Appendix 1.

Diels-Alder Reactions
MirceaD.Gheorghiu1

A. Backgroundinformation .

Oneofthemostefficientmethods(highyield,controlledstereochemistry,diversefunctionality) to
construct rings from smaller fragments is via cycloaddition reactions. The reverse reaction, namely
splitting of a ring into smaller fragments is termed a cycloreversion reaction is also an important
synthetic tool. (For example, in the present experiment it is the cracking of cyclopentadiene dimer to
cyclopentadienemonomer.) The construction of six-membered rings built from a fragment of four atoms
linked together by two conjugated double bonds (a diene) and a fragment containing twoatoms
linked by a double bond or triple bond (a dienophile) is known as the Diels-Alder2 (D-A) reaction. It is
often shorthanded as a [4+2]--electron cycloaddition. During the retro-D-A, a six-membered ring is
split into a diene (often an aromatic compound) and a homonuclear (alkene, alkyne) or heteronuclear
(CO) bond.
The simplest example of a D-A reaction is the reaction between butadiene and ethylene to form
cyclohexene. Both the diene and the dienophile display a very low reactivity. Please note the very
sluggish reaction conditions: high pressure and an unusual high butadiene: ethylene molar ratio (Swiss
patent, Chem. Abstract 89, 59709).
Lampiran 1.
Reaksi Diels-Alder
Mircea D. Gheorghiu1

Nevertheless, a dienophile substituted with electron withdrawing group(s) and/or a diene

substitutedwithelectrondonorgroup(s)reactsatlowertemperatureatatmosphericpressureresultingin
1
Send any comments to mircea@mit.edu
2
Otto Diels and his student Kurt Alder received the Nobel Prize in 1950 for their discovery and development of the diene
synthesis. The first paper, in a series that linked forever their names, is: Diels, O.; Alder, K. Ann. 1928, 460, 98.

Exp.#1-1
cyclohexene derivatives in medium to very high yield. An alternative version is the inverse electron
demand D-A reaction in which an electron-rich alkene reacts with an electron-poor diene.
The diene must be able to assume s-cis conformation. If the conjugated double bonds are rigidly
fixed in the s-trans configuration, the respective diene does not undergo D-A reaction.
Larger rate acceleration (shorter reaction time at room or lower temperature, often with an
increase in the regioselectivity) can be achieved using Lewis acid catalysts like AlCl3, Et2AlCl, BF3,
B(OAc)3, ZnCl2, SnCl4and TiCl4. Because the Lewis acid coordinates at the Lewis base side of the
dienophile, for example, at the carbonyl oxygen of methacrolein, it makes the CO group even more
electron-withdrawing and, therefore, more reactive. The crystalline phase (X-ray, see figure below) and
insolutionstructure(NuclearOverhauserEffect)ofthemethacroleinborontrifluoridebothdisplayans- trans
frame of the,-enal and the Lewis acid coordinated synto the lone pair to the formylproton.3

BF3

1.264 A O
1.587 A

H3C H

1.331 A

Namun demikian, suatu dienofil yang tersubstitusi dengan kelompok penarik elektron
dan / atau diena yang disubstitusi dengan gugus donor elektron (s) bereaksi pada suhu
rendah pada tekanan atmosfir yang menghasilkan

1 Kirim komentar ke mircea@mit.edu

2 Otto Diels dan muridnya Kurt Alder menerima Hadiah Nobel pada tahun 1950 "untuk
penemuan dan pengembangan sintesis diena mereka." Makalah pertama, dalam rangkaian
yang menghubungkan selamanya nama mereka, adalah: Diels, O; Alder, K. Ann. 1928, 460,
98.

turunan sikloheksin dalam medium sampai hasil yang sangat tinggi. Versi alternatif
adalah permintaan elektron invers D-A dimana alkena kaya-elektron bereaksi dengan
diene kaya-elektron.
Diena harus bisa mengasumsikan konformasi s-cis. Jika ikatan rangkap terkonjugasi
kaku dalam konfigurasi s-trans, diena di atas tidak mengalami reaksi D-A.
Percepatan laju yang lebih besar (waktu reaksi yang lebih singkat di ruangan atau
suhu rendah, sering dengan peningkatan regioselektivitas) dapat dicapai dengan
menggunakan katalis asam Lewis seperti AlCl3, Et2AlCl, BF3, B (OAc) 3, ZnCl2, SnCl4
dan TiCl4. Karena asam Lewis berkoordinasi pada sisi dasar Lewis dari dienofil,
misalnya pada oksigen karbon metakrolein, hal itu membuat kelompok CO lebih menarik
elektron dan oleh karena itu lebih reaktif. Fase kristal (sinar-X, lihat gambar di
bawah) dan dalam struktur larutan (Nuclear Overhauser Effect) dari methacrolein boron
trifluorida keduanya menampilkan kerangka s-trans dari asam -enal dan asam Lewis
yang dikoordinasikan dengan pasangan tunggal ke proton formil

