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1 Technology
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1064 nm
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2 2 APPLICATIONS
Other common host materials for neodymium are: YLF skin disease usually occurring on the scalp.
(yttrium lithium uoride, 1047 and 1053 nm), YVO4 Using hysteroscopy the Nd:YAG laser has been used
(yttrium orthovanadate, 1064 nm), and glass. A partic- for removal of uterine septa within the inside of the
ular host material is chosen in order to obtain a desired uterus.[10]
combination of optical, mechanical, and thermal prop-
erties. Nd:YAG lasers and variants are pumped either In podiatry, the Nd:YAG laser is being used to
by ashtubes, continuous gas discharge lamps, or near- treat onychomycosis, which is fungus infection of the
infrared laser diodes (DPSS lasers). Prestabilized laser toenail.[11] The merits of laser treatment of these infec-
(PSL) types of Nd:YAG lasers have proved to be particu- tions are not yet clear, and research is being done to es-
larly useful in providing the main beams for gravitational tablish eectiveness.[12][13]
wave interferometers such as LIGO, VIRGO, GEO600
and TAMA.
2.2 Manufacturing
sulcular debridement, LANAP, frenectomy, biopsy, and as Cr4+ :YAG or via the second harmonic for pumping
coagulation of graft donor sites. Ti:sapphire lasers.
3 Additional frequencies
For many applications, the infrared light is frequency-
Military surplus Nd:YAG laser rangender ring. The laser res
doubled or -tripled using nonlinear optical materials such
through a collimator, focusing the beam, which blasts a hole
through a rubber block, releasing a burst of plasma. as lithium triborate to obtain visible (532 nm, green) or
ultraviolet light. Cesium lithium borate generates the 4th
The Nd:YAG laser is the most common laser used in laser and 5th harmonics of the Nd:YAG 1064 nm fundamental
designators and laser rangenders. wavelength. A green laser pointer is a frequency doubled
Nd:YVO4 diode-pumped solid state laser (DPSS laser).
Nd:YAG can be also made to lase at its non-principal
2.6 Cavity ring-down spectroscopy wavelength. The line at 946 nm is typically employed
(CRDS) in blue laser pointer DPSS lasers, where it is doubled
to 473 nm.
The Nd:YAG may be used in the application of cavity
ring-down spectroscopy, which is used to measure the
concentration of some light-absorbing substance. 4 Physical and chemical properties
of Nd:YAG
2.7 Laser-induced breakdown spec-
troscopy (LIBS) 4.1 Properties of YAG crystal
Formula: Y3 Al5 O12
Main article: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Molecular weight: 596.7
A range of Nd:YAG lasers are used in analysis of ele-
Crystal structure: Cubic
ments in the periodic table. Though the application by
itself is fairly new with respect to conventional methods Hardness: 88.5 (Moh)
such as XRF or ICP, it has proven to be less time consum-
ing and a cheaper option to test element concentrations. Melting point: 1950 C (3540 F)
A high-power Nd:YAG laser is focused onto the sample
Density: 4.55 g/cm3
surface to produce plasma. Light from the plasma is cap-
tured by spectrometers and the characteristic spectra of
each element can be identied, allowing concentrations
4.2 Refractive index of Nd:YAG
of elements in the sample to be measured.
4.3 Properties of Nd:YAG @ 25 C (with
2.8 Laser pumping 1% Nd doping)
Nd:YAG lasers, mainly via their second and third har- Formula: Y.Nd.Al5 O12
monics, are widely used to excite dye lasers either in the Weight of Nd: 0.725%
liquid[17] or solid state.[18] They are also used as pump
sources for vibronically broadened solid-state lasers such Atoms of Nd per unit volume: 1.381020 /cm3
4 5 REFERENCES AND NOTES
Charge state of Nd: 3+ [10] Yang J, Yin TL, Xu WM, Xia LB, Li AB, Hu J. (2006).
Reproductive outcome of septate uterus after hystero-
Emission wavelength: 1064 nm scopic treatment with neodymium:YAG laser. Photomed
Laser Surg. 24 (5): 625. doi:10.1089/pho.2006.24.625.
Transition: 4 F/ 4 I/
PMID 17069494.
