SS Automation

P OWER GR ID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD.
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Report
Of
Task Force On Substation Technology
PART I
Sub Station Automation
Ta sk For ce Memb er s:
Sh. S.K.R.Mohapatra Dy. Director, CEA Member

Sh. Vikas Saxena A.G.M. (Engg. S/S) POWERGRID Member
Sh. M.I.Khan A.G.M. B.H.E.L. Member
Sh. P.B. Nayak Vice President ABB Member
Sh. Gaurav Bector Manager ABB Member
Sh. D. Raina A.G.M. Tata Power Member
Sh. S Mehta Head, (EPD) CGL Member
Sh. Jose Joseph Sr. Manager (Mkt.), Siemens Member
Sh. B.C. Badiya Siemens Member
Sh. P.K.Dutta G.M. Alstom Member
Sh. M.C. Bhatnagar A.G.M. POWERGRID Convener
June 16 2003
Report of Task Force On Substation Technology 1

PART I Sub Station Automation
Preface
An international conference on Global Participation in Indian National Grid,

Energy Management and Convergence was held during 17-18 August 2001 in
Mumbai. The recommendations of the conference were finalized by a committee
under Chairmanship of Director (Operation), POWERGRID. To implement these
recommendations POWERGRIDs Board has approved six task forces and their
terms of references. The terms of reference of the task force on Substation
Technology are as given below.
Identification of the Projects and Studies for the following:

(i) Compact Air insulated and Gas Insulated Substations.
(ii) Substation Automation with full supervisory Controls. A new S/S near
DELHI e.g. at Maharani Bagh being constructed by POWERGRID may be
considered.
Life Cycle Cost Assessment may be considered for Techno-economic
justification of above proposals.
Identification of executing agency for the project and preparation of Project
Report.
Assisting the executing agencies during project execution and monitoring the
progress.
Submission of Quarterly report to the Steering Committee and preparation of
project completion report.
The Composition of the task Force as per the note submitted to the POWERGRIDs
Board is as given below:
Sh. S.C.Agrawal Director (Tr.), UPPCL (Represented by Sh. S.C.Sahni,

D.G.M., UPPCL.)
Sh. S.P.Singh, Director, CEA
Sh. V. Saxena, AGM, POWERGRID
Representative from Tata Power Company
Sh. A.K. Tripathi, G.M. BHEL, /Sh. M.I.Khan, AGM BHEL
Sh. P.B.Nayak, V.P. ABB/ Sh. Gaurav Bector Manager, ABB
Representatives from Govt. Deptt. /Industry ready to provide financial and
technical assistance.
Sh. M.C.Bhatnagar, AGM (R&D), POWERGRID
Various SEBs and industries were contacted for representation. Based on the
response from these organizations the final composition of the task force is as given
below.
Sh. S.K.R.Mohapatra, Dy. Director, CEA

Sh. M.I.Khan, AGM, BHEL
Sh. D.Raina, AGM, Tata Power Company
Report of Task Force On Substation Technology i
Sh. S Mehta Head, Engineering Projects Division, Crompton Greaves Ltd.
Sh. Jose Joseph, Sr. Manager (Mkt.)/Sh. Badiya, M/S Siemens Ltd
Sh. P.K.Dutta, G.M. / Sh. A.M.Khurana G.M. M/S Alstom Ltd.
Sh. M.C.Bhatnagar, AGM (R&D), POWERGRID
Various options, benefits, limitations of Sub Station automation (SA), compact air
insulated S/S and Gas Insulated Substation were discussed by the committee. The
recommendations developed in the report are the Outcome of the detailed
deliberations by the committee during various meetings, including the experiences
of organizations of the committee members.
The report and recommendations of the task force has been prepared in two parts
independently covering Substation Automation and Compact Air insulated and Gas
Insulated Substations. The Part-I of the report on Sub Station Automation is
placed below. It is intended to briefly include in the report, the various options,
possibilities, of SA, benefits arrived from SA, etc. Detailed specifications and
requirement will have to be prepared by the concerned organization employing Sub
Station Automation.
Report of Task Force On Substation Technology ii

Executive Summary
1.0 Preamble:
An international conference on Global Participation in Indian National Grid,

Energy Management and Convergence was held during 17-18 August 2001 in
Mumbai. The recommendations of the conference were finalized by a committee
under Chairmanship of Director (Operation), POWERGRID. To implement these
recommendations POWERGRIDs Board has approved six task forces and their
terms of references that included task force on Substa tion Technology. The terms
of reference of the task force on Substation Technology are as given below.
I. Identification of the Projects and Studies for the following:

a. Compact Air insulated and Gas Insulated Substations.
b. Substation Automation with full supervisory Controls. A new S/S near
DELHI e.g. gat Maharani Bagh being constructed by POWERGRID may
be considered
II. Life Cycle Cost Assessment may be considered for Techno-economic
justification of above proposals.
III. Identification of executing agency for the project and preparation of Project
Report.
IV. Assisting the executing agencies during project execution and monitoring the
progress.
V. Submission of Quarterly report to the Steering Committee and preparation of
project completion report.
The Composition of the task Force is as given below:
Sh. S.K.R.Mohapatra, Dy. Director, CEA

Sh. M.I.Khan, AGM, BHEL
Sh. D.Raina, AGM, Tata Power Company
Sh. S Mehta Head, Engineering Projects Division, Crompton Greaves Ltd.
Sh. P.K.Dutta G.M. / Sh. A.M.Khurana G.M. M/S Alstom Ltd.
Sh. Jose Joseph, Sr. Manager (Mkt.)/Sh. Badiya, M/S Siemens Ltd
Sh. M.C.Bhatnagar, AGM (R&D), POWERGRID, Convener
The meetings of the task force were held on 9th September 2002, 10th October
2002,15th Nov.2002 and 20th Dec.2002, 30th Jan 2003, 16th April 2003 and 26th May
2003. Advantages and limitations of various alternatives for S/S automation were
discussed in the meetings, which are elaborated in the subsequent para.
For quick review of essence of the report, an Executive Summary has been
prepared, covering various important issues, detailed in the report.
The report covers various topics related to SA covering Features and functions of
SA, Benefits that can be accrued from SA, experience of utilities who have already
Report of Task Force On Substation Technology I
implemented SA in their S/S, brief architecture, Communication requirement, Cost
benefit analysis and proposed agency to execute a pilot project. It is to be
mentioned that the expected payback period for the additional investment will be
approximately 5 Years.
2.0 Substation Automation Features and Recommendations:
2.1 To handle 155 GW of power across the country by 2012, the power system
network will grow in size and complexity that will be a challe nge to the
system operators as well as O&M personnel for effective, efficient, and
reliable operation of the grid with high level of security. The substation
automation offers number of opportunities and cost benefits in terms of
improvement in reliability, quality of service, operation, maintenance, asset
management, equipment monitoring, and fault analysis, reduced manpower
and O&M cost, improved information for planning & engineering decisions
etc.
2.2 Few utilities in India like Tata Power Company, NTPC& POWERGRID (in
HVDC Stations) etc. are already using automation in their establishments.
Their experience has been quite satisfactory and encouraging.
2.3 Various Automation options are available that have been deliberated in detail
in the report. The final recommendations for new substations are Substation
Automation System without Conventional Control and Operation. The system
shall support operation from HMI at from Local Control Room as well as from
Remote Control Center. However, provision shall be made available for
emergency operation of feeder at bay level.
2.4 Maharani Bagh Substation being constructed by POWERGRID as a part of

