user, we do not deal here with M 1 and M 2 , but use directly the value of the mid-height
moment).
Check, if further magnification of moment is required

lu 35

r Pu
f ' c Ag
lu
= 86.6.97
r
35
= 83.67.
Pu
f 'c Ag
lu 35
the magnification of the mid-height moment is necessary
r Pu
f ' c Ag
NOTE: The magnification below is carried out only if we consider the mid-height section).

I
Mc
Mc
Pu
1
0,75Pc
NOTE: Since the values of moment do not result from the linear distribution but were defined directly
by the user, we do not deal here with C m M 2 but use directly the value of the mid-height moment).

2 EI
Pc
(klu ) 2
(0,2 E c I g E s I se )

EI max 1 d (10-11), (10-12)
0.25 E I
c g
I s As i y i = 15482 (cm4)
i
I g 266667 (cm4)
E c = 28325 (MPa)
E s = 200000 (MPa)
1.25 600 1.5 200
d = 1 0 =0.714
1050 1050
(0,2 E c I g E s I se )
26875 kPa m 4
EI max 1 d
0,25 E I 18883 kPa m 4
c g
Thus,
EI 26875 (kPa m4)
Pc 2192 (kN)

I
Mc
Mc = 418 (kNm)
Pu
1
0,75Pc
7.3. FINAL RESULT
M cy = 220 (kNm)
M cz = 418 (kNm)

8. CONCLUSIONS
LITERATURE
[1] CSA Standard A23.3-94. Structures (Design).
[2] Canadian Portland Cement Association, Concrete Design Handbook, Second Edition, 1998,
Example 8.1, pp. 8-6

4. Italian code DM 9/1/96

File: Verification manual_DM_example_1.rtd
2. MATERIALS
Concrete : R20 Rck = 24.10 (MPa)

Longitudinal reinforcement : FeB44k fyk = 430.00 (MPa)
Transversal reinforcement : FeB32k fyk = 315.00 (MPa)
3. BUCKLING MODEL

4. LOADS
Program generates the reinforcement 20 16.


directions.
7.1. LOADS

Case
(kN) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
1 DL1 400 150 30 102 20 30 50*
2 LL1 150 120 30 84 10 20 40*
Dimensioning
1.4DL1+1.0LL1 710 330 72 226.8 38 62 110
combination

As a first step, it is checked, if N d N max (according to point 4.2.1.2.a)
f cd
N max Ac f yd A 3863.68 (kN)
1.25
N d 710 3864 N max - OK
Y DIRECTION
l0
= 46.19
i
Check if * according to 4.2.4.2.
1 15
* 60 = 43.65
Nd / Ac
A
s = 1.68 %
Ac
Ac = 0.24 m2
Since * the column is found as slender for Y direction.
The abovementioned slenderness means that the total eccentricity of the axial force in Z
( c z M y / N ) direction will be:
ctot c ' c a
NOTE: If the column is found as non-slender ( * ), the total eccentricity would be ctot c ' c a .
Check if the method of slenderness analysis is applicable ( 3 * )

46.19 130.95 3 * - OK
Calculation of initial eccentricity c

c' 0.4 c1 0.6 c 2 = 0.319 (m) > 0.4 c 2 = 0.186 (m)
Calculation of additional eccentricity ca
l
c a max 2cm; 0 = 0.027 (m),
300
l0 = 8.0 (m)

Calculation of second-order eccentricity
2
l0 1
= 0.055 (m)
10 r
1 1
K r K = 0.00861
r r0
1 f yd
= 0.0075
r0 0.45 d E s
d = 0.554 (m)
Es = 200 (GPa)
f yd = 374 (MPa)
K max(1;1 eff ) - if creep coefficient >2 and 75 and c' h
N long
eff
N tot
f ck
0.35
200 150
K 1 - in other cases
Thus, we have K 1
N ud N d
Kr = 1.181
N ud N bal
N ud f cd Ac f yd A = 4503.59 (kN)
N bal 0.4 f cd Ac = 1200.00 (kN)
ctot c ' c a = 0.401 (m)
The total moment My :

Z DIRECTION
l0
= 45.03
i
Check if * according to 4.2.4.2.
1 15
* 60 = 43.65
Nd / Ac

