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Optimization
Dissertation-I submitted to
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad
For the award of the degree
Of
Master of Technology
In Electrical Engineering with Specialization
in
Power Electronics & Electrical Drives
By
PRATIK BISWAS
Admission No. 15KT000036
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Power Distribution System Balancing &
Optimization, is a record of investigation carried out by Mr. Pratik Biswas, Admission
No. 15KT000036 under the guidance of Dr. P.K.Sadhu.
The dissertation submitted is in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of
Technology in Electrical Engineering with Specialization in Power Electronics &
Electrical Drives during the academic session 2016-17 from Indian Institute of
Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad.
The results embodied in the dissertation have not been submitted for the award of
any degree to any university or institute.
4. Power Balancing
To meet the active power balance, an equality constraint is imposed.
PV+ W + Fi + ST + DGi+ B - L = 0
For stable power system operation real power output of a Diesel Generator is limited to
PDGimin PDGiPDGimaxi= 1,2,3N
Where PDGiminminimum output power of unit i
And PDGimaxminimum output power of unit i
PFimin PFi PFimaxi= 1,2,3N
Where PFiminminimum output power of unit i
And PFiminminimum output power of unit i
Each generating unit has a minimum up time (MUT) and minimum down time (MDT)
limits. Once when a generating unit is switched on, it has to operate continuously for a
certain minimum time before switching it off again. Besides someminimum stop time has
to be maintained before starting the unit. The violation of such constraints may have
detrimental effect on the generators.
This constraints are formulated as
(Tont -1,iMUTi), (ut-1,i ut,i ) 0
(Tofft -1,iMDTi), (ut-1,i ut,i ) 0
Tont -1,i / Tofft -1,i is the unit off/on time, while ut-1,i stands for the unit off/on [0,1]status
So to match the demand supply curve of a power system the difference between load and
power available can be managed from Power System sources or Renewable energy
sources. If the total load demand cannot be mitigated by Power System sources then
power should be purchased and if power available is more than the power demand then
the power can be sold. The following equations can describe the mathematical model for
Power Purchase and Power selling of the power system.[2]
Where
CPP = CP X max (PL Pi, 0)
ISP = CsX max (Pi PL, 0)
Cp and Cs are the tariffs of the purchased and sold power respectively in (Rs./kWh).
The number of starts and stops ( startstop) should not exceed a certain number (Nmax).
start-stop Nmax
F (Pi) =
=1( + + ) +
where
F (Pi) The operating cost of the generating unit i in Rs/Hour
Ci Fuel costs of the generating unit i in Rs/Litre for the Diesel GeneratorsRs/KWH for
Fuel cell and Micro Turbines.
Fi Fuel consumption rate of a generator unit i,
OMi Operation and maintenance cost of a generating unit i in Rs/h
SCiStart up cost of the generating unit i in Rs/h
Pi Decision variables, representing the real power output from generating unit i in kW
CPP Cost of purchased power if the load demand exceeds the generated power in Rs/h,
ISP Income for sold electricity if the output generated power exceeds the load demand
inRs/h.
The operation and maintenance cost of the generating unit i (OMi) is assumed to be
proportional with the produced energy, where the proportional constant KOM.
OMi = KOM=1
[2] Azmy, A.M., and Erlich, I., Online Optimal Management of PEM Fuel Cells Using
Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.,Vol. 29, No. 2, p. 10511058,
Appril 2005.
[3] Orero S. O, and Irving M. R., Large scale uint commitment using a hybrid genetic
algorithm, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy systems., Vol. 19, No. 1,
pp. 4555, 1997.
[4]. Abido M. A Enverionmental/Economic Power Disparch Using Multiobjective
Evolutionary Algorithms, , IEEE Trans. on Power Syst.,Vol. 18, No. 4 November 2003
p. 1529 1537