Stereochemistry of the D-A reaction.

1. Regioselectivity.

Exp.#1-2
2. Stereoselectivity:
a. Diastereoselective (endo,exo).
b. Enantioselective (R,S).

1. Unsymmetrical dienes like piperylene react with methyl acrylate to yield two isomeric
adducts (two regioisomers) that differ only by the relative orientation of the two substituents, methyl and
carbomethoxy, respectively.

COOMe COOMe
20 oC, 1 year
+ +
64%
COOMe

95:5

Stereokimia dari reaksi D-A.

1. Regioselektivitas.
2. Stereoselektivitas:
Sebuah. Diastereoselektif (endo, exo).
b. Enansioselektif (R, S).

1. Dien yang tidak berbentuk simetris seperti piperylene bereaksi dengan metil
akrilat untuk menghasilkan dua isomer isomer (dua regioisomer) yang hanya berbeda
oleh orientasi relatif kedua substituen, metil dan karbometokoksi.

2a. Inthe absence of a catalyst, the endo product is preferentially formed (Alder endo rule).
Cycloadditionofmethacroleintocyclopentadiene(seeTable1)yieldsamixtureofexo-CHO-3and

3
Corey, E. J.; Loh, T.-P.; Sarshar, S.; Azimioara, M. Tetrahedron Letters 1992, 33, 6945.

Exp.#1-3
endo-CHO-3diastereoisomers in a ratio that is dramatically dependent on reaction conditions. For
example, at a relatively high temperature and longer reaction time the aldehyde group shows a
preferencefortheendoposition,(seeentry1-3).At alowertemperatureandinthepresenceofaLewis catalyst
(see entry 4) the exodiastereoisomer is preponderantly formed. For example, cyclopentadiene, the
diene employed in the present experiment, has a limited shelf lifetime at room temperature (8% is
converted into its dimer in 4 h and 50% in 24 h) because it reacts with itself to form the endo
diastereoisomer:
2a. Dengan tidak adanya katalis, produk endo terbentuk secara istimewa (Alder endo
rule). Siklus penguraian methacrolein menjadi siklopentadiena (lihat Tabel 1)
menghasilkan campuran exo-CHO-3 dan

3 Corey, E. J; Loh, T.-P; Sarshar, S; Azimioara, M. Tetrahedron Letters 1992, 33,

6945.

endo-CHO-3 diastereoisomers dengan rasio yang sangat bergantung pada kondisi reaksi.
Misalnya, pada suhu yang relatif tinggi dan waktu reaksi yang lebih lama, kelompok
aldehida menunjukkan preferensi untuk posisi endo, (lihat entri 1-3). Pada suhu yang
lebih rendah dan dengan adanya katalis Lewis (lihat entri 4) diastereoisomer ekso
dibentuk dengan lebih ketat. Sebagai contoh, siklopentadiena, diena yang digunakan
dalam percobaan ini, memiliki umur simpan terbatas pada suhu kamar (8% diubah menjadi
dimer dalam 4 jam dan 50% dalam 24 jam) karena bereaksi dengan sendirinya untuk
membentuk endo diastereoisomer:

endoapproach exoapproach

H
H
H
H

2b. D-A reactions make simultaneously two carbon-carbon bonds, and if the product lacks a
plane of symmetry, they create four stereocenters in the process. Thus, a synthesis of a molecule
containing several stereocenters via a Diels-Alder reaction may be particularly efficient, provided that
Exp.#1-4
the relative and absolute stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder reaction can be controlled. There is no
general way of accomplishing this objective for all types of Diels-Alder reactions, but the catalyst
developed recently (1989) in Hisashi Yamamotos group. (Nagoya University) provide good
stereocontrol with a number of useful combinations of substrates.4
2b. Reaksi D-A secara bersamaan membuat dua ikatan karbon-karbon, dan jika produk
tersebut tidak memiliki bidang simetri, mereka menciptakan empat stereosfer dalam
prosesnya. Dengan demikian, sintesis molekul yang mengandung beberapa stereosfer
melalui reaksi Diels-Alder mungkin sangat efisien, asalkan stereokimia relatif dan
stereokimia dari reaksi Diels-Alder dapat dikendalikan. Tidak ada cara umum untuk
mencapai tujuan ini untuk semua jenis reaksi Diels-Alder, namun katalis yang
dikembangkan baru-baru ini (1989) dalam kelompok Hisashi Yamamoto. (Nagoya
University) memberikan stereocontrol yang baik dengan sejumlah kombinasi substrat
yang berguna

4
For a comprehensive review of the effective catalysts inducing eein the range of 87-99% in the cycloaddition of
cyclopentadiene to methacrolein see: Corey, E. J.; Guzman-Perez, A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed..1998, 37, 388.

Exp.#1-5
Table 1. Selected literature example of non-catalyzed (entries 1 3, NA means not available), Lewis acid catalyzed (entry 4) and
Lewis acid and Bronsted and Lewis acid catalyzed (entries 5-7) cycloaddition of methacrolein to cyclopentadiene.

Entry Molar ratio Time solvent Temperature catalyst Exo- Yield ee% Lit
Cyclopentadiene/ (h) (C) CHO-3 % (absolute .
methacrolein /endo- config.)
CHO-3
5
1 1:0.8 2-3 - 100 - Mostly 74 -
endo
6
2a 1 : 1.19 11 - 150 - Mostly 84 -
2b 1 : 0.8 10 - 170 - endo 7(!)
7
3a NA NA NA NA NA 70:30 NA NA
8
3b 1 : 0.5 10 - 120 - 58:42 74 -
9
4 1 : 0.8 ? toluene -50 AlCl3 94:6 78 -
10
5 1 : 0.88 3 toluene -78 Chiral* 98:2 69 72
ROAlCl2
11
6 4:1 1.5 CH2Cl2 -78 (RO)4B** >99:1 99 99 (R)
12
7 3:1 3 CH2Cl2 -78 (Acyloxy) 90:10 85 96 (R)
borane***
* From menthol and EtAlCl2
** R is a binaphthol derivative (for more details see the paper)
*** The catalyst is the one prepared in the present experiment. The catalyst derived from natural tartaric acid yield the R isomer.

5
Chemically assigned: Beckmann, S.; Bamberger, R. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1953, 580, 198.
6
Chemically assigned: Meek, J. S.; Trapp, W. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 3909.
7
First 1H NMR assignment, exoCHO absorbs with 0.31 ppm downfield from endo CHO: Moen, R. V.; Makowski, H. S. Analytical Chem. 1971, 43, 1629.
8
Griesbeck, A. G. Synthesis. 1990, 144.
9
Bloch, R.; Gilbert, L. Tetrahedron 1988, 44, 2523.
10
Hashimoto, S.-I.; Komeshima, N.; Koga, K. J.C.S. Chem. Comm. 1979, 437.
11
Ishihara, K.; Kurihara, H.; Matsumoto, M.; Yamamoto, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 6920.
12
Furuta, K.; Shimizy, S.; Miwa, Y.; Yamamoto, H. J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 1481.

Exp.#1-4
B. An Electronic Insight into Diels -AlderReactions.

The regio- and stereoselectivities of Diels-Alder cycloaddition are easily

rationalized by examining only the frontier molecular orbitals (F.M.O.)13of diene and
dienophiles. Frontier orbitals are the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Woodward and Hoffmann14 pointed out
in 1965 that if the cycloaddition is concerted, during the D.-A. reactionthe HOMO of the
diene interacts in phase (constructive overlap) with LUMO of thedienophile:
Regio dan stereoselektivitas dari Diels-Alder cycloaddition mudah
dirasionalisasi dengan hanya memeriksa orbital molekul frontier (F.M.O.)
13 dari diena dan dienofil. Orbital frontier adalah orbital molekul yang
diduduki paling tinggi (HOMO) dan orbital molekul kosong terendah (LUMO).
Woodward dan Hoffmann14 menunjukkan pada tahun 1965 bahwa jika
cycloaddition digabungkan, selama D.-A. reaksi HOMO diena berinteraksi
dalam fase (konstruktif tumpang tindih) dengan LUMO dienophile:

butadiene HOMO

ethylene LUMO

Fig. A1. In phase interaction of HOMO of butadiene with LUMO of ethylene.