Tala Transmission system has been recommended for implementation of
Substation Automation. The rationale behind these recommendations was
the proximity of this S/S to corporate office of POWERGRID that will make it
easy to monitor the performance of the system. Remote control shall be from
Ballabhgarh S/S, which is also very close to Maharani Bagh S/S.
2.5 Numerical/digital protection relays shall be used.
2.6 The basic control functions will be:

C.B. Operation, Isolator Operation, Synchro-check, Tap changer operation,
Interlocking, Sequential switching, Station wide interlocking, Station wide
time synchronizing, Station wide data storage, Collection of disturbance
record files, Communication with Station control/remote control centers.
Provision for features enabling Load transfer/sharing at later stage, EMS
2.7 Equipment monitoring shall comprise of:

Switchgear status, Event recording, Alarm recording, Measurements Oil &
winding temperature, pneumatic/oil pressure of C.B. Mechanism, etc. Fault
Report of Task Force On Substation Technology II

recording, Disturbance Recording, Condition monitoring of various equipment
including transformer etc.
2.8 Analysis & Diagnostics

SA shall be able to provide:
Database for asset management, Database for Failure analysis, Database
for Sequence of event analysis, Automatically generated fault report,
Database for Disturbance Evaluation, Alarm Statistics.
2.9 Intelligent Operation and Control

Substation Status, Facilitating decision to load the equipment to their limits
and beyond for a short period without affecting the health of the equipment,
Detection of incipient failures, Earlier preventive measures, Maintenance
prediction on request, Reduced repair cost and down time, Integrated S/S
equipment monitoring and diagnostics, Limit supervision, Automated
notification of Problems
2.10 Instead of deployment of three personnel per shift only one technician per
shift has been proposed.
2.11 The pay back period of the additional investment of Rs. 2.0 Cr. is 5Years
and P.V of the savings on account of reduced manpower is 3.13 Cr.
considering ROI of 12% P.A.
2.12 The Substation Automation shall have the provision of adding on line
monitoring of some important equipment, which can further reduce the
maintenance cost to a significant extent.
2.13 The report mainly covers SA solution for a new Substation. In case
retrofitting is to be done to achieve substation automation for existing
substation, the detailed study will have to be carried out keeping in view the
existing facilities, limitations etc. The recommendation given herein this
report may be referred selectively for relevant requirements
2.14 The Substation Automation Solutions recommended in this report pertains to

Substation in the main transmission system for voltage class of 400 kV, 220
kV, &132 kV Substations and does not cover substations in the sub
transmission and Distribution Sector.
Report of Task Force On Substation Technology III

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION
1.0 Introduction:
Post Independence, Power system has grown rapidly and the growth has been
much faster since late seventies. The 400 kV system, introduced in Indian Power
system in late seventies, is the backbone of the Indian power system and will
continue to be so in future. The 765 kV system is planned as overlaying system for
handling large quantum of power. In addition HVDC transmission is also provided
for bulk power transmission and asynchronous interconnection of regional grids.
High capacity lines with fixed or controlled series compensation are also being
constructed to augment existing system and to conserve ROW. The Indian power
sector expected to grow at the rate of 8-9% and will reach to peak of 155GW by
2012 from the present level of about 80GW. The transmission network will also
have to be developed to handle such a mammoth amount of power and will be a
challenge for the system operators as well as O&M personnel for effective, efficient,
and reliable operation of the grid with high level of security.
As the time passes the equipment are getting older and will exhibit higher failure
rate needing replacement and more frequent maintenance. This situation clubbed
with complexity of the system will put further pressure on O&M personnel who will
need better and accurate information in time to take decision for system operation
and resource deployment for maintenance. Fund constraints may lead to utilities
limiting their capital expenditure. As a result, equipment in spite of getting older may
have to operate at higher levels impacting equipment life and reliability. Further,
higher level of reliability and availability of the system is also demanded from the
utilities.
The substation automation (SA) offers number of opportunities and cost benefits in
terms of improvement in reliability, quality of service, operation, maintenance, asset
management, equipment monitoring, and fault analysis, reduced manpower and
O&M cost, improved information for planning & engineering decisions etc.
Substation Automation is a microprocessor-based system that integrates, the
control subsystem and protection subsystem by integrating and processing analog
and control information and communicates with local and/or remote centers. This
can also be one of the steps towards implementation / creation of defense
mechanism and a utomatic restoration of the Power system.
In the initial stages the conventional controls along with S/S automation were used
by some of the utilities due to lack of experience and confidence in S/S automation.
Later on requirements of conventional controls were deleted due to satisfactory
experience with the reliability of the S/S automation system. The S/S automation
based on RTUs, PLC and BCUs are available and being used by different utilities
however, the features of SA vary.
2.0 Utilization of data provided by Substation Automation (SA)

The benefits from substation automation are further enhanced, when information
processing and information management are done at system level to utilize the data
provided by the sub station automation for various decisions and action of system
operation and planning. The information processing and management benefits at

system levels are given below: Integration with existing information management
and processing system at power system level will enables accrual of these benefits.
q Real Time information to EMS/SCADA

State Estimation and supervision in Real Time
Wide Area Protection (if implemented)
q Fault and Function Analysis

Improvement and Risk Analysis
Fault Identification (Object & Location)
q Decision Support System
System Restoration
Preventive Load Shedding
Maintenance Action
q Improved Profitability
Reduced Outage time
Reduced Maintenance
q Reduced Administration Cost
Original Data
Data Based Management that enables information exchange in Utilitys
intranet
Availability of Spare parts
Logistic/Sourcing
- Internal within utility
- External with suppliers
- Maintenance team availability
3.0 Experience of Utilities

