Characteristics of formed substances.

1. SO2 - a syrupy gas is released during the calcination of sulphurous molybdenum. A

colorless gas with a characteristic smell, it may be detected when its content is from 8 mg / m.
It iritates the mucous membranes of respiratory tract. PDK in workplace is - 10 mg / m.
Protection methods: gas filter masks with B brand. Protection of eyes and skin. Avoiding
the formation and release into the air.
2. H2S - hydrogen sulphide - is released during the precipitation and reprecipitation of
sulphurous molybdenum. A colorless gas with a characteristic smell of rotten eggs, which can be
felt at a concentration of 2 mg / m, and at higher concentration - the smell disappears. In small
amounts, hydrogen sulphide causes the irritation to the mucous membranes of the eyes and
respiratory tract, and in large amounts - convulsions and rapid death from stopping breathing
may appear. PDK in the workplace is - 10 mg / m.
Protection methods: industrial gas filtering masks with the brands of M.K.D. At high
concentration - Isolating anti-gas masks with required supply of clean air. Careful eye protection,
sealed goggles. Workwear clothes. Personal hygiene measures. Avoiding the formation and
release of H2S into the air of working area.
3. HCl - hydrogen chloride is released during the draining of railway cisterns, pumping
from the shop warehouse acids, in neutralized alkaline solutions and the precipitation of
molybdenum trisulphide.
A colorless gas with a sharp odor, it forms a fog of hydrochloric acid in moist air.
Hydrochloric acid and hydrochloric acid irritate the respiratory tract. PDK in the workplace is - 5
mg / m.
Protection methods: industrial gas filtering masks with B brand. Protective sealed
goggles. Workwear clothes made of acid-resistant fabric. Resistant rubber mittens and gloves.
Sealing of containers (tanks) for the storage and transport of hydrochloric acid. Mechanization
for dosaging, draining, filling the containers. Ventilation system of industrial premises.
Equipment of fountains and hydrants for the possibility of immediate washing to the acid spray
that has got into the eyes and skin.
4. NH3 - ammonia is released upong the dissolution of tungstic acid, reprecipitation of
molybdenum trisulphide, re-extraction of tungsten with ammonia solutions or utilization of
ammonium paratungstate.
A colorless gas with a sharp odor. It causes irritating to the upper respiratory tract. In high
concentration, it stimulates the central nervous system and causes convulsion. PDK in the
workplace is - 20 mg / m.
 Protection methods: industrial gas masks with brand of KD or M. Gas masks should be
replaced immediately when you feel the slightest odor. Protective glasses. Workwear clothes
made of thick fabric. Sealing of all equipments. Local and general ventilation for the working
premises.
5. CO2 - carbon dioxide is released during the neutralization of soda (Na2CO3) in the
purified solutions containing silicic acid. Colorless gas, practically odorless, with sour taste.
Sleepy, irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. In relatively low concentration, it
stimulates the respiratory center and in high concentration it oppresses it. P.D.K. in the
workplace is - 30 mg / m.
Protection methods: for a high content of CO2 and normal content of O2 recommended
to use hose gas masks (PS-1, FSH-2, etc.). To avoid poisoning in wells, pits, tanks, vats, etc.,
before starting work, it needs to carefully ventilate rooms, tanks, barrels, etc., etc. Enter such
spaces or fall into such tanks only in the presence of a second person along with the use of
personal protective equipments.
First aid measures in case of accidents
First aid for poisoning by hydrogen sulfide.
Resting with fresh and warm air, taking off working clothes, making inhalation with
oxygen. In case of any disorder in breathing and asphyxia, prolonged artificial respiration with
oxygen is recommended. Under the skin - lobeline (1 ml of 1% solution). In case of
unconsciousness or coma, bleeding (300-400 ml) followed by glucose injection with 0.25-0.5%
methylene blue in 40% of glucose solution (20-30 ml).
In case of vascular insufficiency (small pulse, hypotension, pale gray color to the lips and
facial skin), bleeding is contraindicated; adrenaline (1 ml of 0.1% solution), caffeine (1-2 ml of
10% solution) should be injected into the skin. In cases of mild poisoning with irritation of the
upper respiratory tract, it is recommended to use moist alkaline inhalation, warm milk or mineral
water with soda, codeine, dionin.
For eye diseases - placing in a dark room, it is recommended to use cool lotions with 3-
33, vaseline oil, or applying indifferent ointments around the eyes, procaine with epinephrine
in the tunica conjunctiva.
First aid when exposed to sulfur dioxide
Recommended to use fresh air, take off working cloths, make inhalation with oxygen,
wash eyes, nose and rinse with 2% solution of soda. For difficulty breathing, drop to the nose
with 2% ephedrine solution for 3-4 times a day, each time for 4-5 drops, simultaneously apply
atropine injection under the skin with 1 cm of 0.1% solution. Keep warm on the neck area.
When coughing - codeine, thermal inhalation should be used with 2-3% solution of NaHCO3 (2-
3 times daily) for 10 minutes
In case of eye damage after washing, apply one drop of 2% novocaine solution or 0.5%
dicaine solution with epinephrine (1: 1000) to the eye, followed by using sterile vaseline or
peach oil tunica conjunctiva.
First aid when exposed to ammonia.
If there is a splash of ammonia in the eyes, immediately take abundant flushing of a wide-
open gas with water or or 0.5-1% of a solution containing alum, paraffin and olive oil. For sharp
pains, take 1-2 drops of a novocaine solution. In the following cases, apply the instillation with
0,1% of ZnSO4 solution, 1% of H3BO3 solution or 30% of Albucidum solution. In case of skin
damage - washing with clean water, applying 5% solution of acetic, citric, vinocular or
hydrochloric acid.
When exposed to ammonia from breathing it is necessary to inhale with warm water
vapor in fresh air (preferably with the addition of vinegar or several crystals of citric acid),
including 10% menthol in chloroform. Drink warm milk with soda. In case of suffocation, it is
necessary to supplement oxygen (inhaled to reduce shortness of breath), when having a spasm of
glottis heat to the neck, warm water should be inhaled, and injected with atropine
(subcutaneously 1 ml of 0.1% solution). If the breathing is disturbed or stopped, artificial