As
= 1.68 %
Ac
Ac = 0.24 m2
Since * the column is found as slender for Z direction.
The abovementioned slenderness means that the total eccentricity of the axial force in Y
( c y M z / N ) direction will be:
ctot c ' c a
NOTE: If the column is found as non-slender ( * ), the total eccentricity would be ctot c ' c a .
Check if the method of slenderness analysis is applicable ( 3 * )

45.03 130.95 3 * - OK
Calculation of initial eccentricity c

c' M z (C ) / N d = 0.155 (m) (the moment in mid-height section is given directly by the user)
Calculation of additional eccentricity ca
l
c a max 2cm; 0 = 0.020 (m),
300
l0 = 5.2 (m)
Calculation of second-order eccentricity
2
l 1
0 = 0.036 (m)
10 r
1 1
K r K = 0.01348
r r0
1 f yd
= 0.0117
r0 0.45 d E s
d = 0.354 (m)
Es = 200 (GPa)
f yd = 374 (MPa)
K max(1;1 eff ) - if creep coefficient >2 and 75 and c' h
N long
eff
N tot

f ck
0.35
200 150
K 1 - in other cases
Thus, we have K 1
N ud N d
Kr = 1.1483
N ud N bal
N ud f cd Ac f yd A = 4503.59 (kN)
N bal 0.4 f cd Ac = 1200.00 (kN)
ctot c ' c a = 0.211 (m)

M z N etot 150 (kNm)
7.3. FINAL RESULT
M y = 285 (kNm)
M z = 150 (kNm)
8. CONCLUSIONS
LITERATURE
[1] B.A.E.L. 91. Rgles techniques de conception et de calcul des ouvrages et constructions en bton
arm suivant la mthode des tats-limites. Mod. 99.

5. British code BS 9/1/96
File: Verification manual_BS_example_1.rtd
2. MATERIALS
Concrete : C20 fcu = 20.00 (MPa)

Longitudinal reinforcement :T fy = 460.00 (MPa)
Transversal reinforcement :R fy = 250.00 (MPa)
3. BUCKLING MODEL
4. LOADS


Since the column is found as slender, in both direction the second-order effects are taken into
account.
7.1. LOADS

Case
1 DL1 400 150 30 102 20 30 50*
2 LL1 150 120 30 84 10 20 40*
Dimensioning
1.4DL1+1.6LL1 800 402 90 277.2 44 74 134
combination
,where A, B and C denote upper, lower and mid-height sections of the column respectively.

Slenderness analysis acc. to 3.8.1.3:

l ey / h = 13.33 < 15 (non-sway for Y direction)
l ez / b = 13.0 > 10 (sway for Z direction)
Since the ratio l ez / b exceeds the limit, the column is found as slender.
Y DIRECTION
Calculation of minimum eccentricity emin and minimum moment Mmin 3.8.2.4
emin min( 0.05 h;0.02m) = 0.02 (m)

M min N emin = 16.0 (kNm)
Calculation of initial moment Mi eq. 36

M i 0.4 M 1 0.6 M 2 = 277.2 (kNm) > 0.4 M 2 = 160.8 (kNm)
Calculation of second-order eccentricity au eq. 32
au a Kh = 0.053 (m)
1 le
a = = 0.088
2000 h
N N
K min uz ;1
N uz N bal
2 f cu fy
N uz Ac Asc 4060.18 (kN)
3 c s
Ac = 0.24 (m2)
Asc = 43.98 (cm2)
N bal 1222.64 (kN) note that this value is calculated in detail for the state
equilibrium in a section. Using the approximated code formula one would obtain
N bal 1173.33 (kN)
N N
K uz = - thus, K = 1 was assumed
N uz N bal
Calculation of second-order moment Madd
M add N a u = 42.67 (kNm)
NOTE: The second-order effects in ROBOT Millennium are taken into account dependent upon
the section and upon the parameter sway/non sway in a following way:
in non-sway structures, Madd is added for the mid-height section, while 0.5 Madd is added
for the end sections. Such addition is carried out disregarding the distribution of the
first-order moment.
in sway structures, Madd is added to each of three sections of column. Such addition is
carried out disregarding the distribution of the first-order moment.