Few utilities are already using SA at transmission and sub transmission levels. M/S
Tata Power is one of the first utilities in the country that have implemented SA in
their system. SCADA systems helped them in optimizing the manpower at various
operational areas as better operating facilities and information was available
through SA. The role of operator and analysis of fast changing parameters and on
line help available to the operator, have changed drastically. Ease in operation,
segregation of alarm, prioritization of alarms and reports and post occurrence replay
function help operator continuous learning and upgrading the knowledge. Individual
knowledge becomes corporate knowledge and information sharing is easier.
Multiple areas are possible to control from one location. Substation Automation
includes interlocking of isolators E/S, breakers and any other device. This takes
care of safety of equipment and personnel as well as unsafe operating conditions.
4.0 Substation Automation Functions:
Serial communication, for integrated actions of secondary system of a S/S used for
protection, control, metering and monitoring is the basic concept of SA. Various
functions of the SA can be divided in hierarchical manner at Bay/Feeder level and
Substation Level. Functions typically at feeder level are Protection, Feeder Control,
Disturbance Recording, Data Acquisition, Check Synchronizing and time
synchronizing. The S/S level functions could be communication to remote Control
center, communication to feeder equipment, Station Human Machine Interface,
Alarm and event handling, monitoring, data evaluation and archiving and status
supervision. These functions are listed as below.
Protection Function:
The protection functions such as distance protection, O/C protection,
Transformer protection, Bus Bar protection B/F protection etc. are carried out
in protection units. The protection system available today is numerical or
combination of numerical and static. However the numerical protection is
preferred due to flexibility and ease of integration with control devices.
Control Functions
The control functions are basic as well as e nhanced functions.
The basic control functions that can be carried out by Bay Controllers
and/or station control units are:
C.B. Operation, Isolator Operation, Interlocking
Earth Switch Operation (Only from bay Controller/Switchyard Local Panel)
Synchrocheck, Tap changer operation
Select before execute scheme
Runtime supervision
Double command blocking
Communication with Station control and remote control station
The Enhanced control functions that can be carried out by Bay Controllers
and/or station control units are:
Sequential switching
Control and monitoring of auxiliary services like D.G. Sets,
Monitoring of Air Conditioning, Fire Fighting, Batteries, and Chargers etc.
Interface to satellite S/S and EMS.
Metering:
Protection and control functions do not require high level of current and
voltage measurement accuracy as required for Metering for energy
accounting. Therefore the S/S metering devices for control functions will get
inputs from different cores of Instrument transformers. For revenue metering
separate stand alone system may need to be provided. Metering data can be
processed at metering computer for communication to Energy accounting
group
Monitoring: Monitoring functions are

Substation status, Switchgear monitoring, Condition Monitoring, Event
recording, Alarm recording, Fault recording, Disturbance Recording,
Measurements Oil & winding temperature, pneumatic/oil pressure of C.B.
Mechanism, etc.

Condition monitoring, Trend Curves, Current, Voltage, Active and Reactive
power, frequency, power factor etc.
System functions:
Station wide time synchronizing
Analysis & Diagnostics

Database for
Asset management
Failure analysis
Sequence of event analysis
Automatically generated fault report
Database for Disturbance Evaluation
Alarm Statistics, Station wide data storage
Collection of disturbance record files
Intelligent Operation and Control

Automatic Load shedding, Automatic restoration
Special Features
The SA will be able to accept the command for separate Energy
Management System (EMS), which will carry out the functions like: Load
flow, Contingency Analysis, Optimal Power flow, Voltage Despatch for
network automation and automatic generation Control.
5.0 Automation Possibilities and Options:
Substation automation systems use the concept of distributed intelligence with a

hierarchical structure of microprocessor based multifunctional devices with different
level of complexity. The gathering and processing of information is performed as
close as possible to the source. Each higher level uses a subset of the data from
the lower level devices, thus reducing the traffic over the substation network.
Various functions of the SA can be divided in hierarchical manner at Bay/Feeder
level and Substation Level.
The followings are the different Substation Automation Possibilities / Options
v Option 1: Substation Automation System with Conventional Control and

Operation from Local Control Room:
In this system the analog and digital information about the bay can be
collected at the S/S control room through RTUs/BCUs located in the control
room The RTUs installed in the control Room can either be configured to
control & monitor bay wise information or a group of more than one bays.
The conventional mimic control is provided in the control room. The pictorial
architecture is shown at the figure.1

v Option 2: Substation Automation System with Conventional Control and
Operation from Local Control Room as well as from Remote Control via a
communication system (PLCC/Fibre optics):
The system will be similar to 1 above except that an additional
communication system through a suitable gateway (industrial type) is
provided for communication of information to a remote station. The S/S
control can be either from local or from remote station.
v Option 3: Substation Automation System without Conventional Control and

Operation from Local Control Room:
In this system the analog and digital information about the bay area collected
at the S/S control room through RTUs/BCUs located at the bay level. A
station computer in the S/S control room is used for supervision and control
of the substation. The pictorial architecture is shown at the figure 2. Another
option could be integration of information at bay level located in the
switchyard. This arrangement reduces cabling between switchyard and
control room. The pictorial architecture is shown at the figure 3.
v Option 4: Substation Automation System without Conventional Control and

Operation from Local Control Room as well as from Remote Control via a
suitable communication system (PLCC/Fibre optics): The system will be
similar to 3) above except that an additional communication system through
a suitable gateway is provided for communication of information to a remote
station. The S/S control can be either from local or from remote station.
ALARM
GPS TELECOMMUNICAION
S/S WORKSTATION UNIT
PRINTER
GATEWAY
ETHERNET (TCP/IP)
RTUs CONTROL ROOM
(PROTECTION RELAYS)
(TRANSDUCERS)
SWITCH YARD
RTUs with Transducers provided in the control room

Fig. 1

ALARM
PRINTER
GATEWAY
CONTROL ROOM
SUB STATION LEVEL
ETHERNET (TCP/IP)
SWITCH YARD
BAY LEVEL
PROTECTION RELAYS,(RTUs,TRANSDUCERS )/IEDs Or BCUs
Bay Controller Units Provided in the Switch Yard Room and information integration in the
control Room
Fig. 2
ALARM
GATEWAY
PRINTER
CONTROL ROOM
SUB STATION LEVEL
ETHERNET (TCP/IP)
SWITCH YARD STAR COUPLER
BAY LEVEL
PROTECTION RELAYS,(RTUs,TRANSDUCERS )/IEDs Or BCUs
Bay Controller Units Provided in the Switch Yard and information integration in the
process bus in the switchyard as well as in the control Room
Fig. 3
Various parametric comparison between SA based on IED with bay controllers and
RTU and PLCs is as given below
S. Features/ BCUs RTUs PLCs Remarks

