Kin thc c bn v in t

B cc ca chng
Chng ny gii thch cc kin thc c bn v in t
M t
Cht bn dn
it
Transito
Nhit in tr
Cc phn t khc
IC (Mch tch hp)
My vi tnh

-1-
M t M t
Cc in t cc k nh, l cc ht tch in m chuyn ng
quanh mt ht nhn. Cc proton trong ht nhn ny tch
in dng
in t hc l khoa hc hoc cng ngh cp n cc
chc nng ca in t, cng nh vic pht trin v ng
dng ca cc b phn, cc mch, v cc thit b lin quan
n cng ngh ny. (Cc transito, it, IC (cc mch tch
hp) v cc b vi x l l mt s v d v cc ng dng).
Cc IC v cc b vi x l gm c cc b phn in t nh
cc transito v cc it. Ht nhn.
Cc thit b in t ny thay th nhiu thit b c kh
trong qu kh.
Cc thit b in t c th c thit k c nhiu chc nng
hn v nh gn hn cc thit b c kh.
(1/1)

Cc cht bn dn M t
Cht bn dn l mt loi vt liu c in tr cao hn in tr
ca cc dy dn tt nh ng hoc st, nhng thp hn
in tr ca cc cht cch in nh cao su hoc thu tinh.
Hai loi vt liu bn dn c s dng ph bin nht l
germani (Ge) v Silic (Si). Tuy nhin trong trng thi tinh
khit ca chng, cc cht ny khng thch hp vi vic s
dng thc t ca cc cht bn dn. V l do ny chng phi
c pha vi cht ph gia, l mt lng nh ca cc tp
cht phi thm vo nng cao cng dng thc t ca
chng.
Cc c tnh ca cht bn dn:
Khi nhit ca n tng ln, in tr ca n gim xung.
Tnh dn in ca n tng ln khi c trn vi cc cht
khc.
in tr ca n thay i khi c tc dng ca nh sng, t
tnh hoc cc ng sut c hc.
N pht sng khi t in p vo, v.v...
C th chia cc cht bn dn thnh hai loi: Loi N v loi
P.

-2-
 Cc cht bn dn loi N:
Mt cht bn dn loi N gm c mt cht nn hoc cht
silic (Si) hoc germani (Ge), c pha trn vi mt
lng nh asen (As) hoc phtpho (P) cung cp cho
n nhiu in t t do, c th chuyn ng d dng qua
silic hoc germani to ra dng in.
Ch "n" ca cht bn dn loi n c ngha l "m"

Cc cht bn dn loi P
Mt khc, mt cht bn dn loi p gm c mt cht nn
l silic (Si) hoc germani (Ge) c pha trn vi gali
(Ga) hoc Indi (In) to ra "cc l", c th coi l cc
in t "khuyt" v v cc tch in dng chy theo
chiu ngc vi cc in t t do.
Ch "p" ca cht bn dn loi P c ngha l "dng"
(1/1)

-3-
Cc it M t
Cc it bn dn c ni vi cc cht bn dn loi N hoc
loi P.
C vi loi it.
it chnh lu thng
it Zener
LED (it pht sng)
it quang
Cc s ny cho thy dng in chy qua mt it nh
th no.
(1) Khi cc dng (+) ca cquy c ni vi pha p v cc
m (-) ni vi pha N, cc l dng ca cht bn dn loi
P v cc dng ca cquy y ln nhau. V cc in t
t do ca cht bn dn loi N v cc m ca cquy y
ln nhau, v vy y chng v khu vc ni p-n. Do cc
in t t do v cc l dng ny ht ln nhau, nh vy
lm cho dng in chy qua khu vc ni p-n.
(2) Khi o ngc cc cc cquy, cc l dng ca cht
bn dn loi p v cc m ca cquy ht ln nhau, v cc
in t t do ca cht bn dn loi n v cc dng ca
cquy ht ln nhau, v th ko xa khi khu vc ni p-n.
Kt qu l, mt lp khng cha cc in t t do hoc
cc l dng c to nn khu vc ni p-n, v vy ngn
chn dng in chy qua.
(1/1)

-4-
 it thng
1. M t
it thng lm cho dng in ch chy
theo mt chiu: t pha p sang pha n.
2. Cc c im
Cn c mt in p ti thiu dng in
chy t pha p sang pha n.
y l cc th d v cc yu cu i vi in
p:
it silic (A) : khong 0,3V
it germani (B) : khong 0,7V
Dng in ny s khng chy nu mt in
p c t vo chiu ngc li (t pha n
sang pha p). Mc d mt dng in cc nh
chy thc t, gi l dng in r ngc
chiu, n c x l nh khng chy v n
khng tc ng n hot ng ca mch
thc.
Tuy nhin nu in p r ngc chiu ny
c tng ln y , cng ca dng
in cho php i qua bi it s tng ln t
ngt. Hin tng ny c gi l nh thng
it, v in p ny c gi l in p
nh thng.
(1/3)