M y M i M add 319.87 (kNm) > 16.00 (kNm) = M min
Z DIRECTION
Calculation of minimum eccentricity emin and minimum moment Mmin 3.8.2.4
emin min( 0.05 b;0.02m) = 0.02 (m)

M min N emin = 16.0 (kNm)
Calculation of initial moment Mi eq. 36

For the mid-height section, we have the moment fixed directly by the user:
M i 134 (kNm)
Calculation of second-order eccentricity au eq. 32
au a Kh = 0.034 (m)
1 le
a = = 0.0845
2000 b
N N
K min uz ;1
N
uz N bal
2 f cu fy
N uz Ac Asc 4060.18 (kN)
3 c s
Ac = 0.24 (m2)
Asc = 43.98 (cm2)
N bal 1222.64 (kN) note that this value is calculated in detail for the state
equilibrium in a section. Using the approximated code formula one would obtain
N bal 1173.33 (kN)
N N
K uz = - thus, K = 1 was assumed
N uz N bal
Calculation of second-order moment Madd
M add N a u = 27.04 (kNm)
in non-sway structures, Madd is added for the mid-height section, while 0.5 Madd is added
for the end sections. Such addition is carried out disregarding the distribution of the
first-order moment.
in sway structures, Madd is added to each of three sections of column. Such addition is
The total moment Mz :

M z M i M add 161.04 (kNm) > 16.00 (kNm) = M min

7.3. FINAL RESULT
M y = 320 (kNm)
M z = 161 (kNm)
8. CONCLUSIONS
have been presented. The results obtained with the program (see point 6 Results of the Section
LITERATURE
[1] British Standard BS 8110: 1985. Structural use of concrete. British Standard Institution, 1985.
6. Spanish code EHE 99
VERIFICATION EXAMPLE 1
File: Verification manual_EHE_example_1.rtd
2. MATERIALS
Concrete : HA - 30 fck = 30.00 (MPa)

Longitudinal reinforcement: : B 500 S fyk = 500.00 (MPa)
Transversal reinforcement: : B 500 S fyk = 500.00 (MPa)
3. BUCKLING MODEL
4. LOADS
The dimensioning combination is 1.35DL1+1.5 LL1


account.
in non-sway structures, M2f is added for the mid-height section only.
in sway structures, M2f is added to each of three sections of column. Such addition is
7.1. LOADS

Case
1 DL1 400 150 30 102 20 30 50*
2 LL1 150 120 30 84 10 20 40*
Dimensioning
1.35DL1+1.5LL1 765 382.5 85.5 263.7 70.5 42 127.5
combination

Y DIRECTION
Slenderness analysis
Geometrical Slenderness
l0
= 72.05
i
The slenderness limit:
lim 35
lim - the column is slender for Y direction
Calculation of minimal eccentricity 12.2.3
emin max( 0.02;h / 20) = 0.025 (m)
Calculation of the first-order eccentricity

ee 0.6e2 0.4e1 = 0.345 (m) > emin
e1 = 85.5 / 765 = 0.111 (m)
e2 = 382.5 / 765 = 0.500 (m)
Calculation of the second-order eccentricity ea

100 - approximated method will be used
h 20ee l 02
ea (1 0.12 )( y ) = 0.203 (m)
h 10ee 50ic
l 0 = 10.40 (m)
ic = 0.144 (m)

d d '
2
= 1.421
2
4is
d d ' = 0.4 (m)
i s = 0.168 (m)
NOTE: The moment of inertia of steel is calculated according to the scheme:
I s As i z i
i
= 0.004 (since N cp / N tot 70% )
N cp / N tot 1.35 400 / 765 = 70.6 %

f yd
y = 0.00217
Es
Calculation of total eccentricity etot
etot ee e a = 0.345 + 0.203 = 0.548 (m)

M y N etot 418.91 (kNm)
Z DIRECTION
l0
= 103.92
i
The slenderness limit:
lim 35
lim - the column is slender for Y direction
Calculation of minimal eccentricity 12.2.3
emin max( 0.02; h / 20) = 0.025 (m)
Calculation of the first-order eccentricity

For the mid-height section, we have the moments defined directly, thus
ee M / N = 127.5 / 765 = 0.167 (m) > emin

Calculation of the second-order eccentricity ea

100 - general method will be used
etot ee ea = 0.444 (m)