No Description
.
1 Dynamic v v v For collection of dynamic
Data data such as protection,
metering, control, automation
and supervisory data
forwarding the same at the
set rate or by exception
2 Archived v
Data
2a Sequence v v v* *Special Application PLCs
&Event will be required
Recorder
2b Disturbance v X X Disturbance record can be
Recorder acquired from numerical
relays in case of RTU based
system.
3 Data v v v
Assimilation
4 IEC Protocol v v X In the case of some PLCs,
interface for Solution can be available
lower & through Protocol Converters
upper levels
5 Time v v X* *Addl. Equipment Required
Synchronizing for PLCs
6 Peer to Peer v v* v In Case of Distributed RTUs
Communicat inter bay data transfer is
ion possible only through S/S
master control unit
7 Time The events are The events are Time stamping
Stamping time stamped at the time stamped done at PLCs
bay level itself at the bay level level after events
itself. are obtained
Low Accuracy from the device.
in case Low Accuracy in
external case external
interface relay interface relay is
is required for required for
galvanic galvanic isolation
isolation
9 Analogue Sampled/Numerical Generally Employs
Inputs ly processed CT employs transducer. More
and VT inputs are transducer. In number of
directly connected such cases devices. Wiring
to Bay Control more number affects the
devices. High of devices. system reliability.
accuracy and Wiring affects
reliability. the system
reliability. For
higher
reliability RTUs
that can
receive direct
analogue
inputs from
Instrument
Transformers
may be used.
10 Data The processed Similar to The
Transfer data from the bay BCU, if serial binary/analogue
level device are interface on signals are
directly transferred. the RTUs for processed in
numerical relay PLCs before
interface is being sent to
provided. control center.
However, if
hardwired
binary signals
are taken from
numerical
relays the
binary
/analogue
signals are
processed in
RTUs before
being sent to
control Centre
11 Possibility of v v v
Local control With additional With additional
in case of hardware/HMI hardware/HMI
communicati
on failure
12 Digital Inputs v v X Inter posing relay required
(Galvanic for PLCs
Isolation)
6.0 Communication Requirement:

The highest speed requirements are imposed by device-oriented functions aimed at
sharing data. Unbalanced interchanged circuit V.24/V.28 as per IEC 60870 5 may
be selected.
Applications such as a decentralized synch-check require transfer of data over the
network ranging into milliseconds and sub -milliseconds.
Decentralized protection schemes require transfer of data over the network ranging
into microseconds
Applications involving interlocking can usually tolerate transfer times in the 10 to
100 msec range
Applications such as remote measurement for instance tap-change control can
tolerate transfer times of 250 msec.
From the above it can be seen that data communication speed shall be governed by
synchro-check application. The protection-imposed speed of information will be
governed by protection specification requirement and hence is not in the present
scope of this report. Considering this, a baud speed of 1200 bps or more is
recommended for IEC 60870-5-103 protocol and 10 mbps or higher for TCP/IP on
Ethernet. However, it is to be noted that communication speed between substation
and remote station shall be governed by the type of medium used for the purpose.

Data Updating:
Status data shall be reported by exception and shall be updated and displayed within
4 seconds at the control centre in worst case. A complete scan of all status data shall
be made every 10 minutes and any discrepancies between field status and database
shall be reported by an alarm message. Analogue data shall be collected from at a
scan rate of 10 to 15 seconds depending upon number of analogues and baud rate.
Communication between the bay level and the station level

The intra S/S communication shall be of open architecture with high
availability and adequate redundancy supporting the following functions:
- Time synchronization of all devices connected
- Transfer of events, measurements, commands and set points
- File transfer of disturbance recorder files
- Allowing viewing of relay settings
-Peer to Peer Communication or Inter bay data transfer
Communication at the station level

To provide connection at the station level between e.g. station computer and
additional workstations or other peripheral devices (Intra S/S) a
communication based on open architecture such as Ethernet LAN on TCP/IP
with adequate redundancy shall be used.
Communication between substation and remote station

The communication protocol between substation and remote station shall be
as per IEC60870-5-101.
The media used shall be PLCC/fiber Optics / VSAT. Other media can also
be considered in case these two are not immediately connected with a line.
These media could be Microwave based communication system CDMA,
Wireless Ethernet, General Packet Radio Switching (GPRS), Global System
for Mobile (GSM) and MTNL leased lines taking into account the terrain,
distances, cost, reliability, availability of existing services in the area etc.
Two separate independent and reliable channels of communication will be
required.
7.0 Architectures
The Subs tation automatio n s ho uld ha ve Ope n Arc hitec ture (A ny of t he comp uter
ve ndors, Sta ndard pro tocols )
7.1 Factors that differentiate Architecture Feature

The factors that affect the decision regarding system architecture like LAN
requirement, redundancy, No. of devices etc are given in the table below.
Impact on system architecture

Influence factor Impact on system architecture
Size of the substation Number of LANs: a single Ethernet segment for both
Number of voltage levels substation and bay level, or several segments, one for
Number of bays substation level and others for bay level.
Number of busbars
Reliability availability Redundancy or not of LANs
requirements Redundancy of bay level and/or station level
Depending controllers, gateway and HMI
On the voltage level Integration or not between control and Protection
On the substation criticality Redundancy of protections
in the Power system
Utilitys industrial strategy:
Choice of modular and flexible architectures
Bay per bay refurbishment
Interfaces with existing conventional devices
New substations
Choice of configuration tools easy to manage
Cost over the system life cycle
Number of devices

Redundancy
Operating procedures of the
Remote control interface using proprietary
country or the utility. Communications
Integration of protection from other manufacturers
Topology of the substation: Number of cubicles
Transfer busbars Number of bay computers
1 or 1 1/2 Circuit breaker Functions of automation at bay and substation level
arrangement
7.2 BCUs, RTUs, and PLCs are used as integration and automation controllers by
utilities. The RTUs and PLCs are the products derived from SCADA and process
industries respectively. BCUs are the device developed specifically for S/S
automation and are designed to meet the same harsh environmental conditions as
relays themselves. The BCUs/RTUs/PLCs whichever product is used/ industrial
control products if used shall meet international EMC environmental standards for
this application.
BCUs carryout all SA functions in integrated manner whereas the RTU and PLC
based SA will require additional interface modules and equipment respectively for
some functions such as measurement of analogue parameters (In case RTUs
connected directly to instrument transformers are not used), synchro-check,
Disturbance recording, archiving, system profile, etc. The additional equipment
means a lower reliability. The communication between PLCs and the other
equipment whose functions these PLCs can not carryout, may affect in meeting
high system reliability parameters.
Some of the important functions that RTUs/PLCs can not carryout are:
Routing of SER and other messages through multiple substation controllers