-5-
 3. Chc nng chnh lu
(1) in p chnh lu na chu k
in p t my pht AC c t vo mt
it.
V in p c th hin gia (a) v (b) c
t vo it theo chiu thun, dng in s
chy qua it ny.
Tuy nhin v in p c th hin gia (b)
v (c) c t vo it ny theo chiu
ngc, nn dng in khng c php i
qua it ny. V ch c mt na dng in do
my pht sinh ra c php i qua it ny.
(2) Chnh lu hai na chu k
Khi cc A ca my pht l dng, cc B l
m, v dng in chy nh th hin s
trn ca hnh minh ha (2).
Khi s phn cc ca cc u ny ngc li,
dng in chy nh th hin s di
ca hnh minh ha (2).
iu ny c ngha l dng in ra lun lun
ch chy v mt chiu qua in tr R.
(2/3)
u vo
Cho dng in chy qua
Chn khng cho dng chy qua
u ra

4. V d v ng dng
Cc it nn dng thng c s dng
nh cc b chnh lu cho cc my pht in
xoay chiu
(3/3)

-6-
 it Zener
1. M t
Trong khi it Zener cho php dng in
chy theo chiu thun, cng chiu vi mt
it thng, n cng cho php dng in
chy theo chiu ngc li trong mt s
trng hp.
2. Cc c im
Dng in chy theo chiu thun t pha p
sang pha n qua mt it Zener cng chiu
vi mt it thng.
Mt dng in chy theo chiu ngc li
vt qu in p c xc nh trc chy
qua mt it Zener.
iu ny c gi l in p Zener, n gi
nguyn khng thay i trong thc t, bt k
cng ca dng in nh th no. Mt
it Zener c th n nh vi cc in p
Zener khc nhau tu theo s p dng hoc
mc ch ca n.
(1/2)

3. V d v ng dng
Cc it Zener c s dng cho cc mc
ch khc nhau, mt mc ch quan trng
nht trong cc mc ch ny l b iu
chnh in p cho mt my pht in xoay
chiu.
in p ra c iu chnh thng xuyn,
bng cch gn it Zener vo mt mch
in.
(2/2)
Dng in thun chiu
Dng in ngc chiu
(in p ca c quy < in p Zener)
Dng in ngc chiu
(in p ca c quy > in p Zener)
K hiu ca it Zener

-7-
 LED (it pht sng)
1. M t
LED l mt it lin kt p-n cng ging nh
it thng. N pht sng khi mt dng in
i qua n theo mt chiu thun, cc LED c
th pht sng vi cc mu khc nhau nh
mu , vng v xanh lc.
2. Cc c im
Cc LED c cc c im sau:
Pht nhit t hn v c tui th di hn cc
bng in thng.
Pht nh sng chi vi mc tiu th in
thp.
Phn ng vi in p thp (tc phn ng
nhanh).
(1/2)

3. V d v ng dng
Cc LED c s dng trong cc loi n
phanh lp trn cao v cc n bo, v.v...
(2/2)
K hiu ca LED

-8-
 it quang
1. M t
it quang l it lin kt p-n gm c mt
cht bn dn v mt thu knh.
Nu t mt in p ngc chiu vo it
quang c chiu nh sng, th mt dng
in ngc chiu s chy qua.
Cng ca dng in ny s thay i
theo t l thun vi lng nh sng ri trn
it quang ny. Ni khc i, it quang c
th xc nh c nh sng bng cch pht
hin cng ca dng in ngc khi t
in p ngc.
(1/2)

2. V d v ng dng
Cc it quang c s dng trong cc cm
bin nh sng mt tri cho cc my iu
ha khng kh, v.v...
(2/2)

-9-
Cc tranzito Cc tranzito thng
1. M t
Mt tranzito cha ba lp gm c mt cht bn dn loi p
kp gia hai bn dn loi n, hoc mt bn dn loi n kp
gia hai bn dn loi p. Mt in cc c gn vo mi
lp nn: B (cc gc), E (cc pht) v C (cc gp).
Cc tranzito thng chia lm hai loi, npn v pnp, tu
theo cch b tr cc cht bn dn.
Mt tranzito thc hin cc chc nng sau y:
Khuych i
Chuyn mch
2. Hot ng c bn
Trong mt tranzito npn khi dng in IB chy t B ti E,
dng in Ic chy t C n E.
Trong tranzito pnp khi dng in IB chy t E (cc pht)
n B (cc gc), dng in Ic chy t E n C.
Dng in IB c gi l dng cc gc, v dng in Ic
c gi l dng cc gp.
Do dng in Ic s khng chy tr khi dng in IB
chy.
(1/4)