Duration of uorescence: 230 s
[11] Ledon, Jennifer A.; Savas, Jessica; Franca, Katlein; Cha-
Thermal conductivity: 0.14 Wcm1 K1 con, Anna; Nouri, Keyvan (2012). Laser and light ther-
apy for onychomycosis: a systematic review. Lasers in
Specic heat capacity: 0.59 Jg1 K1 Medical Science. doi:10.1007/s10103-012-1232-y. ISSN
0268-8921.
Thermal expansion: 6.9106 K1
[12] Mozena, John; Haverstock, Brent (May 2010). Laser
dn/dT: 7.3106 K1
care for onychomycosis: can it be eective?". Podiatry
Youngs modulus: 3.17104 Kg/mm2 Today 23 (5): 5459.
Poissons ratio: 0.25 [13] Mozena, John D.; Mitnick, Joshua P. (October 2009).
Emerging concepts in treating onychomycosis. Podia-
Resistance to thermal shock: 790 Wm1 try Today 22 (10): 4651.
[14] http://www.academia.edu/6125762/Studies_on_laser_
peening_of_spring_steel_for_automotive_applications
5 References and notes
[15] http://www.lsptechnologies.com/why-laser-peen.php
[1] Koechner 2.3, pp. 4853.
[16] Palafox, Gilbert N.; Wicker, Ryan B.; Elkins, Christopher
[2] Geusic, J. E.; Marcos, H. M.; Van Uitert, L. G. (1964). J. (2003). Rapid in-vitro physiologic ow experimenta-
Laser oscillations in nd-doped yttrium aluminum, yt- tion using rapid prototyping and particle image velocime-
trium gallium and gadolinium garnets. Applied Physics try (pdf). 2003 Summer Bioengineering Conference: 419.
Letters 4 (10): 182. Bibcode:1964ApPhL...4..182G. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
doi:10.1063/1.1753928.
[17] F. P. Schfer (Ed.), Dye Lasers (Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
[3] Yariv, Amnon (1989). Quantum Electronics (3rd ed.). 1990).
Wiley. pp. 208211. ISBN 0-471-60997-8.
[18] F. J. Duarte, Tunable Laser Optics (Elsevier-Academic,
[4] Walter Koechner (1965) Solid-state laser engineering, New York, 2003).
Springer-Verlag, p. 507
[19] Coxworth, Ben (April 21, 2011). Laser igniters could
[5] Koechner 6.1.1, pp. 251264. spell the end for the humble spark plug. Gizmag. Re-
[6] Moskalik, K; A Kozlov; E Demin; E Boiko (2009). trieved March 30, 2012.
The Ecacy of Facial Skin Cancer Treatment [20] Pavel, Nicolaie; et al. (2011). Composite, all-
with High-Energy Pulsed Neodymium and Nd:YAG ceramics, high-peak power Nd:YAG/Cr4+ :YAG
Lasers. Photomedical Laser Surgery 27 (2): 3459. monolithic micro-laser with multiple-beam out-
doi:10.1089/pho.2008.2327. PMID 19382838. put for engine ignition. Optics Express 19 (10):
[7] Valcavi R, Riganti F, Bertani A, Formisano D, Pacella 93789384. Bibcode:2011OExpr..19.9378P.
CM. (November 2010). Percutaneous Laser Ablation doi:10.1364/OE.19.009378. PMID 21643194.
of Cold Benign Thyroid Nodules: A 3-Year Follow-Up
Study in 122 Patients. Thyroid 20 (11): 125361. Siegman, Anthony E. (1986). Lasers. University
doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0189. PMID 20929405. Science Books. ISBN 0-935702-11-3.
[8] Pacella CM , Francica G , Di Lascio FM , Arienti V
Koechner, Walter (1988). Solid-State Laser Engi-
, Antico E , Caspani B , Magnol F , Megna AS ,
Pretolani S , Regine R , Sponza M , Stasi R . (June
neering (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-
2009). Long-term outcome of cirrhotic patients with 18747-2.
early hepatocellular carcinoma treated with ultrasound-
guided percutaneous laser ablation: a retrospective anal-
ysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 27 (16): 261521.
doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.0082. PMID 19332729.
[9] Pompili M , Pacella CM , Francica G , Angelico M , Ti-
sone G , Craboledda P , Nicolardi E , Rapaccini GL , Gas-
barrini G . (June 2010). Percutaneous laser ablation of
hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis
awaiting liver transplantation. European Journal of Radi-
ology 74 (3): e6e11. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.03.012.
PMID 19345541.
5
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