Based on pertubation theory, Klopman15 and Salem16 have derived an expression for
energy gain when the orbitals of one reactant interact with those of another. There are
three terms that contribute to energy changes: the first is a closed shell repulsion
(occupied orbitals of diene repel the occupied orbitals of dienophile), the second term is
Coulombic repulsion and attraction (important for ionic reactions) and the third is the
interaction of all filled orbitals with all the unfilled of correct symmetry (especially
theHOMO of diene interacting with the LUMO of dienepholie that makes the
largestcontribution to equation 1). For a cycloaddition reaction the third term is defined
as:
Fig. A1. In phase interaction of HOMO of butadiene with LUMO of ethylene.

Based on pertubation theory, Klopman15 and Salem16 have derived an expression for
energy gain when the orbitals of one reactant interact with those of another. There are
three terms that contribute to energy changes: the first is a closed shell repulsion
(occupied orbitals of diene repel the occupied orbitals of dienophile), the second term is
Coulombic repulsion and attraction (important for ionic reactions) and the third is the
interaction of all filled orbitals with all the unfilled of correct symmetry (especially
theHOMO of diene interacting with the LUMO of dienepholie that makes the
largestcontribution to equation 1). For a cycloaddition reaction the third term is defined
as:

Appendix-5
 2( cc)
2

E
occ.unocc. unocc. occ.
abrasb ab (1)
r s r s Er Es
where:
cra is the coefficient of atomic orbital a in molecular orbital r, where r refers to
molecular orbitals of one molecule and s refers to those on the other.
Er is the energy of molecular orbital r.
ab is the resonance integral; it is assumed to be proportional with the overlap
integral S.
2 is the occupancy number (interaction involves two electrons).

dimana:

r s r s

Er Es

cra adalah koefisien orbital atom dalam r orbital molekul r, di mana r

mengacu pada orbital molekul satu molekul dan s mengacu pada yang ada di
sisi lain.
Er adalah energi dari orbital molekul r.
ab adalah integral resonansi; diasumsikan proporsional dengan integral
tumpang tindih S.
2 adalah angka hunian (interaksi melibatkan dua elektron).

13
Review: Fukui, K, Acc. Chem. Res. 1971, 4, 57.
14
Woodward, R. B.; Hoffmann, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 4388; see also the review: Woodward, R.
B.; Hoffmann, R. The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry, VerlagChemie: Weinheim, 1970.
15
Klopmann, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 223.
16
Salem, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 543 and 553.

Appendix-6
 indexr runs indexs runs
through MOs of through MOs of
diene dienophile

unoccupied MOs
unoccupied MOs
LUMO
LUMO

HOMO
HOMO

occupied MOs occupied MOs

Diene Dienophile

a
b

Fig. A2. Orbitals interaction in a Diels-Alder reactions.

According to F.M.O. the reactivity is correlated with the properties of highest

filled and lowest vacant orbitals of the reacting molecules. The interaction energy
described in equation (1) now is simplified to equation (2).

2(cdiene cdienophile cdiene cdienophile)24 HOMO1 cdienophile )2

2
2(cdienophilecdiene cdiene
EHOMO1 LUMO1 diene 11 dienophile
HOMO4 LUMO2 LUMO1 11 HOMO2 LUMO424

E HOMO E LUMO dienophile

E HOMO E diene
LUMO
(2)

HOMO E LUMO
In practice it was noted that for numerous diene-dieniophileEdiene dienophile

Edienophile Ediene , therefore E becomes:
HOMO LUMO

cdienophile 11 c diene cdienophile )

diene 2
2(c (3)
E HOMO 1 LUMO1 HOMO 4 LUMO2 24
dieneH
E OMO E LUMO
dienophile

Thus, the larger are the coefficients and the smaller is the HOMO-LUMO energy gap,
the lower is the activation energy for the respective D.-A. reaction.