W/O affecting SA in PLCs.
Monitoring of communication between two devices without interference.
Peer to Peer communication (In Case of Distributed bay wise RTUs inter bay
data transfer is possible only through S/S master control unit)
Disturbance recording data collection from numerical relays (in case of
PLCs)
Detailed protection failure information in PLCs. For RTUs serial links with IED
will do the required functionality.
Direct CT / VT connection (without transducers)
Synchro-check function

RTUs and PLCs based SA along with additional equipment can provide most of the
functions required for SA. However, larger number of components will affect the
overall reliability of the sys tem Therefore reliability consideration will play a major
role in selecting the structure of the SA. It may be desirable to stipulate availability
and reliability parameters in procurement documents with levying suitable LD as
keeping the option open on this aspect may lead to acceptance of an expensive
solution in long term although its initial cost may be less.
7.3 Distributed system architectures
A major trend seems to be toward the distributed architecture, hence reaching

better availability and modularity. In the distributed choice, in case of failure of
master controller, Control functions can be executed by the bay controllers. In the
distribute choice, in case of failure of master controller, the control functions can be
executed by the bay controllers. Peer-to-peer communication is possible between
bays, and to the substation level/bay level digital interfaces. This choice achieves
good availability performances.
Figure 3 gives distributed architectures with a different threshold of integration in
terms of protection and control. At the bay level the functions are integrated in both
bay controllers and digital protection equipment. The integration level depends on
the utilitys requirements
The trend is to distribute intelligence at bay level. This trend is further enhanced by
the emergence of a process level high-speed field bus for direct exchanges with
intelligent CTs and V.Ts and high voltage switchgear equipment.
7.4 RTUs located in the Control Room:

The schematic arrangement of this scheme is given at Fig 1. The analog and digital
signals from the bay equipment is sent to RTUs located in the main control room
through hardwire or optical fiber. These RTUs thereafter send these signals to the
processor in the control room for control function. This arrangement involves large
cabling between switchyard and control room, which not only increases the cost but
also affects the reliability. Fault detection in the secondary also becomes
cumbersome.
7.5 RTUs located near the process / in the bay kiosk:

The schematic arrangement of this scheme is given at Fig.2.The analog and digital
signals from the bay equipment are sent to RTUs located in the bay kiosk, located
near the bay, through hardwire or optical fiber. These signals can be marshaled at
the process bus also located in the yard and then sent to the processor in the
control for control and data acquisition functions. The cabling gets drastically
reduced thereby decreasing the cost and also improving the reliability. Fault
detection in the secondary also becomes possible, however Transducers will be
required for Measurements.
7.6 IEDs/BCUs located near the process / in the bay kiosk/room close to the
switchyard:

The schematic arrangement of this scheme is given at Fig. 3. The description shall
be same as 7.5 above except that external transducers are not required for
measurement functionality
7.7 The distributed architecture is recommended for new substation. However, It shall
be ensured that the failure of one bay controller does not affect the control and
monitoring of other bays.
8.0 Key features of the SA

a. Remote Control
b. Intelligent operation and control
c. Open system
d. High Reliability
e. Low maintenance and high availability
f. Compact structure
g. Fault & Disturbance analysis and diagnostics
h. Condition Monitoring
i. Archiving & Life assessment of equipment
j. Archiving Historical data for input to more effective planning
k. Security
l. Immunity from E/M induction
m. To be user friendly
n. Sub station related information can be made available on web.
9.0 Techno Commercial Analysis

Various factors and benefits (Both Tangible and intangible) need to be considered
for techno commercial analysis like
9.1 Power System
a) Power System planning:

Historical data available in storage system of Substation Automation (SA)
helps in better understanding of power system. The suitable statistical
methodology can be used based on the information available through SA for
more precise and better future planning of power system.
b) Power Network Availability, Reliability Considerations including system

restoration time:
Integrated and sequenced databases provide information for quicker and
accurate problem analysis.
Operating errors are reduced by uniform and consistent Man Machine
Interface procedures.
Reduced chances of operator switching errors
Quick isolation of faults and restoration of service to un-faulted station section
Real time monitoring of S/S equipment (Both Primary and secondary) reduces
mean time between failures

c) Maintenance Time:
Possibility of remote monitoring, diagnosis, analysis and settings can help in
quickly detecting failure in protection equipment, remedying them and
improving the efficiency of the operation and maintenance the equipment.
Maximum functional integration at IED /RTU levels / PLC based SAS) - fewer
hardware.
Measurement of data at one point and reuse of data for all application - This
also reduces instrument transformer/ sensor requirement.
d) Technical Requirements
The automation could be a retrofit for an existing substation or a new system
for a new substation.
Compatibility with the existing protection & control and possibility for future
expansion should exist.
The system should be an open system. It must utilize standard products so
that it can be possible to upgrade once more powerful hardware becomes
available.
Operation Security is an important aspect of SA. This is required to ensure that
only authorized personnel have the access to the powerful capability of the
system. A hierarchical security system may be required depending upon the
type of system.
Redundancy Considerations
Standardized protocol meeting IEC 60-870 & IEC 61-850 requirements.
Possibility of implementing wide area integrated operation, protection and
control.
Network energy management system requirement-.
Possibility of receiving measured system parameters, from new types of
sensors.
Independence of current & voltage inputs and protection initiated operating
commands from control system block.
Equipment monitoring system for support of operators decision
Event driven Communication system, high-speed high capacity data
transmission, immunity against EMI, etc.
A failure of one bay should not affect other bays
Bay hardware and functions to be independent of other for high level of
maintainability
Self-diagnostic

9.2 Asset Management:
Stages of development of maintenance strategies
In the initial stages the maintenance of the equipment was done on SOS basis,
SOS/Corrective whenever the equipment did not perform as required. This practice has caused
maintenance higher level of equipment outages, higher maintenance cost and power outages.
The equipment maintenance is carried out as per the recommendations of the

Periodic / Preventive manufacturers. This causes sub optimal maintenance practices, as
maintenance manufacturers recommendations may not be matching users experience.
Further equipment failures and power outages may although come down but
will still be higher, so would be the maintenance cost.
The condition of the equipment is monitored through measurement of various