respiration is required (without chest compression).
First aid when exposed to carbon dioxide.
Fresh air, oxygen should be required. If breathing is disturbed, artificial respiration,
camphor, caffeine should be required. In severe cases Bleeding followed by infusion of
physiological saline is required.
First aid is when exposed to caustic soda
In case of contact with the skin, wash the affected area with a splash of water for 10
minutes, then soak with a solution inclusive of 5% aceticvinokamennoy, hydrochloric or citric
acid. In case of contact with eyes, rinse thoroughly with water spray or physiological saline for
10 minutes. Then apply with a drop from 2% novocaine solution or 0.5% dicaine solution. Rinse
should be repeated several times a day.
First aid when exposed to hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid.
Immediately take the injured person to a space with fresh air, take off tight clothes and
make inhalation with oxygen. Washing of eyes, nose, rinsing with 2% solution of soda. For
difficulty breathing, drop to the nose with 2-3 drops of ephedrine solution for 3-4 times a day,
each time 4-5 drops, and apply atropine injection under the skin (1 ml of 0.1% solution), keep
warm on the neck area.
 In case of eye damage, after washing, drip into the eyes a drop of 2% novocaine. If strong
acid exposures to the skin, wash it immediately with water, preferably under pressure for 5-10
minutes. If acid gets contact with eyes, rinse them with water, not by a neutralized solution.
First aid when exposed to sulfuric acid.
When it causes irritating to the respiratory tract - fresh air, inhalation of soda solution
should be required. When it causes coughing - codeine, mustard should be used. In case of
contact with skin or mucous membranes, rinse with water. Washing with water acid may cause
severe thermal burn just a prejudice: with an abundant amount of water, the necessary cooling
is achieved. With burns of II and III degrees in earlier stages, streptocid and sintomycin emulsion
should be successfully used.
In case of eye contact, after repeatedly washing with water, drip one drop of 2%
novocaine solution along with the subsequent introduction of a sterile vaseline or peach oil into
the tunica conjunctiva.
 8. RECOMMENDATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACTIVITIES
Industrial operation of a hydrometallurgical plant with autoclave leaching of concentrates
and extraction-sorption of tungsten and molybdenum trioxide is associated with a possible
impact upon the region's natural waters and atmospheric air.
Level of direct polluting emissions with regard to the field of factorys production activity
is estimated by a total gross emissions of substances (g / s, t / year) and their surface
concentration (mg / m3), regularity of emissions (daily and seasonal fluctuations, salvo and
emergency emissions).
Protection of water surface and groundwater in the regional location of the factory is
carried out a reliable waterproofing floors and hydrometallurgical separation tanks along with
technology and circulating solutions, which exclude the unorganized discharge of liquid phase in
production process. It is recommended to develop a rational scheme for the use of technological
and circulating solutions with a reduction to a minimum or a complete exclusion of their
discharge into the environment. In particular, use the internal water flow in the technological
scheme of factory with fresh water in order for making technological solutions.
In order to minimize the release of mineral dust into the atmosphere, places possible of
filtering dust are provided by an aspiration system and equipped with cyclones of SIOT or LIOT
brand. The cyclone brand to be installed and used is determined by the project, in which the
maximum degree of purification for suspended mineral particles must be at least 87-90%.
A special case is the occurrence of emergency situations related to exposure of acid and
alkalis solutions in the environment. The most likely scenario of such accidents is emergency
stopping with regard to the production line, overflow of capacitive equipments in the process of
autoclave and sorption leaching. To eliminate these consequences, installation of emergency
tanks is recommended. Observations with regard to the possible loss of technological solutions
should be carried out by frequently monitoring the water balance, also, it is necessary to provide
a proper network of observation and control for monitoring the compositions in groundwater.
During the operation of equipments in the gas phase, if the technological regime is
violated, hydrogen sulphide can be released. The maximum release of H2S can be obtained, if the
recommended process parameters are observed, determined by the calculation method, and it
should not exceed the PDK in the air at the border of the factory's sanitary protection zone which
is established for populated areas.
In order to reduce the emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere during the
calcination of ammonium paratungstate, it is necessary to install gas cleaning equipment. It is
recommended to install a filter tube typed IPPE for cleaning gas and dust emissions. The degree
of dust cleaning in this filter is 90%. In order to clean gas emissions from chemicals after
applying the filter tube, it is recommended to install a scrubber typed SNAN or RIF with the
alkaline reflux solution.
The operating level of gas cleaning in the scrubber from nitrogen oxides is 65-70%. The
reason for the low degree of gas purification from nitrogen oxides is the low solubility of nitric
oxide (NO), which in the gas phase, taking into account the phenomenon of transformation, it
contains up to 20-30%. Residual concentration of dust (the sum of solids) at the outlet of the
scrubber is not more than 0.0003 g/m3.
The installation of a filter tube before the scrubber is necessary to clean the gases from
dust with the returning of collected materials in a circulating product for reducing losses..
It is recommended to install scrubbers typed SNAN or RIF with the alkaline reflux
solution to clean the exhaust air from the acids. The degree of gas purification from acids is 95%
for maximum and 90% for operation.
For cleaning of emissions from aerosols and ammonia alkali, it is recommended to apply
scrubbers type RIF.
The overall dimensions of the gas cleaning devicesare is largely dependent on the volume
of gas mixture. Selecting the brand of devices should be carried out after calculating the volume
of gas emissions.
 9. CONCLUSION