Appendix-7
 LUMO
ethylene
LUMO
butadiene

HOMO
butadiene E

HOMO
ethylene
1 11
1

2
4 42

Fig. A3. F.M.O. interaction in a Diels-Alder reactions.

1. Substituents effect. Why an electron-releasing group (ERG) on

the butadiene skeleton and electron withdrawing-group(s) (EWG) on ethylene
make the D.-A. reaction efficient andrapid?
ERG arepushing up the dienes HOMO (see Fig. A5). EWG are pushing
down the dienophiles LUMO (see Fig. A6). Because the energy gap is becoming
smaller,Eisbecominglarger(equation3).Theconsequenceofthiseffectisadramatic
increase in the rate of thecycloaddition.
1. Efek substituen. Mengapa kelompok pelepasan elektron (ERG) pada
kerangka butadiena dan kelompok penarik elektron (EWG) pada etilena
membuat D.-A. Reaksi efisien dan cepat?
ERG "mendorong" ke atas HOMO diena (lihat Gambar A5). EWG "mendorong" ke
LUMO dienophile (lihat Gambar A6). Karena celah energi menjadi lebih
kecil, E menjadi lebih besar (persamaan 3). Konsekuensi dari efek ini
adalah peningkatan dramatis dalam tingkat cycloaddition.

Energy adding
ERG on
diene

LUMO

LUMO
adding HOMO
HOMO EWG on
dienophile

Fig. A4. Substituents effect on the HOMO-LUMO gap.

Appendix-8
 CH3 OCH3 NH2
0.564 0.535 0.462 0.378

-0.564 -0.515 -0.508 -0.427

eV

-8.50 -8.44

-8.75

-9.00
-8.89

-9.25
-9.21

-9.50
-9.50
Fig.A5. Calculated (PM3-ProSpartan) HOMO energy (in eV) for some 1-substituted
butadiene.Themagnitude of the coefficients in the HOMO wave function at the terminal
carbons is also provided. Circles with different colors means that the coefficient are of
opposite signs.

H H H COOMe H CN H CHO H NO2

0.707 0.493 0.551 0.465 0.491

H H H H H H H H H H
-0.707 -0.656 -0.673 -0.625 -0.682
eV

1.25
1.22
0.50

-0.25 -0.08 -1.87

-0.18

-1.00
-0.96

Fig. A6. Calculated (PM3-ProSpartan) LUMO energy (in eV) for some substituted
Ethylene. The magnitude of the coefficients in the LUMO wave function is also
provided. Circles with different colors mean that the coefficients are of opposite signs.

Appendix-9
 2. Regioselectivity. An acceptable explanation for regioselectivity can be
provided by examining the F.O. of a dienophile and diene. If the reaction is
uncatalyzedand there isa lack of strong solvent effect, a key factor in orienting the
direction of the cycloaddition is the size of the coefficient on the individual atoms
that are forming the new bonds. The newbondsareformedpreferentiallywhenlarge-
largeandsmall-small(Houkrule17) overlap:
3. Gambar A6. Dihitung (PM3-ProSpartan) Energi LUMO (dalam eV) untuk
beberapa Ethylene tersubstitusi. Besarnya koefisien dalam fungsi
gelombang LUMO juga disediakan. Lingkaran dengan warna yang berbeda
berarti bahwa koefisien memiliki tanda yang berlawanan.
4.
5. 2. Regioselektivitas. Penjelasan yang dapat diterima untuk
regioselektivitas dapat diberikan dengan memeriksa F.O. dari dienofil
dan diena. Jika reaksinya tidak dikatalisis dan tidak ada efek pelarut
yang kuat, faktor kunci dalam mengarahkan arah cycloaddition adalah
besarnya koefisien pada masing-masing atom yang membentuk ikatan baru.
Ikatan baru terbentuk secara istimewa saat "besar-besar" dan "kecil-
kecil" (Houk rule17) tumpang tindih:

ERG ERG

H EWG H H
+ +

H H H EWG

HOMO LUMO HOMO LUMO

preferred lessfavoured
ERG ERG

EWG

EWG
"ortho" "meta"

6. Diastereoselectivity.

Endo addition is favored as a result of secondary interaction(s) (colored in blue) among

the F.M.O. of diene at C2, C3 and dienophile at C3. Secondary interactions will

Appendix-10
17
Houk, K. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 4092.

