IGSDC-2014 FoundationsforOffshore

Part-I Foundation concepts
DELHI CHAPTER
FOUNDATIONS
FOR
OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
Pradeep Hora
Virtually every structure

is
supported by soil or rock.
Those that aren't either

fly, float, or fall over.
- Richard L. Handy, 1995
Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

2
1
The Offshore Industry
Historical perspective
First well drilled out of sight of land in 1947 in 6.0m w.d.

Today, we are drilling in 3000m
First offshore platform installed in 1947 in 6.0m
Today, platforms are installed in depths exceeding 2500m
Worlds tallest structure was installed offshore in 1979 in
114m
Today, a fixed platform stands in excess of 550m
First subsea tree installed in early 1960s in less than 90m
Today, subsea trees are installed in over 2750m

3
The Offshore Industry - India

Offshore Oil & Gas Exploration
Sagar Samrat - Jack up Rig
Commercial find Mumbai High Western Offshore India
First offshore platform NA Platform 1977
Eastern Offshore India
Subsea Structures in 1200m water depth KG Block

4
2
Offshore Geotechnical Activities at IITD
Thermal conductivity of marine soils
Engineering properties of Carbonate soils
Engineering properties of Corals and carbonate clays
FEM code Wave Induced Soil Movements
Marine Anchors

5

6
3
Offshore Structures
Bottom supported structures
Spudcan
14~22mdia.
Jacket Jack-up rig Gravity base Compliant Tower

7
Offshore Structures
Floating structures
Tension Leg Platform Semisubmersible SPAR FPSO

(TLP)
8
4
What makes offshore very different?
Site investigations: Extremely expansive, hire costs several millions
of dollars
(Suitability of vessel to operate in the given
environment, opportunity costs)
Soil Conditions: Unusual, various types (particularly Carbonate/

Calcareous, Corals
Applied Loads: Large, high component of environment loads, large

lateral loads as compared to weight of structure
Loads - Static, Cyclic, Dynamic, Transient
Design modifications: During construction generally not possible,

Remedial measures very expansive, incur severe
cost penalties
Installation: Logistics Marine spread, weather window,

magnitude
9
Expect the Unexpected

...as we know, there are KNOWN KNOWNS:
there are things we know.
We also know there are KNOWN UNKNOWNS:
that is to say we know there are some things we do not know.
But there are also UNKNOWN UNKNOWNS:
the ones we dont know we dont know.
Former U.S. secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld

10
5
Soil Types Offshore Environment
Gulf of Mexico - Soft Clays, delta area Wave induced soil movement & slope failures,
Pile-soil set up
North Sea Stiff to Hard Silty, Bouldry Clays (OC Clays) Pile driving problems
Middle East Cemented Sands, Calcarenite, Hard Clays, Pile refusal, Pile relaxation,
pile acceptance
Australia Carbonate soils Low capacity, remedial measures
Brazil Dense Sands
Western Africa Stiff to Hard Clays (NC To OC Clays)
South China Sea Soft Clays/ Dense Sands
India Western Offshore Calcareous/ Carbonate, Corals - Soils (High Spatial

Variation), shifting sands, hard clays, soft soils
India Eastern Offshore Very Soft to soft Clays (U/C to NC Clay) Deltaic regions -
Collapsible, Wave induced soil movements & slope failures
11
Offshore Structure Foundation Types

Deep Foundations
or Pile foundation Anchoring TLPs
system FPSO
FPS
SPAR
Shallow foundation
Gravity based structure
Jacket Bucket Foundations
Hybrid Structures General multi-footing
Tension Leg Platform (TLP) Structures
Jacket Structures
Tension Leg Platform
(TLP)
Compliant Towers
Spud can

12
6
Jacket Installation

13
Pile Foundations for Jacket Structures

Usually open ended steel pipes
Variable wall thickness
Variable strength
Long Deep penetrations
Single pile or pile group per leg
Typical properties of offshore piles

Diameter 610 to 3000 mm
Variable wall thickness 16 to 95 mm
Variable strength 245 to 350 MPa
Long deep penetrations 30.0m to 150.0m
Installation in number of sections or single length
Typical loads
Axial 10 to 100 MN/ pile
Lateral ~ 1 to 5 MN/ pile

14
7
Pile Installation
Impact Driven Piles

Pile Driving Impact Hammers
- Steam Hammers
- Hydraulic Hammers
- Diesel Hammers
Pile Driving Vibratory Hammers
Drilled & Grouted Piles