The proposed scheme for processing tungsten-molybdenum concentrates in the Tyrnyauz

concentrator along with the use of combined autoclave-extraction and autoclave-sorption
hydrometallurgical technology will make it possible to produce tungsten anhydride as
commercial products corresponding to TU 48-19-35-79 (with the revision from 1 to10) or TU
-1742-003-05783515-98 and molybdenum trioxide, corresponding to TU 48-19-134-85.
Extraction from WO3 concentrate into marketable products will be will be around 95%,
and around 84% for Mo trioxide .
 LIST OF USED SOURCES

1. Feasibility Study for the construction and production with regard to the processing of
Erdenet molybdenum concentrate at the Skopinsky hydrometallurgical plant by using the
autoclave-leaching technology and sorptive extraction of molybdenum and rhenium.
2. Proposal of Outokumpu Company on the supply of equipments for the processing of
molybdenum concentrate of GOK Erdenet.
3. Practice in processing of tungsten-containing concentrates at the OAO plant named
"Hydrometallurgy plant", in Nalchik City.
4. Technological regulations for the processing of primary ores in the Zharchiginsky
deposit.
5. A.N. Zelikman "Molybdenum"
6. AN Zelikman, LSNikitina "Wolfram" (Tungsten)
7. AN Zelikman, BG Korshunov "Metallurgy of Rare Metals".