3. Cc c tnh
Trong mt tranzito thng dng in cc gp (Ic) v
dng in cc gc (IB) c mi quan h c th hin
trong s ny.
Cc tranzito thng c hai chc nng theo cng dng c
bn: Nh c th hin trong th bn tri, phn "A"
c th c s dng nh mt b khuych i tn hiu v
phn "B" c th c s dng nh mt cng tc.
4. Khuych i tn hiu
Trong phm vi "A" ca th ny, dng cc gp ln gp
10 n 1000 ln dng cc gc. Do , tn hiu ny m
tn hiu vo c khuych i l tn hiu ra t u ra khi
tn hiu in "B" (cc gc) ca tranzito c t vo nh
tn hiu vo.
(2/4)

-10-
5. Chc nng chuyn mch
Trong mt tranzito, dng cc gp (Ic) s chy, khi dng
in cc gc (IB) chy. Do dng in cc gc c th
bt m ON v ngt OFF bng cch bt m v ngt
dng in cc gc (IB).
c im ny ca tranzito c th c s dng nh mt
cng tc ngt.
(3/4)

6. V d v ng dng
Cc tranzito c s dng trong rt nhiu
mch.
Khng c s khc nhau v chc nng gia
cc tranzito npn v pnp.
(4/4)

-11-
 Tranzito quang
1. Cc c im
Khi tranzito quang nhn nh sng trong khi
in (+) c a vo cc gp v dng tip
t ca n vo cc pht ca n, mt dng
in s chy qua mch ny.
Cng ca dng chy qua mch in
ny s thay i theo lng nh sng chiu
trn tranzito quang ny.
Do , nh sng chiu trn tranzito ny c
cng chc nng ca dng in cc gc ca
mt tranzito thng.
(1/2)

2. V d v ng dng
Trong cc t, cc tranzito quang c s
dng trong cc cm bin gim tc, v.v...
(2/2)

-12-
 Nhit in tr
1. M t
Nhit in tr l mt loi bn dn c in tr
thay i theo cc bin i v nhit .
Ni khc i, nhit in tr c th xc nh
nhit bng cch d in tr.
Trong loi nhit in tr ph bin nht, mt
nhit in tr c h s nhit m, in tr
s gim khi nhit tng. Cng c loi nhit
in tr dng, trong in tr s tng ln
khi nhit tng.
(1/2)

2. V d v ng dng
Trong cc xe t, cc nhit in tr c s
dng trong cm bin nhit nc v cm
bin nhit khng kh np, v.v...
(2/2)

-13-
 Cc phn t khc
Cc phn t khc
1. Phn t p in
in tr ca mt phn t p in s thay i
khi n chu p sut hoc lc cng. Cng nh
vy, c mt s phn t p in sn ra in
p.
2. Phn t t tr
in tr ca mt phn t t tr s thay i
khi t trng t vo n.
Gi :
V cc thay i v in tr trong cc phn t
ny nh, cc IC (cc mch tch hp) c
khuych i. Sau in tr ny c bin
i thnh xung hoc cc tn hiu tng t
s dng chng nh cc tn hiu cm bin.
(1/1)

IC (Mch tch hp) M t

Mt IC l t hp ca vi n vi nghn mch in cha cc
tranzito, cc it, cc t in, cc in tr, v.v... chng c
gn vo hoc gn ln vi mm2 ca chp silic, v c t
trong mt khi bng nha hoc gm.
Mt IC n c th c mt s kh nng v chc nng c
bit, k c kh nng so snh logic 2 tn hiu hoc cc tr s,
kh nng khuych i mt in p u vo.
Cc IC c mt s u th hn cc mch khng tch hp:
V nhiu yu t c th c gn vo hoc gn ln mt
chp silic n, cc u ni tip xc c th c gim i
ng k, dn n gim cc h hng.
Chng nh hn v nh hn nhiu.
Chi ph sn xut thp hn nhiu.
Tham kho:
Mt IC cha rt nhiu cc phn t, ngha l t 1000 n
100.000, c gi l mt LSI (Tch hp quy m ln). Mt IC
cha hn 100.000 phn t c gi l VLSI (Tch hp quy
m rt ln).
(1/1)