1
ea 0.1l02 = 0.241 (m)
rtot
l 0 12.0 (m)
1 1 1
= 0.01677
rtot r r f
1 2 y 1
= 0.01306
r d d ' 1 2 0.3
f yd
y = 0.00217
Es
d d ' = 0.3 (m)
ee (d d ' ) 0,1l 02 y
4 = 5.135
(d d ' ) 2

d d '
2
= 1.421
2
4is
i s = 0.168 (m)
NOTE: The moment of inertia of steel is calculated according
to the scheme:
I s As i y i
i
Nd
= 0.191
Ac f cd
1 8 g ee
= 0.00371
r f (1 1.4 g ) l02
2.0
N sg l02
g = 0.156
10 E c I c
I c = 266667 (cm4)
E c = 26411 (MPa)
10 6
1 0,2 = 1.0867
1
y ic
r
ic = 0.115 (m)

M z N etot 339.29 (kNm)
7.3. FINAL RESULT
M y = 418.91 (kNm)
M z = 339.29 (kNm)
8. CONCLUSIONS
Calculations) are in agreement with the manual calculations (see point 7.3 Final Result).
LITERATURE
[1] Instruccin de Hormign Estructural EHE. Comisin Permanente de Hormign. 5 edicin. Madrid,
Ministerio de Fomento, 1999.
7. Norwegian code
NS 3473: 2003
VERIFICATION EXAMPLE 1
File: Verification manual_NS_example_1.rtd
2. MATERIALS
Concrete: B20 fck = 25.00 (MPa)

Longitudinal reinforcement: B500C fsk = 500.00 (MPa)
Transversal reinforcement: B500C fsk = 500.00 (MPa)
3. BUCKLING MODEL
4. LOADS
The dimensioning combination is 1.2DL1+1.5WIND1


account.
in non-sway structures, M2f is added for the mid-height section only.
in sway structures, M2f is added to each of three sections of column. Such addition is
7.1. LOADS

Case
1 DL1 400 150 30 102 20 30 50*
2 LL1 150 120 30 84 10 20 40*
Dimensioning
1.2DL1+1.5WIND1 705 360 81 248.4 66 39 120
combination

Y DIRECTION
l0
= 74.82
i
Check if 80 1 4 t
t f sd As / f cd Ac = 1.310
80 1 4 t = 199.86
74.82 < 199.86 - OK
Force dependent slenderness

N n f /(1 4 t ) = 16.24
n f N f / f cd Ac = 0.2938
Check if N < 45 - OK
The slenderness limit for braced (non-sway) column:

N lim 18 8M 0 A / M 0 B = 16.20
N N lim - the column is slender for Y direction
Calculation of unintended eccentricity 12.2.3
ea max( 0.02;h / 30; le / 300) = 0.036 (m)
Calculation of first-order eccentricity and first-order moment M1f

c m 0.6 0.4e0 A / e0 B = 0.69
e0 A = 81 / 705 = 0.115 (m)
e0 B = 360 / 705 = 0.511 (m)
e0 c m e0 B = 0.352 (m)
M 1 f N f (e0 ea ) 705 0.388 = 273.78 (kNm)
Calculation of critical force NE

N E 2 EJ cr / le = 8578 (kN)
2
EJ cr 0.6E ck I c E sk I s = 101381 (kNm2)

Eck = 23336 (MPa)
E sk = 200000 (MPa)
I c = 416667 (cm4)

The moment of inertia of steel is calculated according to the scheme:
I s As i z i = 21520 (cm4)
i
l e = 10.8 (m)
Calculation of the long-term eccentricity aL

0.8
a L e1L = 0.026 (m)
N E / N L 1 0.4
N L 1.2 400 1 1.5 150 0 = 480 (kN)
480
e1L e0 ea = 0.264 (m)
705
= 2.0
Calculation of the immediate eccentricity ae
ae 0.1 le2 / r = 0.143 (m)
1 f sk / E sk 0.003
= 0.0122 for n f 0.5
r d
d = 0.45 (m)
Calculation of second-order moment M2f

M 2 f N f (a e a L ) 705 0.169 = 119.20 (kNm)

M y M 1 f M 2 f 392.98 (kNm)

Z DIRECTION
l0
= 51.96
i
Check if 80 1 4 t
t f sd As / f cd Ac = 1.310
80 1 4 t = 199.86
51.96 < 199.86 - OK
Force dependent slenderness

N n f /(1 4 t ) = 11.28
n f N f / f cd Ac = 0.2938
Check if N < 45 - OK
The slenderness limit for non-braced (sway) column:

N lim = 10.00
N N lim - the column is slender for Z direction
Calculation of unintended eccentricity 12.2.3
ea max( 0.02;b / 30; le / 300) = 0.02 (m)
Calculation of first-order eccentricity and first-order moment M1f

For the mid-height section, we have the moments defined directly, thus
e0 M 0 / N = 120/705 = 0.170 (m)
M 1 f N f (e0 ea ) 705 0.190 = 134.10 (kNm)
Calculation of critical force NE
N E 2 EJ cr / le = 16866 (kN)
2
EJ cr 0.6E ck I c E sk I s = 61519 (kNm2)

Eck = 23336 (MPa)
E sk = 200000 (MPa)
I c = 266666 (cm4)
I s As i y i = 12090 (cm4)
i
l e = 6.0 (m)
Calculation of the long-term eccentricity aL

0.8
a L e1L = 0.006 (m)
N E / N L 1 0.4

N L 1.2 400 1 1.5 150 0 = 480 (kN)

480
e1L e0 ea = 0.129 (m)
705
= 2.0
Calculation of the immediate eccentricity ae

ae 0.1 le2 / r = 0.057 (m)
1 f sk / E sk 0.003
= 0.0157 for n f 0.5
r d
d = 0.35 (m)
Calculation of second-order moment M2f

M 2 f N f (a e a L ) 705 0.063 = 44.33 (kNm)

M z M 1 f M 2 f 178.43 (kNm)
7.3. FINAL RESULT
M y = 392.98 (kNm)
M z = 178.43 (kNm)
8. CONCLUSIONS
LITERATURE
[1] Norwegian Standard NS 3473.E. Concrete structures. Design and detailing rules. Standards
Norway, 2004.

Rmi Verif RC Columns 3 2

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ROBOT Millennium

Issue 3.2, April 2008 page 2 / 76

Each problem contains the following parts:

Issue 3.2, April 2008 page 3 / 76

1. American code ACI 318-02

Issue 3.2, April 2008 page 4 / 76

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE:

Fig.1. Cross section with reinforcement determined in [2] (10 No.9).

Issue 3.2, April 2008 page 5 / 76

Fig. 1.2. Buckling parameters of the column.

Fig. 1.3. Loads.

Fig. 1.4. Unidirectional bending.

RESULTS OF REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION:

Issue 3.2, April 2008 page 6 / 76

Fig. 1.5. Reinforcement generated by the program (20 No. 6).

RESULTS OF BUCKLING ANALYSIS:

I se (in4 ) - 640 640

Issue 3.2, April 2008 page 7 / 76

Mc 444.16 kip-ft 326.82 kip-ft *

Issue 3.2, April 2008 page 8 / 76

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE:

Design A3 column in the non-sway frame.

In the dialog box Buckling length set buckling parameter ky as 0.84.

Fig. 2.1. Loads.

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RESULTS OF REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION:

Fig. 2.3. Reinforcement generated automatically by the program (16 No.7).

RESULTS OF BUCKLING ANALYSIS:

I se (in4 ) 213 213 213

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M 2 10.14 116.2 116.2 116.2

Mc 220.8 kip-ft 222.1kip-ft

VERIFICATION WITH THE OTHER SOFTWARE:

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Fig. 2.5. Comparison of the interaction diagrams

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DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE:

Concrete: fc' = 3.50 (ksi)

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The program generates the reinforcement 4 No.18.

6. RESULTS OF THE SECTION CALCULATIONS:

The dimensioning combination is 1.2 DL1+1.6 LL1

7. CALCULATIONS OF TOTAL MOMENT:

For the dimensioning combination, the loads are:

N MyA MyB MyC MzA MzB MzC

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7.2. THE INFLUENCE OF SLENDERNESS

M1 = 80.00 (kip-ft) M2 = 88.00 (kip-ft)

Calculation of critical force:

I s As z 2 = 16.00 (12 3.1285) 2 =1259.5 in4

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The dimensioning moment in Y direction is equal to:

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Case MzC Load factors MzC Mzns/Mz Mzns = Mzs =

SUM - 96 - 54.72 72.48

The magnification factor for sway column is equal to:

The dimensioning moment in Z direction is equal to:

Check if further magnification of the moment is necessary:

7.3. FINAL RESULT

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DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE:

Fig.1. Cross section with reinforcement determined in [2] (4HA16).