Condition based equipment parameters that are interpreted to diagnose the health of the equipment.
maintenance The parameter measurement could be on or off line. The maintenance is carried out
considering the diagnosis and condition of the equipment. The maintenance cost
comes down. However prioritization of maintenance is lacking.
The condition of the equipment is monitored through measurement of various

equipment parameters that are interpreted to diagnose the health of the
Reliability Centered equipment. The parameter measurement could be on or off line. The
maintenance maintenance is carried out considering the diagnosis and condition of the
equipment. The maintenance cost comes down. The maintenance can be
prioritized employing FMEA (Failure mode effect analysis.)
Allowing overloading of transformer /lines for a short duration by processing

historical and real time data and predefined logistics.
Easy availability of operational data for planning, engineering, spares and
maintenance management
Equipment monitoring & diagnostics, power quality analysis, fault analysis etc.
reduce O&M cost, avoid or defer capital costs and improve reliability.
Other functions as given below are also possible to carryout more effectively with
implementation of SA
- Feeder/Transformer load balancing
- Feeder sectionalizing/load balancing
- Substation auto restoration/ load transfer
- Fault location and analysis
- Feeder voltage/VAR monitoring and control

9.3 Reduced Installation time and space requirement
Microprocessor based SA system reduces cabling and cable trenches to a
significant level. Further on site testing requirement also greatly reduced. These
features reduce construction, erection and testing time to a considerable extent.
The auxiliary power requirement of such system is also comparatively less than
conventional system. This also reduces S/S control room size.
9.4 Substation O&M:

An unmanned or scantly manned S/S is a significant benefit offered by SA as it is
possible to monitor and control various equipment in the S/S from a remote station.
Further use of protection system with self-diagnostic feature in SA and condition
based & reliability based maintenance which is more effectively possible to
implement through processing historical data available in the storage system of SA
can reduce the maintenance manpower requirement and cost.
10 Limitations/Concerns
Use of different systems for different purposes like SCADA and remote control,
Protection, metering, revenue metering, event recording and equipment monitoring
etc. limit many potential benefits. An open system where various subsystems as
mentioned above can be implemented in different stages may be required.
Fast development in microprocessor technology may result in faster obsolescence
of the hardware and components. Non-availability of spares in long term is one of
the major concerns. Suitable provision in the specifications for availability of spares
to meet long term requirement will have to be made.
Propriety domains permitted by IEC for SA system may result in monopolistic and
opportunistic attitude from the supplier of the system whenever the utility needs to
maintain, and upgrade the system. IEC Technical Committee is already
addressing this issue.
However the utilities may address these concerns by incorporating suitable

provisions in the contract agreements as described below:
The manufacturer has to inform the customer about all functional changes and
extensions, which are carried out on the hardware as well as software, between the
last delivery and a new offer. Further, the manufacturer must also be responsible to
meet following obligation towards the customers
Announcement of product discontinuation
The manufacturer is to inform customers of the product discontinuation in time to

ensure that the customers have the option to order spare products or to prepare
extensions.
In the case where the product discontinuation will be carried out without a
subsequent functionally compatible product the required notice shall be

published sufficiently in advance to allow customers adequate planning,
engineering and installation time for replacement equipment.
In the case where a subsequent functionally compatible product will follow the
notice may be published in a shorter period in advance. An overlap for delivery
of both products for a minimum period is required.
11.0 Cost Benefit Analysis and Recommendations
11.1 One of the 400 kV S/S that is under construction or to be constructed in near future
may be provided with SA system.
11.2 The SA to have following integrated control and protection functions
Protection Function:
The protection functions such as distance protection, O/C protection, Transformer
protection, Bus Bar protection B/F protection etc. are carried out in protection units.
Numerical/digital protection relays shall be used.
Control Functions
The control functions are basic as well as enhanced functions.
The basic control functions carried out by Bay Controllers are:
C.B. Operation, Isolator Operation, Synchro-check, Tap changer operation,

Interlocking, Communication with Station control/remote control centers, Select
before execute scheme, Runtime supervision, Double command blocking
The Enhanced control functions carried out by Bay Controllers and/or station
control units are:
Sequential switching, Provision for features enabling Bus transfer at later stage,
interface to EMS.
The control functions carried out by station control units are:
Station wide interlocking, Station wide time synchronizing, Station wide data
storage, Collection of disturbance record files.
Metering:
Protection and control functions do not require high level of current and voltage
measurement accuracy as required for Metering for energy accounting. Therefore
the metering devices will get inputs from different cores of Instrument transformers.
Metering data can be processed at metering computer for communication to Energy
accounting group.
Monitoring:
Monitoring functions are:

Switchgear status, Event recording, Alarm recording, Measurements Oil & winding
temperature, pneumatic/oil pressure of C.B. Mechanism, etc. Fault recording,
Disturbance Recording, Condition monitoring of various equipment including
transformer etc, Switchgear monitoring, Current, Voltage, Active and Reactive
power etc
System functions:
Station wide time synchronizing
Analysis & Diagnostics
Database for asset management, Database for Failure analysis, Database for
Sequence of event analysis, automatically generated fault report, Database for
Disturbance Evaluation, Alarm Statistics, and Station wide data storage
Collection of disturbance record files
Intelligent Operation and Control
Substation Status, Facilitating decision to o l ad the equipment to their limits and

beyond for a short period without affecting the health of the equipment, Detection of
incipient failures, Earlier preventive measures, Maintenance prediction on request,
Reduced repair cost and down time, Integrated S/S equipment monitoring and
diagnostics, Limit supervision, Automated notification of Problems. Web Based
Monitoring of substation Data via internet and intelligent alarming system with
facilities to send email, SMS, Pager Massages in the case of critical alarms are also
recommended to keep abreast with the state of the art features.
There are two options for providing the substation automation system in the
substation, which are namely:
Option-I: Providing Substation automation system along with conventional control
and operation shall be from Local control room and provision for control
from Remote Control Centre via PLCC/fibre optic link.
Option-II: Providing Substation automation system without conventional control and

operation shall be from Local control room and from Remote Control
Centre fibre optic link.
BCUs or Distributed Bay wise RTUs both can be considered. However

selection has to meet present and future requirement. PLCs have not been
considered, as these do not support IEC protocols.
In Option-I substation automation system along with full fledge conventional control
panels shall be provided. Bay level control, Station level control shall be installed in
Control Room and all status and analogue signals from bay equipments shall be
brought to control room via control cables.