-14-
 Cc tn hiu tng t v s ho
Cc tn hiu in c th chia thnh 2 loi: tng
t v s
1. Tn hiu tng t
Cc tn hiu tng t thay i lin tc v
thng sut theo thi gian.
V vy, c im chung ca tn hiu tng t
l ch u ra ca n thay i theo t l vi
u vo ca n.
(1/2)

2. Tn hiu s
Cc tn hiu s thay i (M ON v Tt OFF) tng lc
theo thi gian. c tnh chung ca mt mch s l ch
u ra ca n thay i t ngt khi u vo ca n tng
ln ti mc no .
Chng hn nh, khi u vo tng t 0V n 5V, u ra
vn 0V cho n khi u vo t ti 5V. Tuy nhin u
ra ny t ngt nhy ln 5V ngay khi u vo t ti 5V.
M v Ngt s ch mt tn hiu ang c chuyn i hay
khng. Bnh thng, M c th hin l 1 v Ngt l 0.
Khi mt in p c s dng nh mt tn hiu u vo
th cn phi ly mt in p no lm chun.
Sau , mi in p trn in p chun ny l cc tn
hiu 1, v di in p chun l cc tn hiu 0.
Chng hn nh, nu t in p chun l 5V, th my
tnh s xc nh rng cc tn hiu 9V, 7V v 6V l 1, v
mi trong cc tn hiu ny th hin mt tn hiu u vo.
Mt khc cc tn hiu 2V v 0V s c coi l "0" v
khng c tn hiu u vo no s c coi l tn ti.
(2/2)

-15-
Cc mch logic
1. M t
Cc IC s cha vi phn t khc nhau.
Cc mch trong mt IC s c gi l cc mch logic
hoc cc mch s v lp thnh mt t hp cc loi khc
nhau ca ci gi l cc cng, nh cc cng NOT, OR,
NOR, AND v NAND.
V cc cng ny c kh nng c bit x l logic hai
hoc nhiu tn hiu, chng cng c gi l cc cng
logic. Mt mi quan h logic no c thit lp gia
cc u vo v u ra ca tn hiu s. Mt bng thc
trnh by mi quan h gia cc u vo v u ra ca tn
hiu s trong mt dng bng biu. Trong mt bng chn
l, 1 th hin s c mt ca mt in p, v 0, l s vng
mt ca n.
(1/7)

2. Cng NOT
Mt cng NOT truyn mt tn hiu ngc vi
tn hiu u vo. Khi mt in p c t
ln cc vo A, khng c in p no c
truyn cc ra Y. Chuyn chc nng ny
vo mt mch in c cng chc nng nh
cng NOT. Khi cng tc A ng li (ON), n
m (OFF) cc im tip xc trong rle, lm
cho n tt.
(2/7)

-16-
 3. Cng OR
Trong mt cng OR, tn hiu ra s l mt ti
chng mc m mt trong nhng tn hiu vo
l 1. Khi t mt in p vo mt hoc hai
u vo A v B, s c mt in p u ra
Y. Chuyn chc nng ny vo mt mch
in c cng chc nng nh cng OR. Khi
mt hoc c hai cng tc A v B c ng
li (ON), n ny s sng ln.
(3/7)

4. Cng NOR
Mt cng NOR l t hp ca mt cng OR
v cng NOT.
Tn hiu ny ti u ra Y s ch l 1 khi c
hai u vo A v B l 0. Tn hiu ny ti u
ra Y s l 0 nu mt hoc c hai u vo A
v B l s 1.
(4/7)

-17-
 5. Cng AND
Trong mt cng AND, u ra s l 1 khi mi
tn hiu vo l 1.
S c mt in p u ra Y khi in p
c t vo c hai u vo A v B.
Chuyn chc nng ny vo mt mch in
c cng chc nng nh ca AND. n s
khng sng ln tr khi c hai cng tc A v
B c ng li (ON).
(5/7)

6. Cng NAND
Cng NAND l mt t hp ca mt cng
AND v mt cng NOT.
Tn hiu u ra Y s l 1 khi mt hoc hai
u vo A v B l 0.
Tn hiu u ra Y s l 0 nu c hai u
vo A v B l 1.
(6/7)

-18-
 7. B so
Mt b so s i chiu in p ca u vo
dng (+) vi u vo m (-).
Nu in p ca u vo dng a cao hn
in p ca u vo m b, u ra Y s l 1.
Nu in p ca u vo dng A thp hn
in p ca u vo m B, u ra Y s l 0.
(7/7)