15
Pile Installation through Jacket Legs
Main Piles
Through jacket legs
Driven by hammer
Secured by welding shims

to jacket legs & if required
secured also by grouting
the annulus

16
8
Pile Installation through Skirt Sleeves
Skirt Piles
Through Sleeves.
Driven with under water

hammer or chaser pile
Secured by grouting
the annulus

17
Pile Installation Drilled & Grouted

18
9
Drilled & Grouted Piles
Likely use of drilled & grouted piles
Very Stiff to Hard clays

Cemented soils
Calcareous soils
Possibility of refusal at shallow depths
Diameter 24 in to 120 in
Length 100 ft to 500 ft
Oil Well Conductors

- 18 in to 26 in
- more than 1500ft
Installation Problems

19
Flanged
Air Lift
Drill Pipe
Stabilizer
Drill Collar
Stabilizer
Drill Bit
Under
Reamer

20
10
Gravity Based Structures (GBS)

21
Malampaya GBS
The Arup Journal 1/2002

22
11
23
Foundation loads
Selfweightof
structureand
foundationsystem
V
Wind,waveand
current forcesacting
H onsubstructure(H,M)
h
M=f(Hh) VHMfoundationloads

24
12
35% extra V
1600% extra H
500% extra M
Foundation plan
9173 m2 A 3692 m2
150% bigger foundation area

25
Hybrid Structure
The Maureen Alpha platform is a steel gravity

base structure with a weight of 112,000 ton,
height of 241 meters and steel skirts for
penetration into the seabed.
On June 27, 2001 the gravity based Maureen

Alpha Platform, located in the Maureen Field at
the U.K. Continental Shelf Block 16/29a, was
successfully removed and towed to the western
coast of Norway for demobilization and
possible re-use.

26
13
Bucket foundations
DD
D

27
Jack-up Rig

28
14
29
Jack-Up Rig Installation

30
15
Jack-Up Hazards
Seabed obstructions metallic or otherwise
Leg penetration, raising the hull + preloading
Buried items anchors, pipelines
Seabed irregularities footprints pockmarks, reefs,
pinnacles
Seabed inclination
Buried inclined hard layer
Adequate leg length
Rapid leg penetrations
Punch-through
Geo-hazards (mudslides, mud volcanoes, seismic
activity, faults etc.)
Gas pockets / Shallow gas
Drilling control flushing in conductors poor cement
: gas
Scour
Storm vertical settlement and sliding
Unit removal
Leg extraction difficulties

31
Punch through Failure

32
16
Scour around jack-up footings can increase
punch-through risk

33
Historical Back Ground

34
17
Compliant Towers Piled, Articulated, Guyed
A compliant tower is similar to a
traditional jacket platform and
extends from surface to the sea
bottom.
Unlike jacket platforms, a compliant

tower is designed to flex with the
forces of waves, wind and currents.
The first tower emerged in the early

1980s
Compliant towers are designed to

sustain significant lateral
deflections and forces, and are
typically used in water depths
ranging from 1,500 and 3,000 feet
(450 and 900 m).
At present the deepest is Petronius

in 535 m of water.

35
Compliant Towers Piled, Guyed

36
18
37
Floating Structures - Anchoring Systems

38
19
Possible Offshore Mooring Configurations

39
Possible Offshore Mooring Configurations

40
20
Drag Anchors

41
High Holding Power Drag Anchors

42
21
Anchor Handling Tug (AHT)
in
Action

43
Plate Anchor Types

Drag Embedment Direct Embedment (SEPLA)

44
22
Drag Embedment

45

46
23
Drag Embedded Vertically Loaded Anchors

47
Suction Anchors
Stiffened cylindrical shell

D: 2.5-8.0m L: 5-20m
Open base and enclosed top.

48
24
49
Group Suction Anchors

50
25
Suction Anchors

51
Suction Embedded Anchors (SEA)

52
26
SEA

53
SEA opening trajectory

1. Embed SEA using suction follower
2. Release rigging
3. Open SEA by reversed suction process
4 SEA ready for use

54
27
Holding Capacity of SEA
SEA Capacity
High capacity vs. own weight ratio (100:1)
Independent on load angle

55
Follower + SEPLA Anchor

(Suction Embedded Plate Anchor)

56
28
SEPLA Installation

57
Suction Embedded Plate Anchors (SEPLA)

58
29
Deep Penetrating Anchor (DPA)
(Torpedo Anchor)
(Dynamically Penetrating Anchor)