Appendix-11
 C2 C1cyclopentadiene HOMO

CH2
C3
C4

secondaryin primary interactions

teractions

C1
C3

acrolein LUMO
O
O C2
C bond
lower the height of the transition state. However, the endo diastereoisomer is less stable
(because of steric repulsions) thermodynamically than the exo isomer. Although the exo
isomer requires higher energy of activation, it is more stable thermodynamically. The
endo isomer is said to be formed under kinetic control. The exo isomer is formed under
thermodynamic control.

3. Lewis acidcatalysis.

a. Non-chiralcatalysts.18
As result of complexation of the Lewis acid with a carbonyl group a large
increase in theeffective electronegativity of the substituent with a lowering of the
dienophile LUMO occurs. This effect contributes to reducing the energy gap in equation
(3) and hence an increase in the rate of cycloaddition. For example, in the cycloaddition
of isoprene to acrylonitrile19, AlCl3 produces an acceleration of 105(!) at 20 C.
Additionally, note the increase in the regioselectivity.
menurunkan tinggi keadaan transisi. Namun, endo diastereoisomer kurang
stabil (karena repulsif sterik) secara termodinamika daripada isomer exo.
Meskipun isomer exo membutuhkan aktivasi energi yang lebih tinggi, ia
lebih stabil secara termodinamika. Isomer endo dikatakan terbentuk di
bawah kontrol kinetik. Isomer exo terbentuk di bawah kendali
termodinamika.

3. Katalisis asam Lewis.

Sebuah. Katalis non-kiral

Sebagai hasil dari kompleksasi asam Lewis dengan gugus karbonil,
peningkatan besar dalam elektronegativitas efektif substituen dengan
penurunan LUMO dienophile terjadi. Efek ini berkontribusi untuk mengurangi
kesenjangan energi dalam persamaan
(3) dan karenanya terjadi peningkatan laju cycloaddition. Sebagai contoh,
dalam siklus isoprene sampai akrilonitril19, AlCl3 menghasilkan percepatan
105 (!) Pada 20 C. Selain itu, perhatikan peningkatan regioselektivitas

CN

CN CN
Appendix-12
 "para" "meta"

uncatalyzed reaction: 80% 20%

catalyzed (AlCl3)reaction: 97% 3%

Also, the stereoselectivity, exo:endoratios, increases if a Lewis catalyst is employed. For

example, the uncatalyzed cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene to methyl acrylate yields a

18
For the first example of a Lewis acid catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction see: Yates, P.; Eaton, P. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 4436.
19
Inukai, T.; Kojima, T. J. Org. Chem., 1966, 31, 1121.

Appendix-13
 mixtureof endo:exodiastereoisomer with a ratio of 82:12; the catalyzed cycloaddition in
the presence of AlCl3*Et2O gives a 99:1 mixture of endo:exoisomers.20

+ COOCH3
H

+
COOCH3 H
endo exo
H3COOC

uncatalyzed: 82% 18%

catalyzedbyAlCl3*Et2O: 99% 1%

b. Chiral Lewis acid catalysts.

In addition to the kinetic effect (low reaction temperature) that is described above, a
chiral Lewis catalyst induces enantioselectivity that could reach >99% ee. The chiral
tether could bring the aromatic ring only in one out of the two relevant conformation:
either above the re or siface of the double bond.
Selain efek kinetik (suhu reaksi rendah) yang dijelaskan di atas, katalis
Lewis kiral menginduksi enantioselektivitas yang bisa mencapai> 99% ee.
Penambatan kiral bisa membawa cincin aromatik hanya dalam satu dari dua
konformasi yang relevan: di atas atau di atas wajah ikatan rangkap.

direction of diene
approach face re

H3 C H

Lewis acid O electrondepeleted

C
chiral backbone doublebond
H H

aromatic
electron rich

Attractive intramolecular interactions21in the transition state among the electron

depleted double bond (acceptor) and the electron rich aromatic ring (donor) will
consolidate the conformation. The electron deprivation of CC bond is the effect of the

Appendix-14
20
Inukai, T.; Kojima, T. J. Org. Chem., 1967, 32, 869, 872.
21
Corey, I. J.; Loh, T.-P.J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 8966.

Appendix-15
conjugation with CO bond, which is further augmented by Lewis acid coordination to the
oxygen.

Appendix-16