Chapter 2:

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2.10 Satellite Frequency Bands & Services:

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2.11 Some of the advantages of Sat.Com. :
Satellite communication bounces off a satellite hence it covers great distances and doesn't suffer
from the curvature of the earth It handles a big bandwidth that especially through digital signal
compression can squeeze in many channels out of 1 satellite.
Satellites could be co-located which will result in receiving many satellites with ONE fixed dish
Signal could be transmitted at high power resulting in small dishes being able to receive
Signal could be encrypted making it secure.

Coverage

Satellites are like very tall transmitting towers. If they are in orbit around the Earth at the
equator and going at exactly the same speed that the Earth is rotating, they stay over the
same position on the earth. At the speed that rockets need to go to escape the Earth's
gravity, the height that satellites wind up in these Geosynchronous Earth Orbits (GEO) is
35,786 km. This is effectively a transmitting tower that is high enough to cover 1/3 of the
Earth. Three of these satellites, placed equal distances around the equator, can broadcast
to any place on Earth. These satellites can also broadcast to each other. The biggest

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 advantage of satellite communications is that they make it possible to broadcast from any
place on Earth to any other place on Earth.

Remote Areas

Satellites also make it possible to receive transmissions in remote areas of the earth. No
big receivers or electrical infrastructure (or cable feed) is needed to receive satellite
transmissions because all the energy is coming from the satellite. Energy for satellites is
easy because solar power is much more efficient in space. There is no air, no clouds, no
weather. Although the signal travels a long distance, most of the distance is through
empty space and only a very small percentage is through the air. In land-based
communications, all of the distance is through the air, which is a real problem during bad
weather. Satellites can even switch frequencies to work around bad weather.

Military

The military uses GEO and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, the latter varying in height
from 50 to a few thousand km. The advantage of LEO satellites is that they can take
sharper pictures (because they are nearer the Earth) and, because they are not
geosynchronous, cover the entire globe in a few hours. The ability of satellites to act as
both communication channels and "eyes in the sky" make satellite communications
especially valuable for military applications. You not only communicate with troops and
superiors, you can see what the enemy is doing by having the satellite that is currently
over enemy positions communicate directly with the satellite that is directly over you,
perhaps relayed through other satellites.

Disadvantages:

Huge initial cost

Limited Technological convergence.
Noise and interference
Propagation delay (Big problem in case of Live streaming)

2.12 Active (Regeneration) & Passive (Reflection) Satellites:

-Seek online help for definition

2.13 Synchronous & Geostationary Orbit

-Seek online help for definition

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