-19-
My vi tnh M t v cu to
1. M t
My vi tnh nhn c cc tn hiu t cc thit b u vo,
x l cc tn hiu v iu khin cc thit b u ra.
xe Toyota, mt my vi tnh c gi l b ECU (b iu
khin in t).
Trong cc h thng chung trn xe, cc b phn u vo
l cc cm bin, v cc b phn u ra l cc b chp
hnh.
2. Cu to
Mt my vi tnh gm c mt b CPU (b x l trung tm),
cc b nh khc nhau, v mt giao din I/O (u
vo/u ra).
B nh
B nh gm c cc mch in lu gi cc chng
trnh iu hnh hoc cc d liu c trao i.
C hai loi b nh: ROM (b nh ch c), v RAM (b
nh truy cp ngu nhin).
B nh ROM khng th thay i hoc xa i. V vy, cc
d liu c lu gi s khng mt i d l ngun in b
ngt. V vy b nh ROM c s dng lu gi cc
chng trnh khng cn phi thay i hoc xa i.
B nh RAM l mt loi b nh, trong cc d liu c
th c thay i hoc xa i. Bt c d liu no
c lu gi s mt i khi ngun in b ct. V vy b
nh RAM c s dng lu gi cc d liu c th
c thay i hoc xa i thng qua cc php tnh do b
CPU thc hin.
CPU
B CPU ny l trung tm chc nng ca mt my tnh,
n gm c mt c cu iu khin v mt b phn tnh
ton. N thc hin cc lnh do mt chng trnh ra lnh
theo cc tn hiu t cc c cu u vo, v iu khin
cc thit b u ra.
Giao din I/O
Mt giao din I/O bin i cc d liu t cc thit b u
vo thnh cc tn hiu c th c b CPU v b nh
nhn dng.
Ngoi ra, n cn bin i cc d liu do b CPU x l
thnh cc tn hiu c th c cc thit b u ra nhn
dng.
V cc d liu truyn cc tc ca cc thit b I/O, CPU,
v cc b phn ca b nh khc nhau, mt trong cc
chc nng ca giao din I/O dng iu chnh cc tc
.
(1/1)

-20-
Bi tp

Hy s dng cc bi tp ny kim tra mc hiu bit ca bn v cc ti liu trong chng ny. Sau khi tr li
mi bi tp, bn c th dng nt tham kho kim tra cc trang lin quan n cu hi v dng in. Khi cc bn
c cu tr li ng, hy tr v vn bn duyt li ti liu v tm cu tr li ng. Khi tr li ng mi cu hi,
bn c th chuyn sang chng tip theo.

-21-
 Cu hi- 1

Cc cu sau y lin quan n cc loi it.

T nhm t sau, hy chn cm t tng ng vi mi cu hi.

it ny cho php dng in chy theo chiu thun. Khi it ny gm c mt cht bn dn v mt thu knh. N
1. 2.
t mt in p theo chiu ngc vt qu gi tr c cho php dng in chy theo chiu ngc li bng
xc nh trc, n cng cho php dng in chy theo cch l ra nh sng di in p ngc c t vo
chiu ngc li it ny.
it ny pht sng khi mt dng in chy theo chiu it ny c s dng chnh lu.
3. 4.
thun.

a) it quang b) it Zener c) it pht sng (LED) d) it chnh lu thng

Tr li: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Cu hi- 2

T cm t sau y, chn cc b phn in t c s dng mi phn trong hnh minh ha.

1. B iu chnh in p ca my pht in xoay chiu 2. n phanh lp trn cao

Cm bin nhit nc
3. Cm bin nh sng mt tri ca my iu ha khng kh 4.

a) it quang b) it Zener c) it pht sng (LED) d) it chnh lu thng thng

Tr li: 1. 2. 3. 4.
-22-
 Cu hi- 3

Dng s mch sau y, nh du ng hoc Sai cho mi cu sau y.

Cc cu tr li
S. Cu hi ng hoc Sai
ng

1. n c bt sng trong mch 1 v dng in cc gc chy khi cng tc A ng

c bt m. Sai
2.n bt sng trong mch 1 v dng cc gc chy thm ch c khi cng tc A
ln khng c bt m. ng Sai
3.Trong th 2, gii hn "A" c s dng lm chc nng khuych i ca ng Sai
tranzito.
4.Trong th 2, gii hn "A" c dng lm chc nng chuyn mch. ng Sai

Cu hi- 4

T cm t sau y, chn t tng ng vi mi k hiu sau y.

a) Cng AND b) Cng NOT c) Cng OR d) Cng NOR

Tr li: 1. 2. 3. 4.

-23-