In Option-II there shall not be any conventional control. Bay level control shall be
provided with a control switch of breaker as backup and shall be kept in bay
kiosk/room in switchyard along with protection panels. All status and analogue
signals from bay equipments shall be brought to bay kiosk via control cables. Bay
level control shall communicate with Station level control via optic fibre cable links
and provide all the information as requested by Station Level control system.
Communication to remote station shall be provided through gateway utilizing
suitable media like PLCC, Optical fibre.
It is also recommended that all protection shall be Numerical protection, which shall
communicate to substation automation system directly and thereby utilise the
communication facility of substation automation system.
Presently three persons are deployed in the control room for O&M duties. The
deployment can be reduced to one technician per shift, who in case of emergency,
can carryout operation with the instruction of operator stationed at remote control
center.
11.3 Cost Benefit Analysis
The Substation automation systems may have following components:
1. Bay level equipment
Following equipments are required at bay level and shall be housed in bay kiosk:
i) BCU panel - one for each 400kV Dia and one for two nos. 220kV bays. This
panel shall also house necessary interposing relays and selector switches as
required.
ii) On load tap changer controller
iii) Protection panels and PLCC panel for line
iv) Distributed Bus Bar Protection
v) Communication equipment through optical fibre to remote control station
2. Substation level equipment
Following equipments are required at Substation level and shall be housed in

control room building:
i) Master Control Unit (MCU)

ii) Communication gateway Industrial type
iii) Dot matrix Printer for alarm
iv) Laser printer for hard copy
v) Coupler between MCU and BCU
vi) Ethernet LAN components
vii) Exclusive VDU for alarm
viii)GPS time synchronization receiver with antenna and other accessories.
ix) Central bus bar protection equipment

Functions of some of the equipment for conventional system are already built in the
substation automation system; these are not explicitly required now. These
equipments are as follows:
a) Event logger
b) Auto reclose relay
c) Conventional Control panels
d) Synchronizing Trolley
e) CB relay panel
f) Disturbance recorder evaluation unit
g) Separate RTU
h) RTCC panel
i) Reduction of size in control room building
j) Reduction in Control cables and trenches
k) Common equipments
l) Time Synchronizing Equipment
m) Transducers
The details of additional cost due to installation of S/S automation and payback are
given below
Cost of Substation automation system:
S.No Description Quantity Price in Rs. Lakh

Opt. -I Opt-II
1 SAS for 2 Dia and 8 bays Lot 260.0 260.00
2 Additional cost of numerical Lot 0.0 50.00
relays
3 Air-conditioned bay kiosk Lot 0.0 22.0
4 Communication equipment Lot 65.0
through optical fibre to remote
control station
SUB TOTAL (A) 260.0 397.0
Cost reduction due to installation of Substation automation system:
S.No Description Quantity Unit Price Total Price in Rs.

Lacs
Rs. Lacs Opt. -I Opt. -II
1 Control Panel 6 2.06 0.0 12.36
2 CB relay panel
with A/R 9 2.2 0.0 19.80
Without A/R 5 1.23 0.0 6.15
3 Event logger 1 11.74 0.0 11.74
4 DR evaluation unit 1 5.0 0.0 5.00
5 Synchronising trolley 1 0.52 0.0 0.52

6 Common equipments 1 3.35 0.0 3.35
7 RTCC panel 2 1.0 0.0 2.00
8 RTU 1 13.0 13.0 13.00
9 Control Cables
2c 5.65 4.5 0.34 1.53
5c 37.6 30.0 0.47 14.1
7c 3.35 2.6 0.59 1.53
10c 20.9 16.7 0.83 13.56
14c 18.4 14.7 1.01 14.85
27c 6.2 4.9 1.77 8.67
Reduction 80% 0.0 54.40
10 Cable Trench LOT Reduction of 70% of 0.0 29.67
70% 42.38
11 Control and relay Room 38.5% of 0.0 35.82
Reduction in C/R area= 625 Sq. M 93.14
Total area as per
conventional system = 1625 Sq. M
Reduction of 38.5%
TOTAL reduction in cost Rs. Lacs (B) 13.0 193.65
Additional cost (A-B) 247.0 203.35
Operating staff required in Op. staff without SAS
each option. Executives 4 4 0
Supervisors 4 0 0
Technicians 4 4 4
Cost Reduction per annum Ex. Rs. 6.0 Lacs/Yr. 0.0 24.0
Sup. Rs. 4.0 Lacs/Yr. 16.0 16.0
Technician. Rs. 0.0 0.0
TOTAL per annum 16.0 40.0
Present Value for 25 years 125.5 313.7
@12%
Net saving Rs. Lacs (-) 121.5 110.35
Payback period 15.5 5 Years
Years
Based on the analysis done as above it is proposed to adopt Option II. for
Maharani Bagh S/S, a new substation .
11.4 Design and Guaranteed availability and reliability:
As varieties of systems are available for SA it is desirable to look in to the ultimate

consideration and concern of the utility in finalizing the type of system to be selected
for SA. In overall evaluation of various proposals the Utility may like to stipulate
reliability and availability criteria in the procurement document. Alternatively, the
desired redundancy for component and system may be specified in place of
reliability/availability guarantee.
The utilities may refer following as guidelines if they wish to stipulate availability and
reliability requirement in procurement specifications.
Design Availability: The design availability may be specified. This is to be

supported by the level of redundancy provided and the statistical data of the devices
used quantity of spares to be supplied for the guaranteed period and Time taken for
making the spares and service personnel available.
Measured Availability: Specified Measured availability should be marginally less

than Design Availability. Failure of any one component of SA should not result in
outage of SA. Failure of I/O components, power supply units, communication etc.
should not affect functionality of rest of the SA.
Designed Reliability: May be specified in terms of Outage rate per Year &Total
Down Time /Year. This is to be supported by the level of redundancy provided and
the statistical data of the devices used, quantity of spares to be supplied for the
guaranteed period and Time taken for making the spares available.
Measured Reliability: Measured Outage rate and down time to be marginally

higher than designed figures.
The Measured Availability and reliability figures shall be averaged during the
equipment guarantee period (Normally One Year). The guaranteed availability that
shall be calculated based on actual monitored data and actual MTBF & MTTR
measured over the equipment guarantee period, Quantum of spares supplied,
Variety of spares required, time taken for replenishment of spares etc.
The calculation of the system availability is limited to the components essential to

perform the critical functions and, therefore, it is based on the availability of the
following hardware critical components. The other hardware components such as
the printers are not considered as critical.
The availability calculation applies only to hardware failures, since statistical data
are not available for software failures.
The critical components to include process as well as station level equipment,