59
Dynamically Penetrating Anchor Installation
13~15 metre-long
80~110-ton anchor

60
30
Dynamically Penetrating Anchor

61
Driven Anchor Piles

62
31
Seabed Pile Driving Frame &
Underwater Hammer

63
Foundations for offshore wind farm

structures
Shallow Foundations
Mono Piles
Bucket Foundations
GBS
Jacket Structures
Piles
Shallow
Floating - Anchored

64
32
Questions

65
ThesepresentationsareforthepurposeofgeneratingawarenessinthefieldofMarine
Geotechnology andFoundationsforOffshorestructureswithnocommercialintent.
Reference:
Thelistbelowisnotexhaustive.
API(2000)&Errata&Supplement1,2&3(2002,2005&2007)RecommendedPracticefor
Planning,DesigningandConstructingFixedOffshorePlatforms WorkingStressDesign,API
RP2A,AmericanPetroleumInstitute,Washington,USA.
API(2005)RecommendedPracticeforDesignandAnalysisofStationKeepingSystemsfor
FloatingStructures,APIRP2SK,AmericanPetroleumInstitute,Washington,USA.
API(2011)GeotechnicalandFoundationDesignConsiderations,APIGEO,American
PetroleumInstitute,Washington,USA.
Herbich,J.B(1991)HandbookofCoastalandOceanEngineering,GulfPublishingCo.
McCarron,W.O.(2011)Deepwater FoundationsandPipelineGeomechanics,Joss
Publishing.
OTC(1969to2013)ProceedingsAnnualOffshoreTechnologyConference,OTCVolumes,
HoustonTexas,USA
LeTirant,P.(1979)SeabedReconnaissanceandOffshoreSoilMechanicsfortheInstallation
ofPetroleumStructures,Ed.Technip,Paris
Poulos,H.G.(1988)MarineGeotechnics.UnwinHyman,London.
Rendolph,M.&Gourvenec,S.OffshoreGeotechnicalEngineering,Spon Press,NewYork,
USA.
66
33
VariousInternetSites:
http://www.fugro.com/
http://www.ihchydrohammer.com
http://www.intermoor.com/
http://www.km.kongsberg.com
http://www.menck.com/
http://www.ngi.no/en/
http://www.vryhof.com/
http://vulcanhammer.com/

67
Thank you for your attention
Foundations
Part-I Foundation
for Offshore
Concepts
Structures May 2013
January 31, 2014
68
68
34

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Part-I Foundation concepts

Virtually every structure

Those that aren't either

- Richard L. Handy, 1995

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

First well drilled out of sight of land in 1947 in 6.0m w.d.

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

The Offshore Industry - India

Offshore Oil & Gas Exploration

Sagar Samrat - Jack up Rig

Commercial find Mumbai High Western Offshore India

First offshore platform NA Platform 1977

Eastern Offshore India

Subsea Structures in 1200m water depth KG Block

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

Thermal conductivity of marine soils

Engineering properties of Carbonate soils

Engineering properties of Corals and carbonate clays

FEM code Wave Induced Soil Movements

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

Jacket Jack-up rig Gravity base Compliant Tower

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

Tension Leg Platform Semisubmersible SPAR FPSO

Soil Conditions: Unusual, various types (particularly Carbonate/

Applied Loads: Large, high component of environment loads, large

Design modifications: During construction generally not possible,

Installation: Logistics Marine spread, weather window,

Expect the Unexpected

there are things we know.

We also know there are KNOWN UNKNOWNS:

that is to say we know there are some things we do not know.

But there are also UNKNOWN UNKNOWNS:

the ones we dont know we dont know.

Former U.S. secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

Australia Carbonate soils Low capacity, remedial measures

Brazil Dense Sands

Western Africa Stiff to Hard Clays (NC To OC Clays)

South China Sea Soft Clays/ Dense Sands

India Western Offshore Calcareous/ Carbonate, Corals - Soils (High Spatial

Offshore Structure Foundation Types

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

Pile Foundations for Jacket Structures

Typical properties of offshore piles

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

Impact Driven Piles

Drilled & Grouted Piles

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

Pile Installation through Jacket Legs

Through jacket legs

Secured by welding shims

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

Driven with under water

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

Pile Installation Drilled & Grouted

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014

Very Stiff to Hard clays

Possibility of refusal at shallow depths

Length 100 ft to 500 ft

Oil Well Conductors

Part-I Foundation Concepts January 31, 2014