LAN/WAN, RTUs/IEDs, SCADA, Gateway Equipment, and HMI etc. Time
Synchronizing subsystem, transducers that although form an important part of SA
but not being critical for control operation may be given a lower weightage in the
calculation.
Availability = MTBF/(MTBF+MTTR) or 1/{1+MTTR*? (System)}
Where ? = 1/MTBF and ? (System) = S ? (Component) (Transducers and time

synchronizing equipment may be given lower weightage say 0.7)
Suitable L.D. / contractual provisions need to be specified for the purpose of

availability and reliability guarantee. A threshold availability and reliability guarantee
figures may also need to be specified. In case the availability and reliability
achieved falls below this threshold value the supplier may be given chance to rectify
the system and Guarantee Period may be suitably extended. This shall be in
addition to the recovery of L.D. or any other stipulated contractual provision to be

invoked on account of fall in guarantee parameters. The utilities may decided about
the number of times the guarantee period extension to be granted as well as the
rejection of the system altogether. There need to be very clear understanding of the
availability guarantee provisions, calculation criteria to avoid disputes.
12.0 Future Possibilities
Power system integrity, minimization of grid disturbances and power outages are
major constraints of the utilities. System complimenting existing protection and
control and providing solution for counteracting power system/grid instability may be
needed in future. Other areas of interest could be:
Integration with control systems of power electronic systems for grid
management and stability.
Integration with generator control, load shedding, islanding etc.
Defense strategy
Adaptive distance protection
Reliability centered maintenance
Assets management and life assessment
Wide Area Protection
13.0 Proposed agency for execution of the project and fund
Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. as a central transmission utility has the
responsibility of establishment and operation of regional and national power Grid to
facilitate transfer of power within and across the region with reliability, security and
economy on sound commercial principle. Sub station automation is one of the tools
available to achieve this objective effectively. Sub station at Maharani Bagh, New
Delhi, being constructed by POWERGRID as apart of Tala Transmission System
can be taken up to implement S/S automation. It will be convenient to monitor the
performance of the system, as the substation is located in Delhi. The additional
funds required for implementation of SA may be included in the project cost at RCE
stage. Further additional options may also be implemented by POWERGRID at later
stage at this station or at another station.
14.0 Conclusion
Sub Station Automation is the technique used these days by various utilities in
many countries by using state of art information technology and modern electronic
devices to operate and maintained their network in more efficient, effective and
economical way. The factors such as Complexity of system network, pressure on
utilities to cut O&M cost, high cost due to unscheduled equipment outage etc. have
prompted the utilities to find a solution to these factors in Sub Station Automation.
To fulfill the ambitious target of handling demand of 155 GW of power by 2012,
which will further increase @ 8-9% power utilities need to employ state of art
technologies for operation, maintenance and control of vast power system network
and its components. Sub Station Automation is one of such technologies that will be
very useful in effective and efficient O&M of substation in most economical manner.
A 400 kV S/S being constructed by Power Grid Corporation at Maharani Bagh is
being recommended to provide Sub Station automation. This Sub Station may be
controlled from Ballabhgarh S/S. For SA solution BCUs or Distributed bay wise
RTUs both can be considered. However selection has to meet present and future
requirement.
The report mainly covers SA solution for a new Substation. In case retrofitting is to
be done to achieve substation automation for existing substation, the detailed study
will have to be carried out keeping in view the existing facilities, limitations etc. The
recommendation given herein this report may be referred selectively for relevant
requirements on case-to-case basis.
(Sh. S. K. R. Mohapatra) (Sh. Vikas Saxena) (Sh. D. Raina)

CEA POWERGRID Tata Power
(Sh. P.B. Nayak) (Sh. Gaurav Bector) (Sh. M.I.Khan) (Sh. S. Mehta)
ABB BHEL CGL
(Sh. Jose Joseph) (Sh. B.C. Badiya)(Sh. P.K.Dutta) (Sh. M.C. Bhatnagar)
Siemens Alstom POWERGRID
Convener


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P OWER GR ID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD.

Sh. S.K.R.Mohapatra Dy. Director, CEA Member

Report of Task Force On Substation Technology 1

An international conference on Global Participation in Indian National Grid,

Identification of the Projects and Studies for the following:

Sh. S.C.Agrawal Director (Tr.), UPPCL (Represented by Sh. S.C.Sahni,

Sh. S.K.R.Mohapatra, Dy. Director, CEA

Report of Task Force On Substation Technology ii

An international conference on Global Participation in Indian National Grid,

I. Identification of the Projects and Studies for the following:

The Composition of the task Force is as given below:

Sh. S.K.R.Mohapatra, Dy. Director, CEA

2.0 Substation Automation Features and Recommendations:

2.4 Maharani Bagh Substation being constructed by POWERGRID as a part of

2.5 Numerical/digital protection relays shall be used.

2.6 The basic control functions will be:

2.7 Equipment monitoring shall comprise of:

Report of Task Force On Substation Technology II

2.8 Analysis & Diagnostics

2.9 Intelligent Operation and Control

2.14 The Substation Automation Solutions recommended in this report pertains to

Report of Task Force On Substation Technology III

2.0 Utilization of data provided by Substation Automation (SA)

Report of Task Force On Substation Technology 1

q Real Time information to EMS/SCADA

q Fault and Function Analysis

3.0 Experience of Utilities

4.0 Substation Automation Functions:

Monitoring: Monitoring functions are

Report of Task Force On Substation Technology 3

Analysis & Diagnostics

Intelligent Operation and Control

5.0 Automation Possibilities and Options:

Substation automation systems use the concept of distributed intelligence with a

v Option 1: Substation Automation System with Conventional Control and

Report of Task Force On Substation Technology 4

v Option 3: Substation Automation System without Conventional Control and

v Option 4: Substation Automation System without Conventional Control and

RTUs CONTROL ROOM

RTUs with Transducers provided in the control room

Report of Task Force On Substation Technology 5

SUB STATION LEVEL

SUB STATION LEVEL

SWITCH YARD STAR COUPLER

PROTECTION RELAYS,(RTUs,TRANSDUCERS )/IEDs Or BCUs

S. Features/ BCUs RTUs PLCs Remarks

6.0 Communication Requirement:

Report of Task Force On Substation Technology 8

Communication between the bay level and the station level

Communication at the station level

Communication between substation and remote station

7.1 Factors that differentiate Architecture Feature

Impact on system architecture

Routing of SER and other messages through multiple substation controllers

Report of Task Force On Substation Technology 10

7.3 Distributed system architectures

A major trend seems to be toward the distributed architecture, hence reaching

7.4 RTUs located in the Control Room:

7.5 RTUs located near the process / in the bay kiosk:

Report of Task Force On Substation Technology 11

8.0 Key features of the SA

9.0 Techno Commercial Analysis

9.1 Power System